What does the structure of an athlete's training include. The structure of the athlete's training in the process of training

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federal state autonomous educational institution higher professional education

"Siberian Federal University"

Institute of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism

Department of Theoretical Foundations and Management of Physical Culture and Tourism

Course work

discipline: "Theory of physical culture and sports"

Athlete preparedness structure

Krasnoyarsk 2013

Introduction

sports fitness fitness

Relevance Sports training (training) is the expedient use of knowledge, means, methods and conditions, which allows to influence the development of an athlete and provide the necessary degree of readiness for sports achievements.

At present, sport is developing in two directions, which have a different target orientation - mass sport and sport of higher achievements. Their goals and objectives differ from each other, however, there is no clear boundary between them due to the natural transition of part of the trainees from mass sports to "big" and vice versa.

Target sports training in the field of mass sports - to strengthen health, improve physical state and active recreation

The goal of training in the field of elite sports is to achieve the highest possible results in competitive activity.

However, as regards the means, methods, principles of sports training (training), they are similar both in mass sports and in sports of the highest achievements. Fundamentally common is the structure of the training of athletes who train and function in the field of mass sports and elite sports.

Having presented the general structure of preparedness of athletes or those involved in one of the systems of physical exercises (SPS) in the form of separate elements, it is possible to systematize the means and methods of their improvement. All sides sports preparedness are closely interconnected. Thus, technical improvement directly depends on the level of development physical qualities- strength, speed, flexibility, agility, and endurance is closely related to the economy of technology sports movement, the level of mental stability in overcoming fatigue. Tactical readiness is based on functional readiness and the level of technical skill, on the mental qualities of an athlete (courage, determination).

Based on the above facts, we formulated the topic of our study "The structure of the preparedness of an athlete."

The object of our study is the preparedness of an athlete.

The subject of the study is the types of sports preparedness of an athlete.

The goal is to study the structure of the preparedness of an athlete.

Expand the concept of sports preparedness

To study the types of sports preparedness

Consider monitoring the state of preparedness of an athlete.

When writing a term paper, the method of studying and analyzing literary sources was used.

Chapter 1. Theoretical basis athlete's readiness structures

1.1 The concept of sports preparedness

"Sports preparedness" is a pedagogical concept that means the directed use of the entire set of factors affecting the body (means, methods, conditions), with the help of which the physical, technical, psychological, tactical, moral and volitional readiness of an athlete for competitions is ensured. After the well-known Minsk conference (1973) on the problem of "fitness" there was a shift in the emphasis in the interpretation of terms, which was reflected in their formulation. Trainedness began to be interpreted as sports training, which, of course, is not entirely correct. The merging of two concepts into one was reflected in the tactics of training. Sports readiness is a three-dimensional concept, including fitness. And yet, it is impossible to simplify the system of training an athlete, it is necessary to focus on the methodology for developing fitness. The coaching staff is understandable. This makes it easier to practice. However, from the point of view of specialists, this is hardly correct.

Trainedness and preparedness change directionally with a general tendency to increase physical activity. In the process of formation of fitness in each individual cycle, there may be a phase of the highest functional readiness - a sports form. However, it is better to have a sports uniform on the eve of the competition. Sports training in this respect is a process of expedient development management. sportswear. "Sports form" and "training" are still not synonymous, although both states are the result of adaptive processes in the body to a load with various terms manifestation and performance. If the state of fitness is characterized by a stable high performance, then the state of sports form is characterized by the maximum possible performance.

The methodology of formed fitness and sports form has its own nuances. So, with the development of fitness, mainly (in percentage terms) physical activity of an aerobic nature with a heart rate (HR) of up to 160-170 beats / min is used. The percentage of anaerobic work is negligible.

Forming a sports form (against the background of stable training), an anaerobic load is selected with a heart rate above 170 beats / min.

In terms of time, the state of fitness manifests itself for an infinitely long time. It is important that the athlete trains regularly, performing the optimal load. Sports form - a maximum of 7-10 days, rarely up to 2 weeks, and then - this is the lot of naturally gifted athletes. It is impossible to keep the functional potential (operability) at a high level. The natural phenomenon of "economization" (optimization) of functions should be remembered.

Methods, principles of training sessions (regularity, systematicity, repeatability of exercises, etc.), work to fatigue carry the biological basis for adaptation to muscle load of different volume and intensity.

1.2 Characteristics of the athlete's preparedness structure

The structure of an athlete's preparedness includes technical, physical, tactical and mental elements.

Technical readiness should be understood as the degree of mastering by an athlete of the technique of the system of movements of a particular sport. It is closely related to the physical, mental and tactical capabilities of the athlete, as well as to the conditions of the external environment. Changes to competition rules, use of other sports equipment significant impact on content. technical readiness athletes.

The structure of technical readiness always contains the so-called basic and additional movements.

The basic ones include movements and actions that form the basis of the technical equipment of this sport. Development basic movements is mandatory for an athlete specializing in this sport.

Additional include minor movements and actions, elements of individual movements that do not violate its rationality and at the same time are characteristic of the individual characteristics of this athlete.

Physical fitness is the ability of the body's functional systems. It reflects the necessary level of development of those physical qualities on which competitive success in a particular sport depends.

The tactical readiness of an athlete depends on how much he masters the means of sports tactics (for example, the technical methods necessary to implement the chosen tactics), its types (offensive, defensive, counterattacking) and forms (individual, group, team).

Tactical tasks can be of a prospective nature (for example, participation in a series of competitions, where one of them is the main thing in the season) and local, i.e. associated with participation in a separate competition, a specific fight, fight, race, swim, game. When developing a tactical plan, not only one's own technical and tactical capabilities are taken into account, but also the capabilities of teammates and opponents.

Selected variants of tactical actions in a number of cases can be practiced specifically on training sessions. The specificity of a sport is a decisive factor that determines the structure of an athlete's tactical preparedness. So, when running at medium distances (800.1500 m), a runner with a higher level of sprinting qualities will strive to slow down the entire distance in order to achieve victory with a short (100-150 m) quick finishing spurt. A runner with a higher level of endurance, on the contrary, is more profitable to run at a high even pace over the entire distance and win the race thanks to a long (sometimes a third of the distance) finishing spurt. Among equal runners, the one who can impose his tactics on overcoming the distance will win.

The situation is more complicated with tactical training in games, martial arts. The complexity of an athlete’s tactical actions here is determined not only by technical, functional preparedness, the number of tactical actions worked out in advance, but also by the speed of decision-making and their implementation with frequent changes in competitive situations. The ability to make quick and effective decisions in conditions of time pressure, limited space, lack of information due to the fact that the opponent masks his possible actions distinguishes the master from the beginner.

The effectiveness of tactical preparedness in the competition of equal opponents in many sports is determined by the ability of the athlete to anticipate the competitive situation before it unfolds. The ability to do this develops in training sessions, as well as with a constant analysis of competitive experience.

The activity of tactical actions during the competition is an important indicator of sportsmanship. A highly qualified athlete must be able to impose his will on the opponent during the competition.

Mental preparedness. its structure is heterogeneous. Two relatively independent and at the same time interconnected aspects can be distinguished in it: volitional and special mental preparedness.

Volitional readiness is associated with such qualities as purposefulness (a clear vision of a long-term goal), determination and courage (a penchant for reasonable risk combined with thoughtfulness of decisions), perseverance and perseverance (the ability to mobilize functional reserves, activity in achieving a goal), endurance and self-control ( the ability to control one's thoughts and actions in conditions of emotional arousal), independence and initiative. Some of these qualities may be inherent in one or another athlete, but most of them are brought up and improved in the process of regular training work and sports competitions.

The specificity of some sports leaves an imprint on the nature and degree of development of individual mental qualities in athletes. However, certain methodological techniques are also used to educate volitional preparedness. In practice, the following requirements serve as the basis for the methodology of volitional training.

1. Regularly and be sure to perform training program and competitive settings.

This requirement is connected with the education of sports industriousness, the habit of systematic efforts and perseverance in overcoming difficulties, with a clear understanding of the impossibility of reaching sports peaks without the appropriate mobilization of spiritual and physical strength. On this basis, the upbringing of purposefulness, perseverance and perseverance in achieving the goal, self-discipline and resilience is realized.

2. Systemically introduce additional difficulties.

This means constantly including additional complicated motor tasks, conducting training sessions in complicated conditions, increasing the degree of risk, introducing disturbing sensory-emotional factors, and complicating competitive programs.

3. Use competition and the competitive method. The very spirit of competition in competitions increases the degree of mental tension of the athlete, which means that additional requirements are imposed on him: to show activity, initiative, self-control, determination, stamina and courage.

In the structure of the special mental preparedness of an athlete, it is necessary to single out those aspects that can be improved in the course of sports training:

Resistance to stressful situations of training and competitive activities;

Kinesthetic and visual perceptions of motor actions and the environment;

The ability to mental regulation of movements, ensuring effective muscle coordination;

The ability to perceive, organize and process information under time pressure;

The ability to form anticipatory reactions in the brain structures, programs that precede real action.

Chapter 2. Features of sports preparedness of athletes

2.1 Types of sports fitness

By predominant influence on certain components of an athlete's readiness to achieve (technical, tactical, physical, psychological, intellectual (theoretical) training);

By the nature of the relationship with sports specialization (general and special training);

According to the degree of connection, combination and implementation in the conditions of training and competitive activity of various aspects of preparedness, qualities and abilities (integral training).

Technical readiness should be understood as the degree of mastering by an athlete of a system of movements (techniques of a sport), corresponding to the characteristics of a particular sport and aimed at achieving high sports results.

Technical readiness cannot be considered isolated, it is a component of a single whole, in which technical solutions are closely interconnected with the physical, mental, tactical capabilities of the athlete, as well as the specific environmental conditions in which the sports action is performed. It is quite natural that the more techniques and actions an athlete masters, the more prepared he is for solving complex tactical problems that arise in the process of competitive struggle. He can counter the opponent's attacking moves and put him in difficult positions at the same time.

In the structure of technical readiness, it is very important to single out basic and additional movements and actions.

The basic ones include movements and actions that form the basis of the technical equipment of this sport, without which it is impossible to carry out competitive wrestling in compliance with existing rules. The main basic movements are mandatory for an athlete specializing in a particular sport.

Additional movements and actions are secondary movements and actions, elements of individual movements that are characteristic of individual athletes and are associated with their individual characteristics. It is these additional movements and actions that largely form the individual technical manner, the style of the athlete.

On early stages many years of preparation. In competitions of relatively low-skilled athletes, the level of technical skill and sports result are determined primarily by the degree of mastery of basic movements and actions.

At the level of higher sportsmanship, additional movements that determine the individuality of a particular athlete can be decisive means in achieving a sports result.

The effectiveness of a technique is determined by its efficiency, stability, variability, individuality, economy, and minimal tactical information content for the opponent.

The effectiveness of the technique is determined by its compliance with the tasks to be solved and the high final result, compliance with the level of physical, mental and other types of preparedness.

The stability of the technique is related to its noise immunity, its independence from the conditions of wrestling and the condition of the athlete himself. It should be taken into account that modern training and especially competitive activities take place in conditions of a large number of confounding factors. These include: active resistance from opponents, progressive fatigue, unusual refereeing style, unusual venue for competitions, equipment, atmospheric phenomena, unfriendly fans, etc.

Athlete's ability to perform effective techniques and actions in these conditions and is the main indicator of stability and largely determines the level of technical preparedness of an athlete.

Technique variability is determined by the athlete's ability to prompt correction of motor actions depending on the conditions of competitive struggle. Experience shows that the desire of athletes to preserve the temporal, dynamic and spatial characteristics of movements in any conditions of competitive struggle does not lead to success.

For example, in cyclic types sports, the desire to maintain stable characteristics of movements in the second half of the distance leads to a significant decrease in speed. At the same time, compensatory changes in technique caused by progressive fatigue allow athletes to maintain and even increase the speed of movement in the second half of the distance (swimming, rowing, running).

The variability of technique is even more important in sports with constantly changing conditions (situations), acute lack of time to perform a motor action, active opposition of rivals, etc. (martial arts, games, sailing, etc.).

Here we should talk about motor talent, motor competence and individuality of technique.

The key motor competence is the control of motor actions for motor tasks, the ways of solving which in a certain area are well known to the performer.

The economy of technology is characterized by the use of energy in the implementation of techniques and actions, the appropriate use of time and space.

Other things being equal, the best option is motor actions, which is accompanied by minimal energy consumption, the least stress of mental manifestations by the athlete.

The use of such variants of technique allows to intensify training and competitive activities. IN sports games, martial arts and complex coordination sports, indicators of the efficiency of technology is the ability of athletes to perform effective actions with their small amplitude and the minimum time required for execution.

The minimum tactical information content of technique for an opponent is an important performance indicator in sports games and martial arts. Only that technique can be perfect here, which allows you to mask tactical plans and actions unexpectedly.

Therefore, a high level of technical readiness implies the ability of an athlete to perform such movements, which, on the one hand, are quite effective to achieve the goal, and on the other hand, do not have clearly expressed informational details that unmask the tactical plan of the athlete.

The tactical readiness of an athlete is largely determined by the ultimate goal, the achievement of which is directed by the corresponding motor action.

This end goal is not the same as various types sports. Thus, sports equipment in speed-strength sports is associated with the creation of prerequisites for the development of maximum power indicators (“force gradients”) and with the effective use of functional reserves, external forces and inertia forces for this.

Technical improvement in cyclic endurance sports requires high efficiency of standard, repetitive movements.

In complex coordination sports (gymnastics, figure skating, diving, synchronized swimming). Technical readiness is determined by the complexity and beauty of movements, their expressiveness, since these characteristics determine the level of sports results.

Technical equipment in sports games and martial arts is connected both with the breadth of the technical arsenal and with the ability of an athlete to choose and implement the most effective motor actions in variable situations with insufficient information and an acute shortage of time.

The level of tactical preparedness of athletes depends on their mastery of the means of sports equipment (techniques and methods of their implementation), its types (offensive, defensive, counterattacking) and forms (individual, group, team).

The structure of tactical preparedness follows from the nature of the strategic tasks that determine the main directions of wrestling. These tasks may be associated with the participation of an athlete in a series of starts in order to prepare and successfully participate in the main competitions of the season and thus be of a promising nature. They can also be local, associated with participation in individual competitions or in a specific fight, fight, race, swim, game, etc.

The tactical preparedness of individual athletes and teams is based on:

1) possession modern means, forms and types of tactics of a particular sport;

2) compliance of tactics with the level of development of this sport with the structure of competitive activity that is optimal for it;

3) compliance of the tactical plan with the specifics of a particular competition (the condition of the competition venues, the nature of refereeing, the behavior of fans, etc.);

4) linking tactics with the level of perfection of other aspects of preparedness - technical, physical, mental.

When developing a tactical plan, one should take into account the technical, tactical and functional capabilities of partners (in team sports), the experience of tactical actions of the strongest athletes - the main rivals, their technical and physical capabilities, mental preparedness, variability of tactics in various fights, the course of wrestling (in martial arts). ).

The specificity of a sport is a factor that determines the structure of an athlete's tactical readiness.

For example, in speed-strength, complex-coordination, cyclic types, the main component of tactical preparedness is the choice of a rational tactical scheme and its use regardless of the actions of the main rivals.

The situation is difficult with tactical preparedness in sports games and martial arts. The complexity of tactical actions here is determined by the emerging difficulties in perceiving the situation, making decisions and their implementation due to the wide variety and frequent changes in the competitive situation, lack of time, limited space, lack of information, disguise of the real intentions of rivals, etc.

The tactical skill of an athlete is closely related to the level of technical, physical, mental and other types of preparedness. So, athletes with a high level of sprinting qualities, specializing in cyclic sports, can quickly start passing the distance in order to exert psychological pressure on their opponents, or, conversely, keep a little behind until the last meters of the distance and quickly finish when the opponent does not expect.

Boxers and wrestlers, who have a high speed-strength potential, but with an insufficient level of endurance development, as a rule, rely on victory in the first minutes of a fight (bout).

The same athletes can choose an economical defensive variant of tactics in the first half of the fight in order to save strength for active actions at the end of it.

Modern sport makes high demands on physical fitness athletes. This is due to the following factors:

Height sports achievements always requires a new level of development physical ability athlete. For example, in order to push the shot over 20 meters, not only perfect technique is required, but also a very high level of development of strength and speed. Calculations show that an increase in the flight range of the core by 1 m requires an increase in the power of the pushing force by 5–7%.

A high level of physical fitness is one of the important conditions for increasing training and competitive loads. Over the past 20-25 years, the load indicators in the annual cycle of the strongest athletes in the world have increased by 3-4 times. As a result, the number of athletes with chronic myocardial overstrain has also increased dramatically. This disease is typical mainly for athletes who have deficiencies in physical development, in the activity of individual organs and systems.

Physical training is necessary for an athlete of any age, qualification and sport. However, each sport imposes its own specific requirements on the physical fitness of athletes - the level of development of individual qualities, functionality and physique. Therefore, there are certain differences in the content and methodology of physical training in a particular sport, among athletes of different ages and qualifications.

I would also like to dwell on the psychological preparation, which is also included in the preparedness of the athlete.

Psychological training is usually divided into general and special. The essence of general psychological training lies in the fact that it is aimed at developing and improving in athletes exactly those mental functions and qualities that are necessary for successful practice in the chosen sport, for each athlete to achieve the highest level of skill. This type of training also provides for teaching methods of active self-regulation of mental states in order to form emotional resistance to extreme conditions of wrestling, to develop the ability to quickly relieve the effects of nervous and physical overstrain, to arbitrarily control sleep patterns, etc.

General psychological preparation is carried out in the process of training. It is carried out in parallel with technical, tactical training. But it can also be done outside sports activities when an athlete independently or with someone's help specifically performs certain tasks in order to improve their mental processes, states, personality traits.

Psychological preparation for the training process

Considering the training of an athlete in the psychological and pedagogical aspect, it is advisable, first of all, to dwell on the formation of motives that determine the attitude to sports activities; education of volitional qualities necessary for success in sports; improvement of specific mental abilities.

The sports activity of an individual athlete or team in any sport is always conditioned by certain motives that have both personal and social value. They act as internal motivators of a person to activity. Unlike performance goals, which determine what an athlete wants to do or achieve, motives explain why he wants to do it and achieve it.

Various interests, aspirations, inclinations, attitudes, ideals, etc. can be used as motives for sports activities.

The success of the formation of motivation for a long-term training process is facilitated by: setting far-reaching goals, forming and maintaining a set for success, the optimal ratio of rewards and punishments, the emotionality of training sessions, the development of sports traditions, collective decision-making, the personality traits of a coach (G.D. Gorbunov).

In addition to ensuring the motivation of athletes, the coach must form a system of attitudes towards different sides training process, ensuring the success of sports activities. The elements of the system of attitudes of athletes to the training process are the attitude to sports training in general, the attitude to training and competitive loads, attitude to training sessions, attitude to sports regimen, etc.

Volitional training is an integral part of general psychological preparation.

Will is understood as the mental activity of a person to control his actions, thoughts, feelings, body in order to achieve consciously set goals while overcoming various difficulties in the name of certain motives. The will develops and tempers in the process of overcoming the difficulties that arise on the way to the goal.

Difficulties in sports are divided into subjective and objective. Subjective difficulties depend on the characteristics of the individual athlete (character, temperament, etc.). These difficulties are most often manifested in negative emotional experiences (fear of the enemy, fear of injury, embarrassment in front of the public). Objective difficulties are caused by the general and specific conditions of sports activities: strict observance of the established regimen, the public nature of competitive activities, intense training sessions, participation in a large number of competitions, adverse weather, coordination complexity of exercises, etc.

The main volitional qualities in sports are purposefulness, perseverance and perseverance, determination and courage, initiative and independence, endurance and self-control.

Purposefulness is expressed in the ability to clearly define the immediate and future tasks and goals of training, the means and methods for achieving them. In order to achieve the goals and objectives set for himself, the athlete, together with the coach, plans them. For the implementation of these plans, the evaluation of the results achieved, the control of the coach and self-control are of great importance.

Perseverance and perseverance mean the desire to achieve the intended goal, energetic and active overcoming of obstacles on the way to achieving the goal. These volitional qualities are associated with the obligatory fulfillment of the tasks of training and competition, the improvement of physical, technical and tactical training, observance of a constant strict regimen. An athlete must attend all training sessions, be hardworking, not reduce his activity due to fatigue and adverse conditions, and fight to the end in competitions.

Initiative and independence presuppose creativity, personal initiative, resourcefulness and ingenuity, the ability to resist bad influences. The athlete must be able to independently perform and evaluate physical exercise, prepare for the next training, analyze the work done, be critical of the judgments and actions of comrades, correct their behavior.

Decisiveness and courage is an expression of the athlete's activity, his readiness to act without hesitation. These qualities imply timeliness, thoughtfulness of the decisions made, although in some cases an athlete may take a certain risk.

Endurance and self-control mean the ability to think clearly, to be self-critical, to control one's actions and feelings in ordinary and adverse conditions, i.e. overcome confusion, fear, nervous excitement, be able to keep yourself and your comrades from erroneous actions and deeds.

All these qualities are interconnected, but the main, leading one is purposefulness, which largely determines the level of education and the manifestation of other qualities. Volitional qualities with rational pedagogical leadership become permanent personality traits. This allows athletes to show them in labor, educational, social and other activities. The education of volitional qualities in athletes requires, first of all, setting clear and specific goals and objectives for them. Achieving the achievement of goals, athletes strain their will, develop strong-willed efforts, learn to overcome difficulties and control their behavior. The main means of educating the volitional qualities of athletes is the systematic performance by them in the process of training of exercises that require the use of volitional efforts specific to this sport.

In any volitional action there is an intellectual, moral and emotional basis. That is why volitional training should be based on the formation of moral feelings in athletes and the improvement of intellectual abilities, such as the breadth, depth and flexibility of the mind, independent thinking, etc.

It is necessary to educate volitional qualities in athletes systematically, taking into account the age and gender of those involved, their physical and psychological capabilities. When educating volitional qualities in athletes, one should, first of all, take into account the features of the chosen sport. The education of the volitional qualities of athletes is associated with the constant overcoming of objective and subjective difficulties. The complication of the training process, the creation of surmountable, but requiring strong-willed difficulties, the fight against "hothouse" conditions, the creation of difficult situations in training sessions, the maximum approximation of training conditions to competitive ones - these are the main requirements that make it possible to cultivate volitional qualities in the training process. .

Integral training is aimed at combining and complex implementation of various components of an athlete's preparedness - technical, physical, tactical, psychological, intellectual in the process of training and competitive activities. The fact is that each of the sides of preparedness is formed by narrowly focused means and methods. This leads to the fact that individual qualities, abilities and skills manifested in training exercises, often cannot be shown in competitive exercises. Therefore, a special section of training is needed, which ensures the consistency and effectiveness of the complex manifestation of all aspects of preparedness in competitive activity.

As the main tool integral training are:

Competitive exercises of the chosen sport, performed in the conditions of competitions of various levels;

Special-preparatory exercises, as close as possible in the structure and nature of the displayed abilities to competitive ones. At the same time, it is important to comply with the conditions of the competition.

In any sport, integral training is one of the important factors in acquiring and improving sportsmanship that is close to competitive.

In the process of integral training, along with a general focus that provides for the comprehensive improvement of all aspects of preparedness, it is advisable to single out a number of private areas associated with the associated improvement of several components of an athlete’s readiness to achieve - physical and technical, technical and tactical, physical and tactical, physical and psychological, etc. .

2.2 Monitoring the state of preparedness of an athlete

An assessment of the state of preparedness of an athlete is carried out during testing or during the competition and provides for:

Evaluation of special physical fitness;

Assessment of technical and tactical readiness;

Estimate psychological state and conduct in competition.

Assessment of the state of health and the main functional systems is carried out, as a rule, by biomedical methods by specialists in the field of physiology, biochemistry and sports medicine.

The assessment of special physical fitness consists of individual assessments of the level of basic physical qualities: strength, speed, endurance and flexibility. At the same time, the main attention is paid to the leading for this sports discipline physical qualities or individual abilities that make up these generalized concepts. Assessment of technical readiness.

A high level of modern sports results requires from an athlete, along with a high level of physical fitness, perfect possession of a rational technique of movements.

Control over technical readiness consists in assessing the skills of an athlete when performing competitive and training exercises.

Control of equipment is carried out visually and instrumentally. The volume of technique is determined by the total number of actions that an athlete performs in training sessions and competitions. Control it by counting these actions.

The versatility of technique is determined by the degree of variety of motor actions that an athlete owns and uses them in competitive activities.

They control the number of various actions, the ratio of techniques performed to the right and left sides (in games), attacking and defensive actions, etc.

The effectiveness of a technique is determined by the degree of its proximity to the individually optimal variant. Efficient technique- one that ensures the achievement of the maximum possible result within the framework of this movement.

Sports result is an important, but not the only criterion for the effectiveness of a technique. Methods for evaluating the effectiveness of technology are based on the implementation of motor potential.

In cyclic sports, the indicators of the efficiency of technology are especially important, because. quite a clear pattern is noted - an inversely proportional relationship between the level of technical skill and the amount of effort, physical costs per unit of the sports result indicator.

Control over tactical preparedness consists in assessing the expediency of the actions of an athlete (team) aimed at achieving success in competitions. They share a number of components: control over tactical thinking, over tactical actions (the volume of tactical techniques, their versatility and effectiveness of use).

Usually the control of tactical readiness coincides with the control of competitive activity.

Control over environmental factors

In order to make the right decision based on the results of complex control, it is necessary to take into account the conditions in which the competitive activity took place, as well as the fulfillment of control standards in the training activity.

In addition, the very implementation of training programs often depends on the state and conditions of the external environment. In practice, it often happens that the level of preparedness of athletes is quite high, and environmental factors did not allow him (the team) to show high results.

The following factors can be attributed:

The climate of a particular area and the degree of adaptation to these conditions (temperature and humidity of the environment, intensity of solar radiation, wind direction, atmospheric pressure);

State sports facility or competition tracks (their coverage, illumination, dimensions, microclimate, conditions of sliding on ice or snow); - quality of sports equipment and equipment, protective structures; - behavior of spectators (factor of own and foreign field);

Socio-psychological situation in the places of accommodation of athletes;

Objectivity of refereeing; - the duration of travel, conditions of accommodation, meals and rest for athletes.

Only by assessing the influence of these external factors on the course of competitive and training activities, one can get a complete picture of the level of preparedness of an athlete.

In the specialized literature, various types and varieties of training athletes are distinguished. A generalization of disparate and relatively well-established opinions allows us to propose the three most significant features for their general classification:

by predominant influence on certain components of an athlete's readiness to achieve (technical, tactical, physical, psychological, intellectual (theoretical) training);

by the nature of the relationship with sports specialization (general and special training);

according to the degree of connection, combination and implementation in the conditions of training and competitive activity of various aspects of readiness, qualities and abilities (integral training).

Control over the athlete's sports preparedness is carried out during testing or during the competition and provides for: assessment of special physical fitness; - assessment of technical and tactical readiness; - assessment of the psychological state and behavior at competitions. Assessment of the state of health and the main functional systems is carried out, as a rule, by biomedical methods by specialists in the field of physiology, biochemistry and sports medicine.

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STRUCTURE OF PREPAREDNESS OF ATHLETES

Plan

Introduction

1. Technical training and technical readiness

2. Physical training

3. Tactical training

4. mental preparation

5. Integral training

Introduction

By predominant influence on certain components of an athlete's readiness to achieve (technical, tactical, physical, psychological, intellectual (theoretical) training);

By the nature of the relationship with sports specialization (general and special training);

1. Technical training and technical readiness

Technical training It is aimed at teaching the athlete the technique of movements and bringing them to perfection.

sports equipment- this is a way of performing a sports action, which is characterized by a certain degree of efficiency and rationality of the athlete's use of his psychophysical capabilities.

The role of sports equipment in different sports is not the same. There are four groups of sports with their characteristic sports equipment.

1. Speed power types ( sprint run, throwing, jumping, weightlifting, etc.). In these sports, the technique is aimed at ensuring that the athlete can develop the most powerful and fastest efforts in the main phases of the competitive exercise, for example, during repulsion in running or in long and high jumps, while performing the final effort in javelin throwing, discus throwing, etc. .d.

2. Sports characterized by a predominant manifestation of endurance (running long distances, cross-country skiing, cycling, etc.). Here, the technique is aimed at economizing the consumption of energy resources in the body of an athlete.

3. Sports based on the art of movement (gymnastics, acrobatics, diving, etc.). Technique should provide the athlete with beauty, expressiveness and accuracy of movements.

4. Sports games and martial arts. Technique should provide high performance, stability and variability of the athlete's actions in constantly changing conditions of competitive struggle. (Kuramshin Yu.F., 2003, pp. 356-357)

Under technical readiness it is necessary to understand the degree of mastering by the athlete of the system of movements (techniques of the sport), corresponding to the characteristics of this sport and aimed at achieving high sports results

In the structure of technical readiness, it is important to highlight:

Basic movements, these include movements and actions that form the basis of the technical equipment of this sport, without which it is impossible to effectively implement competitive wrestling in compliance with existing rules. Mastering the basic movements is mandatory for an athlete specializing in a particular sport.

Additional moves and actions- these are secondary movements and actions, elements of individual movements that are characteristic of individual athletes and are associated with their individual characteristics. It is they who form the individual technical manner, the style of the athlete.

According to the degree of mastering the techniques and actions, technical readiness is characterized by three levels:

1 - the presence of motor ideas about techniques and actions, and attempts to perform them;

2 - the emergence of motor skills;

3 - the formation of a motor skill.

Motor skill are distinguished by unstable and not always adequate ways of solving a motor task, a significant concentration of attention when performing individual movements, and the lack of automated control over them.

The characteristic features of motor skills, on the contrary, are the stability of movements, their reliability and automation. (Platonov, Theory of Sports, p. 144)

A sufficiently high level of technical readiness is called technical skill. The criteria for technical excellence are:

Scope of technique - total number techniques that an athlete can perform.

Versatility of technology - the degree of variety of techniques. So, in sports games, this is the ratio of the frequency of using different game techniques.

Efficiency possession of sports equipment is characterized by the degree of closeness of the sports action technique to the individually optimal variant.

development movement techniques. This criterion shows how the given technical action. For well-mastered movements are typical:

a) the stability of the sports result and a number of characteristics of the movement technique when it is performed under standard conditions;

b) stability (relatively low variability) of the result when performing an action (when the athlete’s state changes, the opponent’s actions in complicated conditions);

c) preservation of motor skills during breaks in training;

d) automation of actions.

Types, tasks, means and methods, technical training of an athlete

Distinguish between general and special technical training. General technical training is aimed at mastering a variety of motor skills and abilities necessary in sports activities.

OTP tasks:

1. Increase (or restore) the range of motor skills and abilities that are a prerequisite for the formation of skills in the chosen sport.

2. Master the technique of exercises used as a means of physical training.

Special technical training aimed at mastering the technique of movements in the chosen sport. Her tasks:

1. To form knowledge about the technique of sports activities.

2. To develop individual forms of movement technique that most fully correspond to the capabilities of the athlete.

3. To form the skills necessary for successful participation in competitions.

4. To transform and update the forms of technique (to the extent that this is dictated by the laws of sports and tactical improvement).

5. To form new variants of sports equipment that have not been used before (for example, the "fosbury flop" in high jumps; the shot put technique according to the principle of rotation, as in discus throwing; "skating" skiing, etc.).

In the process of technical training, a complex of means and methods of sports training is used. Conventionally, they can be divided into two groups:

Means and methods of verbal, visual and sensory-correctional influence. These include:

a) conversations, explanations, story, description, etc.;

b) showing the technique of the studied movement;

c) demonstration of posters, diagrams, films, video recordings;

d) the use of subject and other landmarks;

e) sound and light leading;

f) various simulators, recording devices, urgent information devices.

Means and methods, which are based on the performance of any physical exercises by an athlete. In this case, apply:

a) preparatory exercises. They allow you to master a variety of skills that are the foundation for the growth of technical skills in your chosen sport;

b) special-preparatory and competitive exercises. They are aimed at mastering the technique of their sport;

c) methods of integral and dissected exercise. They are aimed at mastering, correcting, fixing and improving the technique of an integral motor action or its separate parts, phases, elements;

d) uniform, variable, repeated, interval, game, competitive and other methods that mainly contribute to the improvement and stabilization of movement technique.

The use of these means and methods depends on the characteristics of the technique of the chosen sport, the age and qualifications of the athlete, the stages of technical training in the annual and multi-year training cycles.

Stages and content of technical training in long-term and annual cycles of training

Years of process The technical training of an athlete can be divided into 3 stages:

1. The stage of basic technical training.

2. The stage of in-depth technical improvement and the achievement of the highest sports and technical skills.

3. The stage of preservation of sports and technical skills. Each stage includes stages consisting of annual cycles. For example, the first stage usually consists of 4-6 annual cycles, the second - 6-8, the third - 4-6.

2. Physical training

The physical training of an athlete is aimed at strengthening and maintaining health, shaping the athlete's physique, increasing the functional capabilities of the body, developing physical abilities - strength, speed, coordination, endurance and flexibility.

Modern sport makes high demands on the physical fitness of athletes. This is due to the following factors:

1. The growth of sports achievements always requires a new level of development of the athlete's physical abilities. For example, in order to push the shot over 20 meters, not only perfect technique is required, but also a very high level of development of strength and speed. Calculations show that an increase in the flight range of the core by 1 m requires an increase in the power of the pushing force by 5-7%.

Tactical preparedness in the theory and practice of sports training is understood as the ability of an athlete to competently build the course of the struggle, taking into account the characteristics of the sport, his individual characteristics, the capabilities of his opponents and the created external conditions.

The level of tactical readiness of an athlete depends on his mastery of the means, forms and types of tactics of this sport. The means of sports tactics are all technical techniques and methods for their implementation, forms - individual, group and team actions, types - offensive, defensive and counterattacking tactics.

Tactics is determined by the main strategic objectives: the participation of an athlete in a series of competitions in order to prepare and successfully perform in the main competitions of the season (prospective tasks); with participation in separate competitions or in a specific duel, fight, race, swim, game, etc. (tasks of a local nature). Tactical tasks are related to finding and using effective ways to solve strategic problems.

Depending on the specifics of the sport, the qualification of the athlete that emerged in the competition, tactics can be algorithmic, probabilistic and heuristic in nature. Algorithmic tactics are based on pre-planned actions and their deliberate implementation. Such tactics are especially typical for sports with minimal variability of tactical decisions - swimming, rowing, speed skating, weightlifting, throwing, etc. Probabilistic tactics involve deliberately impromptu actions in which only a certain beginning is planned; options for continuing actions depend on the specific reactions of the opponent and partners, the situation that develops in the competition. Heuristic tactics is based on the impromptu response of athletes depending on the situation that has arisen during a competitive duel (V.S. Keller, 1986). Probabilistic and heuristic tactics are especially typical for martial arts and games, they are often used in group cycling races on the highway and track, sprint race on the track, and in some cases in complex coordination sports.

The tactical readiness of individual athletes and entire teams is based on the possession of modern means, forms and types of tactics of this sport; compliance of tactics with the level of development of a particular sport with the optimal structure of competitive activity for it; compliance of the tactical plan with the specifics of a particular competition (the condition of the competition venues, the nature of refereeing, the behavior of fans, etc.); linking tactics with other aspects of preparedness - technical, psychological, physical, intellectual; taking into account, when developing a tactical plan, the technical, tactical and functional capabilities of partners (in team sports); knowledge of the tactical actions of the strongest athletes, main rivals, their tactical and physical capabilities, the level of mental preparedness; variability of tactics depending on the nature of the technical and tactical actions of opponents and partners, the course of wrestling.

The structure of tactical preparedness in sports games and martial arts is exceptionally complex. It is determined by the difficulties of perception, decision-making and implementation of actions due to their great diversity, lack of time, space, information, masking of real intentions, uncertainty of the moment when actions begin, etc. These difficulties are deliberately created by the opposing opponent. All this makes it difficult to correctly assess the situation, to make optimal motor decisions, makes increased demands on the activity of the neuromuscular apparatus, and increases mental tension.

In sports of a cyclical nature, associated with the manifestation of endurance, the most expedient in terms of energy supply of work is the uniform “passage of the competitive distance. Many coaches, when developing a tactical scheme for overcoming a distance in swimming, running for medium and long distances, orient athletes primarily to the need to maintain a record schedule, which involves maintaining a uniform speed in separate segments; This approach often turns out to be the most correct, as it excludes an athlete's unjustified reaction to unexpected actions of rivals, which is especially important in team disciplines. A striking example of the effectiveness of such tactics is the result of the participation of the USSR national cycling team in the team pursuit race for 4 km at XXII Olympic Games ah (Fig. 16).

The choice of tactics is significantly influenced by the specifics of the sport, the individual characteristics of the athlete, as well as a number of psychological factors associated with the characteristics of specific competitions. For example, when passing a distance of 200 m in a butterfly way, the strongest swimmers in the world sharply reduce the speed of a distance section and, accordingly, the power of work in the middle of the distance. They, as it were, divide it into two sections, each of which passes in full force, and rest between them (Fig. 17). The influence of individual characteristics of athletes on the tactics of passing competitive distances in various sports is convincingly demonstrated in Fig. 18, 19.

Speaking in favor of a uniform distribution of forces at a distance, VV Mikhailov (1971) recommends taking into account possible situations at the same time. In cases where athletes compete in separate lanes with flat surface(swimming, rowing), a relatively uniform distance gives the greatest effect. When several athletes compete on the same track (running 800 m or more, group races in cycling- highway and track), the desire to take the most convenient place from an aerodynamic position, the features of the track, etc. require constant tactical maneuvers and, of course, changes in speed. Road cyclists, for example, benefit from going at a steady pace on flat sections of the trail, increasing the power on the uphills and decreasing it on the descents. The complexity of tactical combat in a group road race is confirmed by significant speed fluctuations on different areas distances. Suffice it to say that the winner of this race (189 km) at the XXII Olympic Games S. Sukhoruchenkov, the speed during each of the 14 laps (13.64 km) fluctuated between 36.9-41.6 km / h; best result(3rd circle) was 19 minutes 28 seconds, the worst (11th circle) - 21 minutes 55 seconds. The same speed fluctuations are observed in other cyclists - winners of major competitions.

Losses in the efficiency of work associated with sharp accelerations, which athletes sometimes allow themselves when passing competitive distances, can be compensated by the psychological advantage that an athlete receives, unexpectedly for rivals, sharply increasing speed. However, it must be emphasized that this technique is only possible for exceptionally well-trained athletes and teams in functional terms; it is expedient only if the preparation for it does not reduce the speed of progress and if after the end of the acceleration the athlete or team is able to maintain the optimal pace and rhythm of work.

Particularly difficult is the tactical struggle in the sprint bike race on the track. Here we can single out a number of athlete's skills, which together determine the effectiveness of his tactical actions: the ability to freely maneuver in order to take a comfortable position, to effectively perform "sur dance", to control the actions of the enemy and conduct tactical combat - in difficult conditions for passing turns, to choose the right time for unexpected jerk, quickly react to the opponent's jerk, effectively carry out the final throw to the finish line.

The tactical skill of an athlete is closely related to the level of his technical, physical and other types of preparedness. So, athletes with a high level of development of sprint qualities, specializing in sports of a cyclic nature, "can rapidly start the distance in order to exert psychological pressure on rivals. This variant of tactics was successfully implemented by S. Kopylov in a race on a track for a distance of 1000 m from a place in the championship world 1983. Having started earlier than the main rivals, he, due to the rapid start sch the maximum manifestation of will at the finish showed an outstanding result, which completely demoralized his main competitors, who were favorites at this distance (Fig. 20).

Boxers or wrestlers with a high speed-strength potential and insufficient endurance usually strive to implement active offensive tactics in order to achieve victory already in the first minutes of the fight. "At the same time, they can use an economical defensive variant of tactics in the first part of the duel in order to save strength for active actions at the end of it.

Features of the physical fitness of athletes can be decisive in choosing the rational tactics of competitive activity. Thus, rowers-kayakers with a predominant development of speed-strength qualities focus primarily on the starting component when passing 500 m, rowers with a dominant development of special endurance - on the finishing component, and athletes with a relatively proportional development of these qualities strive for a relatively uniform passage of the distance (Fig. 21). Comprehensive mastery of all the basic means, forms and types of tactical wrestling is especially important in sports games where shortcomings in the tactical preparedness of individual athletes can significantly reduce the effectiveness of group and team actions. However, versatile tactical preparedness should not adversely affect the individual tactical manner of conducting the struggle. Outstanding Athletes, especially those who specialize in games, martial arts, some complex coordination and cyclic sports, are distinguished by a bright individual style of wrestling based on the maximum use. development of their physical, technical, psychological and intellectual capabilities.

An important indicator of sportsmanship is the activity of tactical actions. A highly qualified athlete is able to impose his will on an opponent, to exert psychological pressure on him with the variety and effectiveness of his actions, endurance, the will to win, and confidence in success. Of particular importance is the activity of tactical actions in those sports in which there is a direct interaction of rivals (in football, hockey, basketball, all types of wrestling, etc.), unexpected situations that require an adequate technical and tactical solution (in sailing, skiing) ; those). Activity in games and martial arts is an important indicator of tactical preparedness in both offensive and defensive operations.

In team sports, an important side of the tactical preparedness of athletes is the level of interaction between partners in group and team actions. It is the effectiveness of interaction, the skillful combination of well-developed tactical schemes with non-standard solutions, the use of the individual capabilities of each athlete to achieve the final result that determines, for example, the effectiveness of combinations in sports games.

Similar information.

Sports training (training)- this is the expedient use of knowledge, means, methods and knowledge, which allows to influence the athlete's physical development and provide the necessary degree of readiness for sports achievements.

It has already been noted earlier that at present sport is developing in two directions, which have a different target orientation: mass sport and elite sport. Their goals and objectives are different from each other. However, with regard to the means, methods, principles of sports training, they are similar in that, gaki in its other form. Fundamentally common is the structure of the training of athletes who train and function in the field of mass sports and elite sports.

Athlete preparedness structure includes technical, physical, tactical and mental elements.

1. Under technical readiness it is necessary to understand the degree of development by the athlete of the technique of the system of movements of a particular sport. It is closely connected with his physical, mental capabilities, as well as with the conditions of the external environment. Changing the rules of competitions, the use of other sports equipment significantly affects the content of the technical preparedness of athletes.

The structure of technical readiness always contains the so-called basic and additional movements. The basic ones include movements and actions that form the basis of the technical equipment of this type and are mandatory for athletes. Additional include minor movements and actions, elements of individual movements that do not violate its rationality and at the same time are characteristic of the individual characteristics of this athlete.

2. Physical fitness are the capabilities of the functional systems of the body. It reflects the necessary level of development of precisely those physical qualities on which competitive success in a particular sport depends.

3. tactical preparedness of an athlete depends on how much he owns the means of sports tactics (for example, the technical methods necessary to implement the chosen tactics), its types (offensive, defensive, counterattacking) and forms (individual, group, team).

The specificity of a sport is a decisive factor that determines the structure of an athlete's tactical readiness. So. when running over medium distances (800, 1500 m), a runner with a higher level of sprinting qualities will strive to slow down the participants' run of the entire distance in order to achieve victory with a short (100-150 m) fast finishing dash. A runner with a higher level of endurance, on the contrary, is more profitable to run at a high, uniform pace throughout the distance. Among equal runners, the one who can impose his running tactics on his opponents will win.

The situation is more complicated with tactical training in games, martial arts, where tactics are associated not only with technical and functional readiness, but also with the speed of decision-making and their implementation with frequent changes in competitive situations. The ability to do this develops in training sessions, as well as with a constant analysis of competitive experience.

The activity of tactical actions during the competition is an important indicator of sportsmanship. A highly qualified athlete must be able to impose his will on his opponent through tactical techniques during the competition.

4. Mental preparedness structurally heterogeneous. It is possible to single out two relatively independent and at the same time interconnected sides; volitional and special mental readiness.

Willpower associated with such qualities as purposefulness (a clear vision of a long-term goal), determination and courage (a penchant for reasonable risk combined with thoughtfulness of decisions), perseverance and perseverance, endurance and self-control, independence and initiative. Most of these qualities are brought up and improved in the process of regular training work and sports competitions.

The specificity of some sports in itself leaves an imprint on the nature and degree of development of individual mental qualities. However, certain methodological techniques are also used to educate volitional preparedness. In practice, the following requirements serve as the basis for the methodology of volitional training:

regular and obligatory fulfillment of the planned training program and competitive settings (this must be done consciously), which is associated with the development of sports industriousness, the habit of systematic efforts and perseverance in overcoming difficulties. On this basis, the upbringing of purposefulness, perseverance and perseverance in achieving the goal, self-discipline and perseverance is implemented;
systemic input of additional difficulties, inclusion of additional motor tasks, conducting training sessions in complicated conditions, increasing the degree of risk;
use of competition and the competitive method. The very spirit of rivalry serves as a means of increasing the mental stability of an athlete with varying degrees of mental tension in competition or training conditions (Table 9.3).

In structure special mental preparedness of an athlete, it is necessary to highlight those aspects that can also be improved in the course of sports training:

resistance to stressful situations of training and competitive activity;

Table 9.3 Mental tension of a fencer when performing specialized exercises (according to S.S. Gurvich, V.S. Keller, V.N. Platonov)

kenesthetic and visual perceptions of motor actions and the environment;
the ability to mental regulation of movements, ensuring effective muscle coordination;
the ability to perceive, organize and process information under time pressure;
the ability to form anticipatory reactions in the structures of the brain, programs that precede real action.

We specifically paid so much attention to mental preparedness in the overall structure of an athlete's training, since this side of training often remains in the shadows. But it is precisely the mental preparedness of a person acquired in the process regular workouts and sports competitions, becomes the essence of his character, i.e. can be widely manifested in the ordinary and professional life of a person.

Speaking about the structure of an athlete's preparedness, one cannot but mention the role of special knowledge. Theoretical preparedness is acquired by an athlete in the course of his entire sports life. It indirectly includes biological, physiological, psychological, and biomechanical aspects of various aspects of training. As a rule, the higher the sportsmanship, the more theoretical knowledge an athlete should have. The theoretical awareness of his actions helps him consciously and justifiably go to overcome the difficulties that constantly arise in the process of many years of training. The theoretical preparedness of an athlete, regardless of his basic special education, largely depends on the degree of understanding of its importance, and, consequently, on his personal interest in self-education.

STRUCTURE OF PREPAREDNESS OF ATHLETES

Plan

Introduction

1. Technical training and technical readiness

2. Physical training

3. Tactical training

4. Mental preparation

5. Integral training

Introduction

By predominant influence on certain components of an athlete's readiness to achieve (technical, tactical, physical, psychological, intellectual (theoretical) training);

By the nature of the relationship with sports specialization (general and special training);

1. Technical training and technical readiness

Technical training It is aimed at teaching the athlete the technique of movements and bringing them to perfection.

sports equipment- this is a way of performing a sports action, which is characterized by a certain degree of efficiency and rationality of the athlete's use of his psychophysical capabilities.

The role of sports equipment in different sports is not the same. There are four groups of sports with their characteristic sports technique.

1. Speed-strength sports (sprinting, throwing, jumping, weightlifting, etc.). In these sports, the technique is aimed at ensuring that the athlete can develop the most powerful and fastest efforts in the main phases of the competitive exercise, for example, during repulsion in running or in long and high jumps, while performing the final effort in javelin throwing, discus throwing, etc. .d.

2. Sports that are characterized by a predominant manifestation of endurance (long-distance running, cross-country skiing, cycling, etc.). Here, the technique is aimed at economizing the consumption of energy resources in the body of an athlete.

3. Sports based on the art of movement (gymnastics, acrobatics, diving, etc.). Technique should provide the athlete with beauty, expressiveness and accuracy of movements.

In the structure of technical readiness, it is important to highlight:

According to the degree of mastering the techniques and actions, technical readiness is characterized by three levels:

1 - the presence of motor ideas about techniques and actions, and attempts to perform them;

2 - the emergence of motor skills;

3 - the formation of a motor skill.

The characteristic features of motor skills, on the contrary, are the stability of movements, their reliability and automation. (Platonov, Theory of Sports, p. 144)

A sufficiently high level of technical readiness is called technical skill. The criteria for technical excellence are:

Scope of technique - the total number of techniques that an athlete can perform.

Versatility of technology - the degree of variety of techniques. So, in sports games, this is the ratio of the frequency of using different game techniques.

Efficiency possession of sports equipment is characterized by the degree of closeness of the sports action technique to the individually optimal variant.

development movement techniques. This criterion shows how this technical action is memorized and fixed. For well-mastered movements are typical: