Medical supervision during athletics. Medical control in physical culture and sports
Since it is advisable to consider the assessment of the functional state as the main thing in pedagogical control, a provision is put forward on the allocation of three types of the state of athletes:
1) a permanent state, which is a consequence of the cumulative training effect, covering a long period of time during the formation and maintenance sportswear at one or another stage of training, when the functional level of an athlete changes as sportsmanship grows from category to category, from year to year, etc.;
2) the current state, changing from day to day under the influence of different in volume, intensity, orientation of training and competitive loads, rest and other reasons;
3) an operational state that changes during a training session under the influence of single training loads of various volume, intensity, direction, included in its structure.
staged - includes an assessment of the permanent state;
current - involves the definition of daily fluctuations in the state motor function involved;
operational - implements an express assessment of the state of athletes at the moment.
The requirements for the selection of indicators for the purposes of stage-by-stage, current and operational pedagogical control are ambiguous. Each of the types of pedagogical control puts forward special requirements, in particular, the assessment of the reliability of indicators.
Step control. The construction of this form of pedagogical control should be appropriately justified. The main thing is the choice of benchmarks. There are two approaches on the basis of which this choice is made. The first of them involves knowledge of the physiological mechanisms of phenomena and the choice of control indicators that most objectively characterize certain components of the motor function of athletes. The second approach is based only on ascertaining the external picture of phenomena. It is called phenomenological. In this case, the logic of the approach to the selection of indicators involves establishing a relationship between the relevant control exercise and other indicators taken as criteria (sports results, indicators of control exercises).
It is proposed to use two main criteria. The survey data of a particular athlete is compared with those recorded in a large group of athletes. In this case, the objectivity of conclusions about the state of the examined athlete can be significantly increased by comparing his data with model characteristics developed taking into account gender, age, sports qualifications and specialization profiles of athletes. This allows the coach to draw a conclusion about the "high", "medium" or "low" level of development of his student.
As a criterion, the results of measurements recorded earlier by the same athlete are taken and compared with those that are observed in him at the moment. When selecting informative tests for stage control are usually guided by the following.
1. It is expedient to consider as the most informative those indicators, the stage changes of which most accurately characterize the changes in a large set of tests. This means that the values of the correlation coefficients or factorial validity of indicators are of decisive importance for choosing one of them.
2. The most informative should be considered those indicators, the dynamics of stage changes of which is consistent with the dynamics sports results specific athlete or athletes. The implementation of this approach is easily implemented by registering a group of control indicators with athletes on the day of the start or the day before (the main thing is that this procedure is strictly standardized) and comparing the obtained data with sports results.
3. The dynamics of the permanent state of athletes, fixed with the help of a set of indicators, is compared with the completed training loads. The most informative in this case are the indicators that change the most under the influence of training loads.
The statistical reliability of tests under the conditions of staged pedagogical control is determined by the ratio of variances between repeated measurements during the examination and between repeated examinations during the training process.
current control. When developing this form of pedagogical control over the state of the athlete's motor function, it is advisable to use three main criteria.
1. The most informative should be considered those indicators whose current changes most accurately characterize changes in a large set of tests. In practice, this provision is implemented through daily registration with athletes. wide complex indicators and identifying unidirectional changes from day to day. Parallelism in the changes of individual tests makes it possible to use one of this group and use it to indirectly judge changes in the main indicators.
2. As a criterion, the level of special performance of athletes, expressed in sports results, is selected. This means that it is proposed to consider as informative those indicators, the daily changes of which are in the same direction as the daily changes in the sports result.
3. The dynamics of the state of the motor function of athletes is compared with the completed training loads. In this case, the most informative are those indicators that clearly change under the influence of certain training loads.
The reliability of indicators used for the purposes of current pedagogical control is determined by specific requirements. Reliability is determined by the direct ratio of two variances: between repeated measurements taken on the same day under the same conditions; between measurements taken from day to day.
operational control. The purpose of this form of pedagogical control is an express assessment, or an urgent assessment, of the athlete's momentary reactions to a particular training load. For this, indicators can be used that quite convincingly characterize urgent changes in the state motor system athletes. The development of a system of operational pedagogical control is carried out by comparing changes in the motor function of those involved before and after the corresponding load.
An important circumstance that determines the reliability of indicators for the purposes of operational pedagogical control is the ratio of the dispersions of changes: firstly, between repeated measurements carried out in a series of measurements (for example, before the load); secondly, between the measurements taken before and after the load. The reliability of this or that indicator under the conditions of operational pedagogical control will be the higher, the greater the variation of this indicator recorded before and after the training load, and lower - with repeated measurements in a series.
Pedagogical and medical supervision at athletics lessons
with students in grades 10 and 11.
In the system of medical care for students at school, an important place is occupied by medical and pedagogical control, aimed at enhancing the health-improving effect of the lesson and the implementation of the principle of a differentiated approach to students in the process of classes. exercise, medical-pedagogical control provides observation of students in physical education lessons and during extracurricular activities, medical examination and control over the physical development and health of schoolchildren. Medical-pedagogical control is a study conducted jointly with a doctor and a teacher of physical education (or trainer) and mediocre in places of physical education (or training) and competitions, in order to assess the impact on the body of those involved in physical activity used in educational and training classes and competitions. The need for such studies is due to the fact that the phenomenon of incomplete recovery after training or physical education, the development of overwork does not always immediately affect the well-being and performance of a student or athlete. This does not allow the teacher, if necessary, to make timely educational process appropriate adjustments, in connection with which further training not only does not give the desired result, but in some cases leads to the occurrence of pre-pathological conditions or to the illness of the student or athlete. Without knowledge of the basic principles, methods of medical and pedagogical control, the teacher cannot correctly assess the effect of physical exercises on the body, differentiated approach to teaching schoolchildren of different ages, genders, levels of physical development and physical fitness. Observations carried out in the classroom, during extracurricular activities and competitions, help the teacher to identify the individual abilities of students, which also contributes to the improvement of the learning and upbringing process.
The main tasks of medical and pedagogical control at school are
familiarization with the organization of classes and methods of their conduct;
study of the impact of physical activity on the body of schoolchildren in the process of educational and extracurricular activities;
dosing volume and intensity of loads;
clarification of planning issues;
control over compliance with hygienic requirements for the clothes of those involved, the microclimate of the room where classes are held, sports equipment.
However, doctors, unfortunately, do not cooperate with physical education teachers and do not even attend schools, and even more so in rural areas, where their presence and joint work with teachers would only benefit the common cause. And this is a problem! Therefore, I decided to open this issue and talk about the importance of medical control at school. In my work, I want to show how important medical and pedagogical control is in physical education classes. Only with systematic monitoring, a teacher or coach will be able to assess the ability of their students to endure heavy loads, the ability to recover, the growth of sports results, etc.
Now let's touch on some morphophysiological features of adolescence. The growth and development of the human body occurs mainly up to 18 years in boys and up to 16 years in girls. In the process of growth and development of the body, the possibility of increasing fitness increases. Development human body from birth to adulthood - a natural process of morphological and functional changes occurring depending on internal causes, health status, hereditary conditioning, living conditions, work, nutrition, physical education. In the process of growth and development in the body of a child, and then a teenager, the mass and size of the body as a whole and individual organs are constantly increasing, regulatory functions are being improved.
It has been found that the most intensive process Morphological development of the human body occurs mainly from 13 to 16 years. With age, not only indicators of physical development increase, but the relationship between individual signs of physical development also changes. For example, with the same growth in different ages different values of body mass, circumference are determined chest, backbone strength, etc. Very significant changes in the age aspect are observed in cardiovascular system. In the process of growing children, the increase in heart mass occurs unevenly, which is due to an increase in body weight. By the age of 16-17, the ability to perform long-term exercises with the formation of the quality of endurance appears, which is due to the relative improvement of vegetative functions and the possibility the best way satisfy the need for oxygen that occurs during prolonged muscular work. During this age period, the improvement of the technique of various exercises begins. Features of age-related development put forward the need for versatile training in the process of physical education of children and adolescents with a gradual expansion of the means used, aimed at developing various qualities. In connection with age characteristics medical supervision, adherence to the regimen, individual approach of the coach and teacher are of great importance. The mandatory complex of medical research includes: clarification of the general medical analysis. Study of physical development, determination of the state of the nervous and cardiovascular systems, respiratory, digestive organs, etc.
With medical and pedagogical control, the study of the impact on the body of physical exercises continues, during large competitions or training loads, hidden deviations in the state of health or reduced indicators of physical development may appear, which allows you to check the correctness of attributing it to a certain medical group: main, preparatory or special.
So, the greatest efficiency in the development of motor activity of schoolchildren is achieved when taking into account the characteristics age-related changes motor qualities, physical development and functional state of various body systems. Therefore, there is a need for a deeper study of the state of physical development, readiness, as well as the need to monitor the progress of the development of schoolchildren, which will allow a more objective assessment of the results of pedagogical influence. Moreover, this is possible when the obtained indicators are compared with the tables developed by the standards. The presence of such standards will allow the teacher, the school doctor to monitor the dynamics of indicators of physical development and physical fitness.
Conclusion: in our work, we assessed the physical fitness of students in grades 10 and 11, boys and girls, where we took indicators of physical fitnessIquarters andIVquarters of boys and girls. Judging by these indicators, we can say that the indicator of physical fitnessIVquarters for both boys and girls are higher than the indicatorIquarters, which meets the program requirements.
And if we analyze the physical fitness of students in grades 10 and 11, general education schools, then it can be noted that among the young men school curriculum
in the 200 meters run:
30% - for an "excellent" rating,
40% - for the rating "good",
30% - for the rating "satisfactory".
in the 3000 meters run:
50% - for the rating "excellent",
30% - for the rating "good",
standing long jump:
40% - for the rating "excellent",
40% - for the rating "good",
20% - for the rating "satisfactory".
among girls in the 200 meters run:
30% - for an "excellent" rating,
30% - for the rating "good",
20% - for the rating "unsatisfactory".
in the 2000 meters run:
40% - for the rating "excellent",
30% - for the rating "good",
20% - for the rating "satisfactory",
10% - "unsatisfactory" rating.
standing long jump:
50% - for the rating "good",
50% - for the rating "satisfactory".
In addition to indicators of physical fitness, it is possible to determine the fitness of the heart of students using the Ruffier index:
P, - pulse while sitting for a minute, after 5 minutes of sitting (or rest).
P - standing pulse for 1 minute after exercise.
Load - 30 squats in 30 seconds.
P - pulse sitting for 1 minute, after 1 minute of sitting.
And give an assessment of physical fitness, where the indicator is less than 0 - excellent fitness.
From 0 - 5 good fitness,
from 5 - 10 satisfactory fitness,
from 10 - 15 weak fitness,
more than 15 unsatisfactory fitness.
To determine the dynamics of improving the functional activity of the cardiovascular vascular system high school students, we assessed their heart fitness also inIquarters and middleIVquarters. The survey was conducted with students in grades 10-11. The study involved 20 people, 10 boys and 10 girls. Research has shown that ifIquarter, the average value of the index was 8.9 for girls and 8.5 for boys, then by the middleIVa quarter there were changes in the fitness of the cardiovascular system, where the average value of the index for girls is 6.4; in boys - 7.6.
Judging by the assessment of physical fitness, it can be said that both girls and boys have satisfactory heart fitness. I believe that the Ruffier index is a very effective method for studying the fitness of the cardiovascular system, and it should be used at school to study the functional state of students.
Medical and pedagogical control is one of the main conditions for the effective organization of classes with teenagers and young men in the weightlifting section. They provide for the observation of a doctor directly in the process of training sessions, during sports fees and competitions.
Medical and pedagogical control includes:
- - assessment of the organization and methodology of conducting training sessions, taking into account the age, state of health, general physical fitness and fitness of those involved;
- - assessment of the impact of sports training and competition on the body of those involved;
- - verification of sports injury prevention measures, compliance with safety rules;
- - advice on the age characteristics of young weightlifters and the impact on the body of weightlifting.
Adolescents involved in the one-year program initial training, undergo a medical examination at the dispensary at least 2 times a year (in September and March). In addition, they undergo a partial examination under training conditions at least once every 2 months.
Of great importance are the doctor's observations during training sessions directly in the gym. The results of his observations during training can help identify signs of overwork and prevent its harmful consequences in a timely manner.
One of the factors under the supervision of a doctor is the density of classes.
Having established observations over 1-3 athletes throughout the lesson, the doctor uses a stopwatch to note the time spent on performing various exercises. Separately notes the time spent on rest, the coach's explanation, waiting for the approach to the bar, etc.
Motor activity density is calculated by the formula:
where tm is the time spent on the exercise, Ot is the total duration of the entire workout, Mp is the motor density in percent.
For example, if the training session lasted 90 minutes, and the performance of various exercises took 54 minutes, then the motor density of the training will be
For weightlifters aged 12-16 years, a density of 50-60% is considered good, for older athletes - 60-70%.
It is useful for a doctor to participate in planning the training load (both for the entire group of young athletes and for individuals), taking into account the results of medical and pedagogical control.
Analyzing and summarizing his observations of young athletes, the doctor can help the coach to fully reveal the functional capabilities of athletes, suggest the most correct ways and means to improve them. To do this, the sports doctor must:
- - to conduct a thorough analysis of the data of medical examination in the conditions of a medical and physical education dispensary and the data of medical and pedagogical observations during training and competitions;
- - on a monthly basis, together with the coach, analyze the correctness of the chosen methods and means of training;
- - together with the coach to discuss the results of the performances of young weightlifters at competitions;
- - Discuss and refine individual training plans for young athletes together with the coach;
- - to study the conditions in which sports training is carried out, to achieve, if necessary, its improvement in accordance with the objectives of training sessions;
- - conduct propaganda work among trainers to improve special knowledge in the field of medicine, anatomy, physiology and hygiene.
Only under the condition of constant supervision by a doctor and a coach, classes with young athletes in the weightlifting section give positive results. It is very important that work with teenagers be carried out by qualified trainers who are familiar with the age-related characteristics of human development and who are well aware of the methodology for training young weightlifters.
Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine
Donetsk National University of Economics and Trade
named after Mikhail Tugan-Baranovsky
Department of Physical Education
"Medical control and self-control of athletes"
Completed:
Lukyanenko D.I., OA-09-Sb
Checked:
Starichkov G.A.
Donetsk, 2010
Introduction………………………………………………………………………...........3
1. Medical control athletes……………………………………………….4-5
2. Functional tests, tests…………………………………………………6-14
3. Self-control in the process of physical education and sports …………… 15-18
Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………........19
List of used literature ………………………………………..........20
Introduction
A person as a person is formed in the process of social life: in study, work, in communication with people. Physical culture and sports contribute to the formation of a comprehensively developed personality.
Moral education. In training sessions, training, and especially during sports competitions students endure great physical and moral stress: a rapidly changing environment, the resistance of an opponent, the dependence of the result of sports competitions on the efforts of each team member, the ability to subordinate their interests to the interests of the team, a respectful attitude towards an opponent contribute to the formation of such character traits as willpower, courage, self-control, determination, self-confidence, endurance, discipline.
Mental education. At physical culture and sports lessons, students acquire knowledge about rational ways of performing motor actions, about using the acquired skills in life, learn the rules of hardening the body, mandatory hygiene requirements.
Observation, attention, perception develop, the level of stability of mental performance increases.
Studies show that physical exercises contribute to the improvement of the sense organs, muscle-motor sensitivity, visual and auditory perception, the development of memory, especially visual-motor.
Labor education. The essence of labor education lies in the systematic and planned development of the qualities and properties of the individual, which determine the preparation of a person for life, for socially useful work. Diligence is also brought up directly in the process of doing physical exercises and sports, when those involved in order to achieve maximum results, overcoming fatigue, repeatedly perform physical exercises.
Aesthetic education. IN physical education and sports, there are huge opportunities for the aesthetic education of a person, the development of the ability to perceive, feel and correctly understand the beautiful in actions, in the beauty of the perfect forms of the human body, in the movements of a gymnast, acrobat, and water jumper brought to the degree of art , figure skater. Performing exercises to music in rhythmic gymnastics, figure skating contributes to the development of musical culture. Hiking, climbing, sailing and other sports allow you to understand and feel the beauty in nature.
The connection of physical exercises with aesthetic education has a dual character, since it allows not only to form an outwardly beautiful image, but also to influence the education of moral and volitional qualities, ethical standards and behavior in society at the same time.
1. Medical control of athletes
Medical control is a system of medical research conducted jointly by a doctor and a coach (teacher) to determine the impact of training loads on the body of a student.
Medical examinations of persons involved in physical culture and sports are divided into primary, repeated and additional.
During the primary medical examination, the doctor decides on admission to physical education and sports. Without the permission of a doctor, a coach or teacher of physical education has no right to allow a beginner to practice. During a medical examination, the state of health, physical development and adaptability of the body to dosed physical activity are determined. Such a survey is of great importance in mass physical culture, as well. the presence of a number of diseases is an absolute or relative contraindication to exercise.
During repeated medical examinations, the influence of regular physical education and sports on the state of health is determined. Physical development and functional state of the athlete's body. Such examinations are mandatory for all athletes at least once a year.
Additional medical examinations are organized to resolve the issue of admitting athletes to competitions, as well as to resolve the issue of the possibility of starting training after illnesses or injuries, after long breaks in classes, in case of overwork (on the recommendation of coaches or at the request of athletes).
The doctrine of physical development. Medical control over those involved in physical culture and sports provides, as mentioned above, the study of physical development.
Physical development is understood as a complex of functional and morphological properties of the organism, which determines the physical capacity of the organism. Thus, the concept of "physical development" includes not only the morphological features of the structure and size of the body, but also the functional capabilities of the body.
Physical development is determined by endogenous (internal), exogenous (external), and socio-economic factors. The study of individual physical development is carried out by calculating various morphological indicators, such as height, body weight, chest circumference, specific body weight, its fat, muscle and bone mass, etc. in the study of adults, these morphological features serve as a criterion for the physical conditions of the organism, and for children, in addition, as criteria for the correctness of their growth and development.
Indicators of the physical development of an adult do not remain unchanged. Especially clearly they change with aging. Therefore, it is necessary to take into account the correspondence of physical development to the stage of biological development.
The criteria for physical development are also features of the physique. Under the physique understand the dimensions, shapes, proportions (the ratio of some body sizes to others) and features of the relative position of body parts.
Features of the physical development and physique of a person are largely determined by his constitution. The constitution of a person, manifested, in particular, in the features of the physique, depends both on hereditary factors, past illnesses, working conditions, physical exercises and sports. Of the external factors under the influence of which the constitution changes, physical exercises and systematic sports are of particular importance, especially in childhood.
The main methods for studying physical development are external examination (somatoscopy) and anthropometry. Along with them, the following are used: the photographic method, radiography, measuring the shapes of the human body with the help of special devices, measuring the angles on the body with the help of goniometers.
Somatoscopy. An external examination begins with an assessment of posture. Posture is the habitual posture of a person, the manner of standing and sitting. Posture is usually assessed in a standing position. Posture is examined from head to toe. The position of the head is evaluated in relation to the position of the body. Then proceed to the description of the shoulder girdle. Great importance is given to the description of the spine. The severity of the physiological curves of the spine is determined, the shape of the back is determined. They also evaluate the shape of the legs, the shape of the foot. The degree of muscle development is assessed as good, satisfactory, weak. The uniformity of its development and relief are determined, i.e. how pronounced the muscle pattern is.
With somatoscopy, body type and body proportions are determined.
Anthropometry. Anthropometric measurements supplement and refine the data of external examination, make it possible to more accurately determine the level of physical development of the subject. Repeated anthropometric measurements make it possible to monitor the dynamics of the physical development of children and take into account its changes during systematic physical exercises and sports.
In anthropometric studies of athletes, the following indicators are usually determined: standing and sitting height, body weight; diameters - shoulder width, anteroposterior and transverse diameters of the chest, pelvic width; circumference - neck, chest, shoulder. thighs and shins; length of limbs and individual segments. The main indicators of physical development are height, weight and chest circumference.
2. Functional trials, tests
Comprehensive analysis of medical examination data, results of application of instrumental research methods and materials obtained during functional tests, allow an objective assessment of the readiness of an athlete's body for competitive activity.
With the help of functional tests, which are performed both in the laboratory (in the functional diagnostics room), and directly during training in gyms and in stadiums, the general and specific adaptive capabilities of the athlete's body are checked. According to the test results, it is possible to determine the functional state of the organism as a whole, its adaptive capabilities at the moment.
Testing allows you to identify the functional reserves of the body, its overall physical performance. All medical testing materials are not considered in isolation, but in a complex with all other medical criteria. Only a comprehensive assessment of the medical fitness criteria allows one to reliably judge the effectiveness of the training process for a given athlete.
Functional tests began to be used in sports medicine in the early twentieth century. Gradually, the arsenal of samples expanded due to new tests. The main tasks of functional diagnostics in sports medicine are the study of the body's adaptation to certain influences and the study of recovery processes after the cessation of exposure. It follows from this that testing is in general identical to research. "black box" used in cybernetics to study functional properties regulation systems. This term conventionally refers to any object whose functional properties are unknown or insufficiently known. The "black box" has a number of inputs and a number of outputs. To study the functional properties of such a “black box”, an impact is applied to its input, the nature of which is known. Under the influence of the input action, response signals appear at the output of the "black box". Comparison of input signals with output signals makes it possible to evaluate the functional state of the system under study, conventionally designated as a “black box”. With perfect adaptation, the nature of the input and output signals is identical. However, in reality, and especially in the study of biological systems, the signals transmitted through the "black box" are distorted. By the degree of signal distortion during its passage through the "black box", one can judge the functional state of the system or complex of systems under study. The greater these distortions, the worse the functional state of the system, and vice versa. Abstract >> Physical culture and sports
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MEDICAL CONTROL in physical culture and sports- the system of medical supervision in the USSR for persons involved in physical culture and sports, aimed at the effective use of means and methods of physical. education, health promotion, improvement of physical. development and physical preparedness of the population. V. to. is one of sections of sports medicine (see). The founder of the ideas of scientific substantiation of physical. education is P. F. Lesgaft; his student V. V. Gorinevsky deserves the merit of developing the foundations of V. to. as a system of honey. services for athletes and athletes.
The resolution of the party and government on the development of physical culture and sports contributed to the increase in the role of V. to. ) of 1948, the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of 1966 on measures for the further development of physical culture and of 1972 on the introduction of a new All-Union sports complex"Ready for Labor and Defense of the USSR" (TRP). Creation in 1950 of a network of specialized to lay down. - prof, establishments - medical and sports dispensaries (see Dispensary, medical and sports) - promoted V.'s organization to. and development of its methods. V. to. as a system of honey. provision of those involved in physical education and sports is carried out by medical and physical education dispensaries (republican, regional, city, district), as well as medical control rooms in clinics, universities, voluntary sports societies, children's and youth sports schools. The current regulation on V. to. provides for the participation of general doctors to lay down. - prof., networks in monitoring people involved in physical education and sports. The general management of the medical and physical education service is carried out by a medical professional, a department of the USSR Ministry of Health. The Committee for Physical Culture and Sports under the Council of Ministers of the USSR has a special medical and biological department, which organizes, together with the health authorities, V. to. over groups of the country's leading athletes.
V. to. in physical education and sports consists of a number of sections: 1) medical examinations of persons involved in physical culture and sports; 2) medical and pedagogical observations directly in the course of classes; 3) medical and sports consultation; 4) san.-gig. supervision of places of employment and competitions; 5) dignity.-clearance, work; 6) medical and sanitary provision of sports competitions and mass sports and recreation events.
During the medical examination, methods of clinical examination and functional diagnostics are used, as well as special techniques developed in sports medicine. The frequency, volume and content of the medical examination are determined by the contingent of those involved - their age, gender, nature of activities, sports qualifications, respectively, with which the examination is carried out according to a short or in-depth methodology.
Examination according to a brief methodology (on form 227) to resolve issues of admission to classes, check their impact on health and physical development Persons of the following categories are exposed: those involved in the compulsory program of physical. education in educational institutions; preparing to pass the TRP standards; engaged in groups of general physical. training, in sports teams of industrial enterprises, institutions, collective farms, state farms, etc. According to a brief method of medical examination, a physical examination, basic anthropometric measurements (determination of weight, height, muscle strength, etc.), clinical analyzes of urine and blood are carried out. If necessary, the general practitioner conducting the examination involves other specialists. These examinations are carried out by doctors of district clinics, first-aid posts of stadiums, swimming pools and other sports facilities, doctors of health centers of industrial enterprises, as well as doctors of secondary and higher educational institutions. This work is carried out under the general organizational and methodological guidance of medical and physical education dispensaries. Examination of students in secondary schools, vocational schools, technical schools and universities is timed to coincide with the beginning of school year. Based on the state of health, development and physical preparedness, students are divided into three honey. groups for physical education (basic, preparatory and special).
In the main honey. the group enrolls persons who do not have deviations in the state of health or have minor changes with sufficient physical. readiness. They are shown classes in curricula in full, passing the TRP control standards, playing sports, participating in competitions.
In preparatory honey. the group includes persons who have minor deviations in the state of health, but are not physically fit enough, and therefore a nek-swarm restriction and gradual increase in loads, exclusion (sometimes temporary) of competitions are required. In a special honey. group enroll persons with diseases, at to-rykh group lessons can only be carried out on special programs; according to indications - exercise therapy classes in a polyclinic or in a medical and sports dispensary. This takes into account the nature of the disease, the level of physical. readiness, etc. Medical examination of contingents of middle and old age, in particular, before enrolling in groups of general physical. preparation, in preparation for passing the standards of the 5th stage of the TRP complex "Venerosity and Health", additionally include an electrocardiographic study. In addition, to determine the degree of age-related changes in the cardiovascular system or to identify signs of latent pathology, a modified Master's test is used - climbing and descending a two-step ladder with a total height of 40 cm (step height 20 cm). The duration of the test is 2 - 3 minutes. (depending on the physical fitness of the subject) at a constant pace - 20 transitions per 1 minute; You can use other options for ladder test. Before and after the test, the pulse is counted, blood pressure is measured, and an electrocardiogram is recorded.
When deciding on admission to physical education and passing the TRP standards, the doctor also takes into account the data on seeking medical help based on the extract from the outpatient clinic card submitted by the subject.
An examination according to an in-depth methodology is carried out in the course of dispensary observation of highly qualified athletes (according to form 227a). Clinical examination is based on the principles of a comprehensive study of the main fiziol, body systems, the functional orientation of research methods, a differentiated approach depending on the sports specialization of the subject; individual assessment of the results of the examination, the dynamic nature of medical observations. Highly qualified athletes are subjected to in-depth medical examination.
Medical examination of athletes according to an in-depth methodology is carried out by medical and physical education dispensaries and doctors of voluntary sports societies. The study is carried out by a therapist-specialist in V. to., in necessary cases involve a neuropathologist, ophthalmologist, surgeon, dentist, gynecologist, etc. They collect a detailed general and sports history, conduct a physical examination, clinical urine and blood tests, use the necessary instrumental methods (including mandatory X-ray and electrocardiographic examinations), conduct special functional samples.
Particular importance is attached to V. to. over athletes high ranks, participants of city, republican, all-Union and international competitions, including the Olympic Games.
The in-depth medical examination program includes examinations at the main stages of the annual training cycle, timed to coincide with the preparatory and competitive periods of training (2-3 times a year), and additional examinations according to indications. The main objectives of an in-depth medical examination are: a) evaluation of the effectiveness of the applied modes and training methods; checking the impact of systematic training on health, physical development and sports performance; b) determination of readiness for the upcoming competitions (assessment of "sports form") in order to recommend selection for national teams; c) appointment effective methods and means of restoring and maintaining high performance (vitamins, restorative agents, etc.), preventing the state of overtraining (reducing the volume and intensity of the load, its nature, if necessary, the appointment of therapeutic measures).
Determination of the impact of systematic training on physical. development is established by external examination and anthropometric measurements of height, weight, chest circumference, vital capacity of the lungs, backbone strength, hand strength, diameters and perimeters of various parts of the body, etc. Assessment of physical. development is carried out on a five-point system (low, below average, average, above average, high) based on local physical standards. development or special correlation tables (see Physical development).
When examining adolescents, the degree of puberty is also determined; at the same time, the development of secondary sexual characteristics (according to the method of Aron and Stavitskaya) is taken into account - the degree of hair growth of the pubis, armpits, the development of the mammary glands, the time of the onset of menstruation, etc. The proportions of the body are determined to characterize the type of physique (one of the criteria sports selection, see section Medical and sports consultation below). The study of physical development allows you to correctly assess the individual data of the athlete, to trace the dynamics of physical. development in the process of regular sports, the impact of a particular sport on physical improvement.
An in-depth technique of V. to. makes it possible to identify certain morphological and functional changes in the body that occur during regular training, as well as disorders associated with overtraining and overstrain. For this purpose, indicators of the study of the cardiovascular system are very important. Thus, a typical result of repeated training with heavy loads, especially in sports that develop endurance, is a physiological increase in the heart in athletes due to tonogenic dilatation of its cavities and myocardial hypertrophy.
Moderate expansion of the cavities of the heart is physiologically reduced to an increase in the residual (reserve) intraventricular blood volume during rest, due to which cardiac output can increase significantly during intense muscular work.
Changes in the main functions of the heart (automatism, excitability and conduction), to-rye may occur in connection with systematic training, are reflected in the electrocardiogram. Trained athletes at rest often have severe sinus bradycardia (40-60 beats per minute) with moderate sinus arrhythmia and signs of myocardial hypertrophy (see Bradycardia, Heart, heart and sports).
An expression of the economical form of activity of the heart at rest, which develops with increasing training, is, in addition to slowing down the rhythm, also a decrease in the initial rate of increase in intraventricular pressure, stroke and minute blood volumes.
In the event of the presence of foci of hron, infection, as well as with significant overvoltages due to excessive loads ECG changes may appear, reflecting changes in myocardial metabolism: impaired intraventricular conduction, prolongation of atrioventricular conduction, electrical systole of the heart; rhythm disturbances, biphasic or inversion of the T waves, displacement of the RS-T segment downward from the isoline, an increase in the QRS-T angle over 60 ° or more.
To assess the performance of the heart, if necessary, use the methods of polycardiography (see), determine the stroke and minute blood volumes - gas analytical, dilution of the dye (Stuart-Hamilton method), etc. With intense muscular work, the minute blood volume in athletes reaches 30 l / min and more. A number of athletes observed so-called. syndrome of controlled hypodynamia of the myocardium (V. L. Kariman, 1959). In these cases, the structure of the cycle changes heart contraction. So, on the polycardiogram with an increase in the duration of the cardiac cycle, the phase of asynchronous and isometric contractions, there is a decrease in the relative duration of the ejection phase and the duration of the mechanical systole. These changes cause an increase in the potential of the trained heart. Strengthened muscular work causes the transition of the state of regulated hypodynamia of the myocardium into a state of hyperdynamia. At the same time, the phase of isometric contraction and expulsion is shortened, the intrasystolic indicator increases, i.e., most of the energy of cardiac contraction is spent on the expulsion of blood. These changes cause an increase in the potential of the trained heart.
To check the systemic arterial pressure (maximum, minimum and average), the speed of propagation of the pulse wave, the degree of correspondence of peripheral resistance to the minute volume of blood and other hemodynamic parameters, methods of sphygmography (see) and tachooscillography (see Oscillography) are used. The use of venous occlusive plethysmography (see) makes it possible to quantify the state of muscle blood flow and its changes due to increased fitness. With the growth of fitness, a tendency to a nek-rum decrease in blood pressure is determined in a state of muscle rest.
When researching respiratory systems s use clinical and instrumental research methods, incl. h. determination of respiratory volumes (frequency, depth and rhythm of breathing, minute volume of breathing, vital capacity of the lungs, maximum arbitrary pulmonary ventilation, strength of the respiratory muscles, etc.). Assessment of respiratory volumes and their changes under the influence of physical. load and in the process of increasing fitness is carried out by comparing the actual values with the "proper" according to special formulas and tables (A. G. Dembo et al., 1939). With an increase in training in a state of muscle rest, a more economical type of breathing is observed: its frequency slows down, and its depth increases. The highest values of lung capacity (up to 6-7 l) and maximum voluntary ventilation of the lungs (up to 100-200 l) are determined in athletes involved in sports that develop endurance - in rowers, swimmers, skiers, etc.
Research nervous system include definition of function of cranial nerves, motive and sensitive spheres, studying of vegetative reflexes (see). Orthostatic, clinoorthostatic tests are used (see. Orthostatic tests), the oculo-cardiac reflex (see) and dermographism (see) are examined. Special tests are carried out to determine the latent period of a motor reaction, coordination of movements, etc. According to indications (consequences of traumatic brain injuries, repeated knockouts, residual effects of neuroinfection, etc.), electroencephalography (see), electromyography (see) and other special methods are used . Based on the examination data, the neuropsychic status of the athlete is determined; possible deviations are recorded.
To obtain data on the functional state of the cardiovascular and other basic fiziol, systems of the athlete's body, to identify early signs of a violation of sports performance in the process of in-depth medical examination, functional tests with dosed physical are used. loads. So called. dynamic functional tests allow you to monitor the fitness of an athlete and the adaptation of the body to increased loads.
The most widely used are tests with dynamic muscle load, in particular, a combined three-stage functional test for speed and endurance (20 squats for 30 seconds, 15-second fast run on the spot and 3-minute running on the spot at an average pace - 180 steps per 1 min. using a metronome). During the study after each load for 3 - 4 minutes. pulse rate and blood pressure are recorded. The evaluation of the results of the test is carried out by changing these indicators in absolute terms and as a percentage of the initial data, which determines the nature of the reaction to the load and the recovery time of the studied functions after it. Five types of reactions were identified. I. Normotonic reaction, characterized by a moderate increase in heart rate (60-100% of the original) and an increase in blood pressure (the maximum should not increase by more than 20-40%, and the minimum should decrease by more than 10-35%), as well as a short ( 1-3 min.) recovery period (return to the original data). Usually this reaction is determined in athletes in a state of good fitness. II. Asthenic (hypotonic), with a significant increase in heart rate (120 -150% of the original) with a slight increase in maximum pressure and lengthening of the recovery period. It is observed in undertrained athletes or in a state of fatigue. III. Hypertonic, with a large increase in maximum pressure (up to 200 - 220 mm Hg) and a significant increase in heart rate, as well as a certain increase in minimum pressure. It is found more often in individuals with hypertension or the initial stages of hypertension. IV. With a "stepped" rise in maximum blood pressure, when immediately after the load its level is lower than at the 2nd, and sometimes even at the 3rd minute of the recovery period. It is observed with poor adaptability of the body to physical. load, in particular during overwork, including after previous significant physical. loads. V. Dystonic, at which the minimum pressure is not determined due to the sound of an “endless tone” (see Blood pressure), and the maximum pressure rises significantly (sometimes over 200 mm Hg). If the "endless tone" lasts no more than 1-2 minutes after a normal functional test, it can be considered physiological. A longer preservation of the "endless tone" requires a medical examination to identify the causes of its occurrence. There is a pronounced increase in heart rate, the recovery period is slow. The dystonic reaction is due to an increase in the true pulse amplitude, the kinetic energy of the blood during systole and a change in the elastic properties of the vessels, which is confirmed by an increase in the volumetric rate of cardiac output, the speed of propagation of the pulse wave, and other indicators of vascular tone. The dystonic reaction is most often determined in young people (15-24 years old) and is not regarded as a pathological reaction. However, it can also occur in a state of fatigue after previous significant physical. stress or as one of the signs of vascular-vegetative dystonia (along with other manifestations of this disease).
Normotonic reaction is the most favorable type of adaptation of the circulatory apparatus to the loads of a functional test.
For the purpose of determining physical performance athletes-athletes use a functional test - the PWC170 test (the test is recommended by WHO); PWC - the first letters of the words Physical Working Capacity - physical performance. The use of the test is based on the premise that the heart rate is 170 beats. in 1 min. corresponds to the optimal conditions for the functioning of the cardiovascular system in conditions of large sports loads and that the linear relationship between heart rate and work power is maintained up to 160 bpm. in 1 min. The test consists in the fact that the athlete performs two loads on a bicycle ergometer, each of which lasts 5 minutes, with a rest of 3 minutes between them, the cadence is 60-80 in 1 minute. By determining the pulse rate during the last 30 seconds. the first (f1) and second (f2) loads according to the formula developed by V. L. Karpman et al., physical performance is calculated for this athlete:
PWC 170 \u003d N 1 + (N 2 -N 1) (170-f 1) / (f 2 -f 1),
where N1 and N2 are the power of work (in watts), f1 and f2 are the pulse rate, respectively, at the end of the first and second loads. The value of PWC170 depends on age, gender, physical fitness, sport, which the subject is engaged in. According to a special formula, the calculated value of the maximum oxygen consumption is determined.
The physical readiness of high-level athletes, participants in important competitions (including the Olympic Games, etc.), especially in sports that develop endurance, is checked using different load models (on a bicycle ergometer, treadmill) with a stepwise increasing power of work "to failure ". The duration of the load at each stage is from 3 to 6 minutes, the increase in power every 1 - 2 minutes is 200 - 250 kw. The test is terminated when there are pronounced external signs of fatigue, the inability to maintain a given pace of pedaling, an increase in heart rate exceeding 200-210 beats. in 1 min. with a simultaneous decrease in blood pressure, stabilization or decrease in the oxygen utilization rate, and an increase in the respiratory coefficient. In addition, to determine the functional state of the body of athletes, you can use the Harvard step test, which consists in climbing onto a bench (50.8 cm high for adults, 40-45 cm high for teenagers and young men) for 5 minutes. According to the duration of the performed load and the number of pulse beats, the index of the test results is calculated using a special formula. Average performance is estimated at an index value of 50-80, high - more than 80, low - less than 50.
During the performance of functional tests and in the recovery period, gas exchange indicators (oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide release) are determined using the Haldane apparatus or other gas analyzers (see). According to indications, other research methods are also used. The use of spiroergometry allows you to determine important indicators of the state of fitness: the limit of a possible increase in oxygen consumption with increasing power of muscle work, which characterizes the aerobic performance of the body, i.e., the ability to maximize oxygen consumption by the body during intense muscular work (in outstanding athletes the maximum oxygen consumption reaches 80 - 85 ml / min or more per 1 kg of body weight), the efficiency of work in terms of oxygen consumption per unit of work performed. With age, the maximum oxygen consumption decreases, in women it is 20-25% lower than in men.
In special examinations of certain groups of athletes, to determine the anaerobic performance of the body, i.e., the ability to perform work in conditions of oxygen deficiency (motor hypoxemia), when biochemical transformations take place with a predominance of glycolytic processes, in the laboratory they use a bicycle ergometric load model in the form of repeated " races" with an intensity of 90% of top speed pedaling, determined by the subject for 20 seconds. before experience; the duration of each repetition is 30 seconds. with a rest interval of 10 sec. The load is repeated several times until the set cadence is maintained. During work and 10-second intervals for rest, as well as within 30 minutes. recovery after the entire load, the number of revolutions of the pedals, the absorption of oxygen, the release of carbon dioxide, the rhythm of heart contractions (by ECG) are recorded. The total oxygen demand is calculated, oxygen debt as a percentage of the total demand.
Aerobic productivity and resistance to oxygen deficiency is determined by the amount of oxygen debt and an increase in the content of lactic acid in the blood. Before exercise on a bicycle ergometer, immediately after it and at the 30th minute of the recovery period, biochemical parameters are examined: a) the stability of carbohydrate-energy metabolism (lactic and pyruvic acids, inorganic phosphorus, "true" glucose, total activity of lactate dehydrogenase in the blood and creatinine in urine); b) blood reactivity: the number of leukocytes (leukocytosis phase), hemoglobin content and the number of erythrocytes (calculation of a color index, average hemoglobinization of erythrocytes, calculation of total hemoglobin content using formulas).
With V. to. for certain groups of athletes - weightlifters, gymnasts, throwers, participants in competitions in figure skating, auto and motorcycle racers, etc. - to study the functional state of the neuromuscular apparatus, which has a significant impact on special performance in speed-strength and complex technical sports, they use different variants electromyography.
On the basis of an in-depth medical examination, a general conclusion is given, in which it is provided: assessment of the state of health, physical. development, functional state; recommendation of the training regimen (according to the general plan or individual); if necessary, it is recommended to lay down. - professional, measures and rehabilitation therapy; the appointment of additional functional diagnostic examinations and the timing of repeated medical examinations.
Contraindications to sports
If there are deviations in the state of health, the necessary restrictions on sports are established. A number of diseases are a contraindication to sports.
As to occupations by physical culture and to lay down. gymnastics, then the issue is resolved in each case individually, taking into account the nature and clinical course of the disease, physical. readiness of the subject, his age, gender, etc. (see "Ready for work and defense", Therapeutic physical education).
Persons suffering from the consequences of injuries of the head and spinal cord accompanied by disorders in the motor and sensitive areas; organic diseases c. n. With.; mental illness, persistent diseases of the vestibular apparatus; diseases of peripheral nerves in the presence of movement disorders or persistent pain syndrome.
Active tuberculosis is a contraindication to sports; with inactive tuberculosis and nonspecific lung diseases, the presence of respiratory or pulmonary heart failure is an absolute contraindication.
Sports activities are excluded for acquired and congenital heart valve defects. Contraindication is hypertension stage II and III; in the IA (transient) stage, in the absence of a tendency to hypertensive crises, under medical supervision, training can be allowed (boxing, weightlifting, wrestling, fencing, acrobatics, football, hockey, diving, slalom, ski jumping are excluded, technical types sports). Sports are also contraindicated in symptomatic forms of arterial hypertension. Neuro-circulatory dystonia of the hypertonic type and the so-called. juvenile hypertension is not a contraindication to training, but it requires particularly strict medical supervision. In the presence of cardiosclerosis of various etiologies or myocardial dystrophy of atherosclerotic and infectious-allergic origin, sports withdrawals are prohibited. Obliterating diseases of the arterial vessels make it necessary to stop playing sports due to functional disorders caused by a deterioration in the blood supply to the extremities. Chron. diseases of kidneys and urinary tracts, and also hron. diseases of the digestive system are a contraindication to sports. In the phase of stable long-term remission, training is possible under close medical supervision (excluding vaults, cycling, water sports, Horseback Riding, ski race and other sports associated with possible hypothermia and strong shaking). Joint diseases of metabolic, allergic, infectious and endocrine origin are incompatible with systematic recreational sports. The same applies to diseases of the spine with limited function and pain. In the presence of osteochondrosis, the issue of admission to sports is decided individually. Endocrine diseases (diabetes mellitus, gout with a tendency to attacks, impaired fat metabolism II-III degree, thyrotoxicosis) prevent sports. With obesity of the 1st degree and struma of the 1st degree without symptoms of thyrotoxicosis, training can be allowed.
Diseases of the blood system, hron, diseases of the upper respiratory tract and upper respiratory tract are also contraindications to sports. respiratory tract in the presence of frequent exacerbations and functional disorders. With otosclerosis and various forms of progressive hearing loss, it is not advisable to engage in cycling and motorcycling, shooting, game types sports. Persons suffering from deaf-mutism are engaged in special programs in groups organized for them.
The women suffering hron, inflammatory diseases of generative organs with frequent exacerbations cannot go in for sports. In the period of long-term remission, the resumption of training is possible. The prolapse of the female genital organs II and III degree with the phenomena of dysuria interferes with sports, with I degree classes are allowed, but jumping and gymnastics are excluded.
Anomalies in the development of the musculoskeletal system in children and adolescents, accompanied by a lag in physical. development, violation of posture, deformity of the feet, causing functional disorders, are a contraindication to playing sports. In these cases, it is recommended physiotherapy.
With a small degree of myopia, sports can be allowed without correction; with an average degree (from -3.0 to -5.0 diopters) or farsightedness (from +3.0 to +5.0 diopters), wearing glasses is allowed during training and competition. A more pronounced degree of myopia, if it progresses or is poorly corrected with glasses, or is accompanied by changes in the optic nerve head, is a contraindication to most sports.
If systematically training athletes have diseases that are not recognized during admission to classes, there are temporary contraindications to both sports and physical education.
In acute infectious diseases and injuries, there are temporary contraindications to physical exercises. culture and sports. After recovery, admission to classes is possible only with the permission of a doctor. The timing of the resumption of classes is set individually depending on the nature and severity of the disease or injury, the presence of complications, the functional state of the subject.
The terms of admission to competitions, as well as to the delivery of standards (training, TRP) are determined, in addition to the above factors, also by the duration of the break in regular classes.
If there are contraindications to sports or restrictions to them, it is necessary to take into account: a) the features of the clinical course of the disease in each specific case; b) the nature of the classes (according to compulsory programs, general physical training, sports training and competitions), as well as specific sports specialization; c) physical preparedness, fitness: d) gender, age, profession of the subjects.
Overtraining and various manifestations of overstrain require rehabilitation treatment, followed by a gradual inclusion in the training process according to an individual plan under the supervision of a physician.*
The contraindications listed above are only the main ones, but in the practice of V. to. Other deviations can be identified that must be taken into account for the decision on admission to physical education and sports.
An important section of V. to. are medical and pedagogical observations conducted directly in the process of training sessions and competitions. These observations help to the greatest extent to study the adaptation of the athlete's body to the specific conditions of training, to determine fitness, and to study the level of requirements imposed on the body by the corresponding program of physical culture and sports. In the course of medical and pedagogical observations, direct acquaintance with the content, organization and methods of conducting classes is carried out. Timing allows you to determine the density of classes, i.e. the time actually spent directly on the exercise. The duration of each of the exercises and the duration of the pauses between them are fixed; timing data is recorded in the protocol. To characterize the intensity of physical. loads, the “physiological curve” is studied by the pulse (its frequency is determined immediately before the start and immediately after the main stages or series of basic exercises throughout the session).
Medical and pedagogical supervision are carried out by means of a complex technique, the program a cut is defined by a task in view, character of occupations and a contingent of inspected. At the same time, it is necessary to determine the degree of fatigue caused by the lesson by external signs (sweating, discoloration of the skin of the face, deterioration in coordination of movements, etc.) and by the reaction of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems (study of pulse rate, respiration, blood pressure, lung capacity) at certain moments of training.
When assessing the impact of training loads that are significant in terms of volume and intensity, used in the methodology for training high-level athletes, instrumental studies (teleelectrocardiography, electromyography, and a number of others), as well as a set of biochemical tests, are additionally used. Important additional data for assessing the reaction of the organism of the subject to the load of a training session or competition is given by the method of "additional" load directly during training, as a cut, running in place at a maximum pace for 15 seconds is used. or a three-minute run at a pace of 180 steps per 1 minute, a load on a bicycle ergometer (metered or until the pulse reaches 170 beats per 1 minute). More complete data can be obtained when using a specific load (for example, for swimmers - swimming a 50-meter distance at a pace of 90% of the maximum, for runners - running a distance of 60-100 meters, etc.). The athlete is invited to perform this load before class (first load), after 10-15 minutes. after the end of the lesson (second load), as well as in the recovery period - in the morning the next day. A change in the response to the second (and third) additional load is detected by comparing the data of the pulse, blood pressure, respiratory rate with the results of the study after the first additional load. At the same time, changes in physical indicators are taken into account. working capacity and sports and technical results. The revealed shifts reflect the degree of fatigue after the main session.
The most important task of medical and pedagogical observations is to determine the state of special fitness (for each sport).
Under normal conditions sports training medical and pedagogical observations are carried out using two types of tests. The test of the first type - with continuous work, maximum for a given distance, or with a given intensity, while determining the possible duration of maintaining work. After performance of exercises the fiziol caused by them, shifts according to pulse, breath, arterial pressure, and also electrocardiography and other instrumental techniques are defined. The first test helps to establish the level of development of the qualities of speed, general or special (depending on the sport) endurance in specific sports with a cyclic structure of movements. Tests of the second type are built on the principle of repeated loads (separated by short intervals), each of which is carried out at a competitive speed or close to it. When determining fitness in sports with an acyclic movement structure, an athlete performs specially selected exercises (for example, repeated bench presses, lifting a barbell for weightlifters, etc.). In the intervals between loads, functional shifts are determined, which are compared with performance indicators (performance of loads).
The results of medical and pedagogical observations serve as the basis for managing the training process in accordance with the state of health and functional readiness of the athlete's body, as well as for carrying out measures to restore working capacity or improve it.
Medical and sports consultation on issues related to physical education. exercises and sports, is given by a specialist in V. to a teacher, coach, athlete and persons who wish to start regular training (group or individual, in preparation for passing TRP standards, etc.). The consultation is carried out on the basis of medical examination data and medical and pedagogical observations.
For beginners, medical and sports consultation helps to make a rational choice of physical. exercises or sports that are most appropriate for the state of health, physical. development and level of physical. readiness. Medical and sports consultations are given to coaches and athletes on the issues of the regimen, volume and nature of training loads, sports selection and orientation.
Sports selection and orientation of gifted youth are carried out on the basis of a number of criteria. The following indicators are taken into account: 1) the state of health - the absence of deviations and a tendency to diseases that limit the use modern methods workout; 2) features fiziol, the impact exerted by the chosen sport on the body; 3) physiological and psychological characteristics conducive to the achievement high results in a particular sport (constitutional features, rates of biol, maturation, personal qualities and etc.); 4) level and rates of development of adaptive changes fiziol, the systems which are carrying out power supply of muscular activity (aerobic and anaerobic productivity); 5) the intensity of the process of adaptation to significant training loads (according to medical and pedagogical observations); 6) the degree of resistance to increased psycho-emotional influences.
Sanitary and hygienic supervision of the places and conditions of physical culture and sports includes preventive supervision in the design and construction of sports facilities (see) or the allocation of premises for physical education and sports (a representative of the SES of the district together with a doctor of a medical and sports dispensary, a health center of an enterprise and etc.), as well as current supervision of the implementation of the established dignity. rules for the maintenance of places of employment (conducted by a doctor of the relevant sports organization stations). The following are subject to verification: compliance with the established requirements of the state of cleaning and ventilation of enclosed spaces, their lighting and heating, the maintenance of equipment and inventory; timeliness of carrying out cleaning and disinfection of water in pools, etc. It is also necessary to take into account epidemiol, the situation and, if necessary, take appropriate preventive measures.
Sanitary and educational work is aimed at promoting among the population the health-improving value of physical culture and sports (exercises, industrial gymnastics, classes in health groups, mastering the TRP standards, etc.); clarification of the role correct mode work and rest, the use of natural factors of nature for hardening, the importance of medical supervision and self-control of an athlete (see) for successful sports training. The direct participation of the doctor in conducting classes to prepare different age groups of the population for the delivery of the "requirements" section of the TRP for mastering the skills of personal and public hygiene is envisaged.
With the medical and sanitary provision of sports competitions and mass forms of recreational and physical education (spartakiads, passing TRP standards, etc.), it is provided: 1) checking honey. documentation on admission to participation in competitions; 2) organizing the provision of first aid; 3) holding honey. commissions for the examination of athletes (individual conclusion on admission to training and participation in sports competitions, etc.); 4) checking gig. the condition of the competition venues, compliance with meteorological and other standards stipulated by the rules of the competition.
In medical - a dignity. ensuring all-Union and international competitions, including the Olympic Games, in addition, special sections of the V. to. are provided - anti-doping control and control of gender for women. The need to organize anti-doping control is due to the fact that the use of pharmacological preparations immediately before competitions or during competitions that artificially increase sports results by stimulating certain physiological processes (see Doping), entails the danger of damaging the athlete’s health and creates unequal conditions wrestling. At international competitions, anti-doping control is carried out by international honey. commissions of international sports federations with the help of doctors-specialists in anti-doping control of the host country. At the Olympic Games (see Olympic Games), anti-doping control is carried out by the medical commission of the International Olympic Committee(IOC). In the USSR, anti-doping control at sports competitions is provided for by the regulation of the Committee on Physical Culture and Sports under the Council of Ministers of the USSR of 1971. Anti-doping control is based on the use of methods of qualitative and quantitative analysis in biol, liquids (ch. arr. in urine) of the content of doping drugs, belonging to different classes of chem. compounds (drugs, sympathomimetic amines, antidepressants, stimulants, central nervous system, analeptics, anabolic steroid hormones, etc.). The analysis of biol, liquids is carried out under an encrypted number without indicating the name of the athlete and the name of the country. The conclusion on the analysis is approved at a meeting of the commission and reported panel of judges, and in case of detection of doping - to the representative of the team to which the athlete belongs.
Sanctions in relation to athletes, to-rye used doping, are accepted. leaders of an all-Union or international sports organization (depending on the scale of the competition).
A special resolution of the IOC establishes a mandatory gender control before all major international competitions. A single passage of such control remains valid for life (if appropriate documentation is available).
The purpose of the gender control is to check that athletes match the genetic sex of the passport. At nek-ry forms of anomaly of the reproductive apparatus in women, most often a variant of false male hermaphroditism (see Hermaphroditism), the system of sex chromosomes does not correspond to the external signs of sex. The psychophysiological features of the body of an athlete with false hermaphroditism provide her with advantages in sports compared to women with normal development of the genital apparatus. It breaks important principle sports competitions - equality of participants on their fiziol. features. When controlling for gender, a number of express methods for determining sex chromatin are used (according to the Sanderson-Stuart and Casperson methods). The cells of the epithelium of the mucous membrane of the vagina, the mucous membrane of the cheek (during mass examinations) or the hair follicle are subjected to research. When evaluating the content of sex chromatin, the days of the menstrual cycle are taken into account (3-7 days after menstruation, its level decreases), the age of the subjects (the lowest content is 13-14 years). Research should be carried out before physical. loads. In accordance with the results of express methods, in each obvious and suspicious case, a complete chromosomal analysis of the culture of peripheral blood leukocytes using differential staining of chromosomes is performed for an anomaly. The discrepancy between the genetic sex and the passport excludes the possibility of participating in competitions among women.
The doctor organizing medical - a dignity. maintenance of sports competitions, is a member of the panel of judges and is the deputy chief judge for all matters of medicine and dignity. providing competition. All medical opinions are binding on representatives of the participating teams, referees at competitions, the administration of the stadium and other sports facilities.
Bibliography: Graevskaya N. D. Influence of sport on the cardiovascular system, M., 1975, bibliogr.; Dembo A. G. and Levin M. Ya. Hypotonic states in athletes, L., 1969, bibliogr.; Ivanov S. M. Medical control and exercise therapy, M., 1970, bibliogr.; Karpman VL, Belotserkovsky 3. B. and Gudkov IA Research of physical working capacity at sportsmen, M., 1974, bibliogr.; Kukolevsky G. M. Medical observations of athletes, M., 1975; Letunov S.P., Motylyanskaya R.E. and Graevskaya N.D. Methods of medical and pedagogical observations of athletes, M., 1962; Nalbandyan M. A. and Zotov V. V. Cytogenetic studies in sports medicine, Teor. and pract. physical cult., No. 6, p. 26, 1974; Problems of sports medicine, ed. S. P. Letunova et al., vol. 1, M., 1974; Heart and sport, ed. V. L. Karpman and G. M. Kukolevsky, M., 1968, bibliogr.; sports medicine, ed. A. G. Dembo, M., 1975.
S. Letunov, R. E. Motylyanskaya.
