What were mass sports games called in the USSR? History of Physical Culture: Textbook

The significance of the I Spartakiad of the peoples of the USSR is that it was a test of the state of physical culture and sports work, contributed to the involvement of the broad masses of the population in regular classes physical culture and sports; stimulated the development of sports and the growth of sports achievements; identified capable athletes who replenished the national teams. In 1959, the II Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR took place, the peculiarity of which was that in addition to the combined teams of the republics, Moscow and Leningrad, teams of physical culture teams of factories, factories, and institutions competed in five sports. top scores swimming and athletics were shown by athletes from the Leningrad Optical and Mechanical Plant, gymnastics from the Moscow Fili Club, cycling from the Riga Carriage Repair Plant and other teams. P. Bolotnikov became the winners of the Spartakiad ( Athletics), Yu. Vlasov (weightlifting), B. Shakhlin and P. Astakhova (gymnastics), etc. Later, the Spartakiads of the peoples of the USSR became a good tradition in the Soviet physical culture movement. International Sports Relations in the Postwar Period In May 1951, the Soviet National Olympic Committee (NOC) was admitted to the International Olympic Committee (IOC). For the first time, Soviet athletes took part in the XV Olympic Games ah in Helsinki (1952). The participation of sportsmen from the USSR gave the Olympic Games a new character. They competed throughout the Olympic program except for field hockey. Athletes of the USSR achieved particular success in gymnastics, classical and freestyle wrestling, weightlifting, and shooting, winning first places. Good results were shown by basketball players, track and field athletes, rowers, who took second overall places. Soviet athletes set 2 world and 6 Olympic records. They brought 22 gold, 30 silver and 19 bronze medals. Discus thrower Nina Romashkova won the first gold medal. Total 29 Soviet athletes become Olympic champions. In the unofficial standings, Soviet athletes, as well as US athletes, scored 494 points, dividing first and second places. In 1956, USSR athletes participated in the Winter Olympic Games in Cortina d'Ampezzo (Italy) for the first time. Our skaters achieved the greatest success, having won 4 gold medals, and hockey players, who won the honorary titles of champions of the Olympic Games, the world and Europe. Our athletes performed well in cross-country skiing (2 gold medals). In total, USSR athletes received 7 gold, 3 silver and 6 bronze medals. The largest sporting event in 1956 was the participation of Soviet athletes in the XVI Olympic Games held in Melbourne (Australia). Late dates for the Games (late November – early December), climatic and geographical conditions required careful preparation Olympic team. But, despite this, our team won, winning 37 gold, 29 silver, 32 bronze medals, scoring 622.5 points in the unofficial standings, the US team - 497.5. A total of 58 athletes became Olympic champions. The hero of the Olympic Games was Vladimir Kuts, who won victories in the 5 and 10 thousand meters. 8.4. FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICAL CULTURE IN THE USSR Next period in history physical education starts from 1957. At that time, a radical restructuring of the structure of society, the implementation of a cultural revolution, and changes in the way of life of the population are planned in the country. As a result of these changes, new tasks were also set before the physical culture movement. This period is replete with numerous resolutions of the party and government, which were called upon to play a leading role in all areas of the life of Soviet people, including the development of physical culture and sports. In fact, after the next decision, there was some rise and revival in the physical culture movement. But in connection with the growing stagnation in the life of our society, this could not but affect the development of physical culture and sports. In January 1959, the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR analyzed the 40-year path of development of physical culture. Having considered the achieved results and sports successes in the international arena, they came to the conclusion that in the coming decades, physical culture and sports should be turned into a mass movement. It was concluded that the leading physical culture link within the framework of a mass organization will be able to more easily cope with the increased tasks, being under public (state) control. On this basis, in March 1959, the Union of Sports Societies and Organizations of the USSR was created, i.e. the leadership of the physical culture movement was carried out by an elected public organization. The main task of the Union was to further develop mass sports and sports movement in the country, as well as in creating conditions for the construction of new sports facilities more effective participation in protecting the health of workers. At the founding session of the Union of Sports Societies and Organizations of the USSR, the Central Council of the Union was elected and a seven-year plan for the development of Soviet physical culture was adopted, which provided for an increase in the number of athletes to 50 million. 131 In connection with the adopted course from 1959 - 1965. the following activities were carried out in the country: 1. Developed long-term plans creation of complex sports facilities. The construction of sports complexes in the villages and in the backward state and collective farms. 2. With the involvement of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the RSFSR, curricula for school and extracurricular physical education. Measures have been taken to strengthen control over physical education in preschool institutions. The emphasis in the physical education of preschoolers was placed on sport games. Physical education was introduced in pioneer homes, pioneer camps, and youth sports schools. 3. In the interests of strengthening physical education and intensifying classes among adults, the widespread distribution of industrial gymnastics began, and special importance was attached to multilateral sports, which are of the nature of leisure. Along with hiking, new types of tourism appeared on bicycles, boats and skis. Classes in general physical education groups (health groups) for middle-aged and elderly people have become widespread. Health workshops began to be created at enterprises. They were an association of such services as medical and preventive and physical culture and sports. The health workshops included stadiums and houses of culture, polyclinics and sanatoriums, canteens, sports facilities, etc. At industrial enterprises, one of the forms of introducing people to mass physical culture was the competition of workshops for the title “The most ski workshop”, “ Shop of Friends of the TRP”, etc. 132 4. Measures have been taken to provide more qualified training for teachers and social activists. The number of training courses has increased. In the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR “On measures for the further development of physical culture and sports”, adopted in August 1966, the task was set to give physical culture a nationwide character. Achieving this level was a higher stage of development compared to mass production. This resolution defined goals aimed at improving the management of physical culture and sports, at creating a science-based system of physical education, which should cover all population groups, starting from childhood, increase in appropriations for mass sports work, purchase of sports equipment and inventory, creation of specialized youth sports schools and schools of higher sportsmanship. It also defined measures to improve the skills of teachers, lecturers, trainers, strengthen the material and technical base, increase the attention of scientific institutions to the study of sociological, pedagogical, psychological and biomedical problems, increase the mass physical culture movement and sports mass thrashing. However, the Union of Sports Societies and Organizations of the USSR, as a public organization, did not have sufficient rights to successfully solve the tasks set in the field of physical culture and sports. In connection with this decision of the government of October 17, 1968, the Union-Republican Committee for Physical Culture and Sports was created under the Council of Ministers of the USSR. The summer and winter Spartakiads of the peoples of the USSR continued to serve as a national review of the achievements of the Soviet physical culture movement. They intensified physical culture work in all parts of the physical culture movement, played an important role in preparing our athletes for the Olympic Games. Millions of people of different ages and professions took part in the mass starts of the Spartakiad, which lasted 2-3 years. Thus, in 1967, 85 million people participated in the IV Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR, in 1979, 100 million people took part in the VII Spartakiad. The final part of the Spartakiad of the peoples of the USSR collected the best representatives Soviet sports, and over 2,000 foreign athletes from 84 countries took part in the 7th Spartakiad (1979). The program of the Spartakiad included competitions in more than 20 sports (summer) and all Olympic sports, except for bobsleigh (winter sports competitions). In 1977, a new Constitution of the USSR was adopted. Included in the Constitution new chapter"Social Development and Culture", where special attention was paid to the comprehensive spiritual and physical development of the young generation and workers. From March 1, 1972 was introduced new complex GTO, since the complex of 1959 did not correspond to new tasks and could not serve as a basis for further improvement of the system of physical education. This complex should create ample opportunities for solving the problem of turning a mass physical culture movement into a nationwide one. The complex consisted of six steps. covering the age range from 7 to 60 years: Stage I - “Ready for starts” (for children from 7 to 9 years old). Stage II - "Brave and dexterous" (for boys and girls aged 10-13). Stage III - "Sports shift" (for teenagers 14 - 15 years old). 134 Stage IV – “Strength and Courage” (for boys and girls aged 16-18). Stage V - "Physical perfection" (for men 19 - 39 years old and women 19 - 34 years old). Stage VI - "Vigor and health" (for men 40-60 years old and women 35-55 years old). Each stage of the TRP complex consisted of sections of requirements and exercises and norms. A movement was launched in the country to pass the TRP standards, special commissions were created that accepted the TRP standards, drew up protocols and assigned gold, silver and bronze badges in accordance with the result. “Open Starts”, “Days of Sports”, “Become a TRP Champion”, “Through the TRP Complex to Higher Labor Productivity”, “From the TRP Badge to Olympic medal"and many others. At the end of 1978, competitions in the winter all-around TRP began to be held, the program skiing, shooting, pull-ups on the bar, push-ups. To implement the ideas that physical education should be included in everyday life population was sent the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On the further rise in the mass character of physical culture and sports" (September 1981). It was a detailed program of the physical culture movement in the new conditions and covered its most important problems. The Committee on Physical Culture was proposed to expand the network of sports clubs in the community, revise the curricula in educational institutions, improve the work of the Youth Sports School, sports and health camps, develop Olympic sports, and improve research work. 135 However, the solution of these and other tasks was held back by stagnation in the economic and socio-cultural spheres of our society in the 70s and the first half of the 80s. The residual principle of financing affected. Practical activities sports organizations In those years, it was often evaluated not by the development of mass physical culture and health-improving work, but by the number of cups, certificates and medals won, by training only individual athletes, “iron” test-takers. In the physical culture movement, there has been a deepening of the imbalance between mass character and mastery, to the obvious detriment of the first. The development of physical culture and sports was hindered by many departmental barriers in the use of sports facilities, administrative and bureaucratic methods of managing the physical culture movement. The 1981 resolution prompted the development of new forms of mass sports work, gave a new impetus to many already tested means: sports and recreation complexes (FOC) began to form; be carried out mass competitions Swimmer Weeks, Skier Weeks, etc.; mass competitions “The whole brigade to the stadium”, “Dad, mom and me - sport family»; forms were constantly improved sports and mass work with children: competitions for the prizes of the clubs “Leather Ball”, “Golden Puck”, “Olympic Snowflake”, “Our Ice of Hope”, etc. have gained particular popularity among children. For the development of physical culture and sports in the country, it was planned to strengthen the organizational side of physical education, better use of existing sports facilities, develop public initiative, self-activity of the population in development physical culture work at the place of residence, the construction of the simplest sports grounds and halls. 136 All this was reflected in the “Guidelines for the Economic and Social Development of the USSR for 1986-1990”. and for the period up to the year 2000. The restructuring of the physical culture movement was supposed to raise all branches of sports science, the system of personnel training, top-qualified athletes, the selection of sports reserves, the activities of sports institutions, and the organization of sports competitions to high levels. In fact, against the backdrop of the political events that have taken place, the collapse of the USSR, the formation of the CIS, etc. there was a significant decline in physical culture and sports. Such forms of training as industrial gymnastics, health groups, etc. have lost their relevance. In the conditions of a market economy, most sports facilities have switched to self-financing. This led to an increase in rent for classes, the poor part of the population lost the opportunity to engage in physical culture and sports. In the same disastrous condition are sports schools, children do not have the opportunity to travel to competitions in other cities. Leading athletes are forced to sign more profitable contracts outside of Russia. Analysis of the performances of Soviet athletes at the Summer and Winter Olympic Games and other competitions of 1960-1990. In the XVII Olympic Games in 1960, which were held in Rome (Italy), 5348 athletes from 83 countries took part. 151 were played in 20 types Golden medal. The Games ended with the victory of the Soviet athletes, who were far ahead of the US athletes. The USSR team won 43 gold, 29 silver, 31 bronze medals, scoring 382.5 points in the unofficial team standings. In second place in the unofficial standings is the US team with 137,463.5 points, winning 34 gold, 21 silver and 16 bronze medals. In third place is the combined team of the GDR and the FRG - 42 medals and 280.5 points. The winners of the Olympiad were T. Press (athletics), E. Ozolina (athletics), P. Bolotnikov (athletics), V. Zhdanovich (fencing), V. Kapitonov (cycling), B. Shakhlin (gymnastics). ). At the VIII Winter Olympic Games in Squaw Valley (USA), held in 1960, the USSR team performed successfully, winning 7 gold, 5 silver and 9 bronze medals and the first team place. E. Grishin and L. Skoblikova (skates) won two gold medals each, and V. Kosichkin and K. Guseva (skates) won one each. The XVIII Olympic Games were held for the first time on the Asian continent in 1964, in Tokyo (Japan). 5140 sportsmen came to the capital of this state and competed in 22 events for 163 gold medals. Athletes from the Soviet Union won the team championship, scoring 607.8 points and winning 96 medals (30 gold). The most representative at the Games was also the USSR team - 319 people. The US team, which managed to bypass the Soviet delegation in the number of gold awards (36), lost to it in the total number of medals (90) and in the number of points (581.8). The third place, as in the previous Olympiad, was taken by the combined team of the GDR and the FRG - 337.5 points, 50 medals. Among the winners were the following athletes: V. Popenchenko (boxing), V. Brumel (athletics), V. Ivanov (rowing), T. Press (athletics), V. Zhdanovich and B. Melnikov (fencing). The IX Winter Olympic Games were held in 1964 in the Austrian city of Innsbruck. The USSR national team won by 138

SPARTAKIADA traditional complex
massive sport competitions. S. for the first time in the beginning. 20s 20th century in a number
European countries (Germany, Czechoslovakia, USSR) began to be called (in honor of Spartacus)
competitions
workers' sports unions as opposed to bourgeois competitions. sports associations.
In the USSR, the first sports were held in 1923 in units of the Red Army and in the youth athletic
org-tion them. Spartacus in Petrograd. In 1928, the All-Union Conference took place in Moscow.
S., in which more than 7 thousand people participated, including St. 600 representatives
workers sports organizations from 17 countries (the program includes 21 sports). WITH
early 30s All-Union S. trade unions and physical culture and sports are held
Society Dynamo, with 50s - S. peoples of the USSR, DOSAAF of the USSR, all-Union
S. schoolchildren, intern. C. friendly armies of the socialist. and developing
countries, etc. S. is a review of achievements in the field of physical. culture and
sports, contributes to their further development, identification of talented athletes
to participate in the national and international sports competitions.

WITH. peoples of the USSR have been held since 1956,
usually in the year before Olympic Games. Begin
in physical education teams of enterprises, construction sites, collective farms, uch. establishments
and etc.; then district, city, region, regional, republican,
All-Union S. National teams of all-Union teams participate in the final competitions.
republics, Moscow and Leningrad.

8 mass competitions of the 1st summer C.
(1956) 20 million people participated, the 6th (1975) - approx. 90 million people (St. 12
thousand athletes in the final, including 8.3 thousand masters of sports). In 1966-75
3 winter skiing events were held (about 20 million people participated in each, over 2,000 people).
athletes in the final, incl. approx. 1 thousand masters of sports). In a programme
final competitions - all Olympic sports cultivated in the USSR.
S. of the peoples of the USSR are preceded by all-Union S. voluntary sports societies
(DSO),
C. trade unions of the USSR, Armed Forces USSR, DOSAAF USSR, etc.

C. trade unions of the USSR have been held since 1932. Participate
physical teams. culture and sports clubs DSO, national teams of councils
union republics, Moscow and Leningrad. 9 All-Union
summer sports (the last in 1969; 103,400 physical education teams, 27,500,000
people, in the final 7 thousand athletes, including 4.8 thousand masters of sports) and
8 winter (in 1945-75; 650 thousand physical education teams participated in the latter,
more than 10 million people, in the final - 1.1 thousand athletes, including 0.6 thousand masters
sports). The program includes Olympic and national kinds of sports. Summer S. are held
the next year after the Olympic Games, winter - a year before them.

C. Armed Forces of the USSR are carried out as
reviews of physical culture and sports work, which is organic in the army and navy.
part of the combat training of troops; program includes Olympic and military applied
kinds of sports. Starts with mass competitions in military units
and parts, ends with the S. types of the armed forces and the final - S. Armed
Forces of the USSR. In 1923-73, 15 competitions were held (in the final of the last - 8 thousand participants,
including 6.8 thousand masters of sports). Athletes of the Soviet Army participate in the international.
C. friendly armies of the socialist. and developing countries held in
framework Sports Committee of Friendly Armies(SKDA). In 1958-75
3 summer and 5 winter (since 1961) competitions were held in Olympic and military-applied
sports (over 1.5 thousand athletes participate in competitions). S. took place
in the cities of the USSR, GDR, Poland, Czechoslovakia, NRB.

S. DOSAAF of the USSR are carried out according to technical
sports. In 1958-1970, 4 all-Union exhibitions were held, in 1967 and 1975
competitions in military-technical sports were included in the program of S.
peoples of the USSR (in 1974-75 35 million people participated in the competition, in the final
OK. 5 thousand people, including 2.9 thousand masters of sports).

S. about b - in a "D and n a m o". In 1933-73 took place
9 All-Union S. "Dynamo" (2.5 thousand people participated in the final of the latter,
including 1.5 thousand masters of sports). In 1965 and 1968 all-Union S.
"Young Dynamo". Owls. athletes have been participating in annual competitions since 1957
summer and since 1975 winter international. C. related owls. about-wu "Dynamo" sports
socialist organizations. countries.

S. schoolchildren have been held since 1954 (until 1961
annually, then every 2 years). There were 13 all-Union S. (the last in
1974, in mass competitions ca. 20 million students, in the final approx. 4 thousand,
including approx. 1 thousand masters of sports and candidates for masters). Begins
from intra-school competitions; national teams of min-v participate in the finals
education (people's education) of the Union republics, Moscow and Leningrad
departments education (as part of teams, as a rule, schoolchildren of 8-10
classes).

Records of the USSR were repeatedly updated in S.
and peace in various types sports. So, on the 15th S. of the Armed Forces of the USSR there were
99 all-Union and 77 world records were set.

S. are also carried out in other socialist.
countries. P. S. Bogdanov, H. H. Ryashentsev.

The next period in the history of physical culture begins in 1957. At that time, a radical restructuring of the structure of society, the implementation of a cultural revolution, and changes in the way of life of the population are planned in the country. As a result of these changes, new tasks were also set for the physical culture movement. This period is replete with numerous resolutions of the party and government, which were called upon to play a leading role in all areas of the life of Soviet people, including the development of physical culture and sports.

In fact, after the next decision, there was some rise and revival in the physical culture movement. But in connection with the growing stagnation in the life of our society, this could not but affect the development of physical culture and sports.

In January 1959, the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR analyzed the 40-year path of development of physical culture. Having considered the results achieved and sports successes in the international arena, they came to the conclusion that in the coming decades, physical culture and sports should be turned into a mass movement. It was concluded that the leading physical education link within the framework of a mass organization will be able to more easily cope with the increased tasks, being under public (state) control. On this basis, in March 1959, the Union of Sports Societies and Organizations of the USSR was created, i.e. the leadership of the physical culture movement was carried out by an elected public organization. The main task of the Union was to further develop the mass physical culture and sports movement in the country, as well as to create conditions for the construction of new sports facilities, more effective participation in protecting the health of workers.

At the founding session of the Union of Sports Societies and Organizations of the USSR, the Central Council of the Union was elected and a seven-year plan for the development of Soviet physical culture was adopted, which provided for an increase in the number of athletes to 50 million.

In connection with the course adopted from 1959 - 1965. The following activities were carried out in the country:

1. Long-term plans for the creation of complex sports facilities have been developed. Among the top-priority plans for capital construction was included the construction of sports complexes in the countryside and on backward state and collective farms.

2. With the involvement of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the RSFSR, the curricula of school and out-of-school physical education have been revised. Measures have been taken to strengthen control over physical education in preschool institutions. The emphasis in the physical education of preschool children was on sports games. Physical education was introduced in pioneer houses, pioneer camps, and youth sports schools.

3. In the interests of strengthening physical education and intensifying classes among adults, industrial gymnastics began to be widely disseminated, and special attention was paid to multilateral sports, which are of the nature of leisure. Along with hiking, new types of tourism appeared on bicycles, boats and skis.

Classes in OFP groups (health groups) for middle-aged and elderly people have become widespread.

Health workshops began to be created at enterprises. They were an association of such services as treatment-and-prophylactic and physical culture and sports. Health workshops included stadiums and houses of culture, polyclinics and sanatoriums, canteens, sports facilities, etc.

At industrial enterprises, one of the forms of introducing people to mass physical culture was the review-competition of workshops for the title of "The Most Ski Workshop", "The Workshop of Friends of the TRP", etc.

4. Measures have been taken for the purpose of more qualified training of teachers and social activists. The number of training courses has increased.

In the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On measures for the further development of physical culture and sports", adopted in August 1966, the task was set - to give physical culture universal character. Achieving this level was a higher stage of development compared to mass production. This resolution defined goals aimed at improving the management of physical culture and sports, at creating a scientifically based system of physical education, which should cover all groups of the population, starting from childhood, increasing allocations for mass sports work, purchasing sports equipment and inventory, creation of specialized youth sports schools and schools of higher sportsmanship. It also defined measures to improve the skills of teachers, lecturers, trainers, strengthen the material and technical base, increase the attention of scientific institutions to the study of sociological, pedagogical, psychological and biomedical problems, increase the mass physical culture movement and sportsmanship.

However, the Union of Sports Societies and Organizations of the USSR, as a public organization, did not have sufficient rights to successfully solve the tasks set in the field of physical culture and sports. In connection with this decision of the government of October 17, 1968, the Union-Republican Committee for Physical Culture and Sports was created under the Council of Ministers of the USSR.

The summer and winter Spartakiads of the peoples of the USSR continued to serve as a national review of the achievements of the Soviet physical culture movement. They intensified physical culture work in all parts of the physical culture movement, played an important role in preparing our athletes for the Olympic Games.

Millions of people took part in the mass starts of the Spartakiad, which lasted 2-3 years. different ages and professions. So, in 1967, 85 million people participated in the IV Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR, in 1979, 100 million people participated in the VII Spartakiad.

The final part of the Spartakiad of the peoples of the USSR brought together the best representatives of Soviet sports, and over 2 thousand foreign athletes from 84 countries took part in the VII Spartakiad (1979). The program of the Spartakiad included competitions in more than 20 sports (summer) and all Olympic sports, except for bobsleigh (winter sports).

In 1977, a new Constitution of the USSR was adopted. A new chapter “Social development and culture” was included in the Constitution, where a comprehensive spiritual and physical development the younger generation and workers were given special attention.

48. GTO complex (1972) and its role in the development of the physical culture movement.

On March 1, 1972, a new TRP complex was introduced, since the 1959 complex did not meet the new tasks and could not serve as the basis for further improvement of the physical education system.

This complex should create ample opportunities for solving the problem of turning a mass physical culture movement into a nationwide one. The complex consisted of six steps. covering the age range from 7 to 60 years:

Stage I - “Ready for starts” (for children from 7 to 9 years old).

Stage II - "Brave and dexterous" (for boys and girls aged 10-13).

Stage III - "Sports shift" (for teenagers 14 - 15 years old).

Stage IV - "Strength and Courage" (for boys and girls aged 16-18).

Stage V - "Physical Perfection" (for men aged 19-39 and women aged 19-34).

Stage VI - "Vigor and health" (for men 40 - 60 years old and women 35 - 55 years old).

Each stage of the TRP complex consisted of sections of requirements and exercises and norms.

A movement has begun in the country to pass the TRP standards, special commissions have been created that accept the TRP standards, draw up protocols and assign gold, silver and bronze badges in accordance with the result. "Open starts", "Days of sports", "Become a TRP champion", "Through the TRP complex - to the highest labor productivity", "From the TRP badge to the Olympic medal", and many others have become widespread.

At the end of 1978, competitions in the winter all-around TRP began to be held, the program of which included skiing, shooting, pull-ups on the crossbar, and push-ups.

The Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR “On the further rise of the mass character of physical culture and sports” (September 1981) was sent to implement the ideas that physical culture should be part of the daily life of the population. It was a detailed program of the physical culture movement in the new conditions and covered its most important problems. The Committee on Physical Culture was asked to expand the network of sports clubs at the place of residence, to revise learning programs in educational institutions, to improve the work of youth sports schools, sports camps, to develop Olympic sports, to improve research work.

However, the solution of these and other tasks was held back by stagnation in the economic and socio-cultural spheres of our society in the 1970s and the first half of the 1980s. The residual principle of financing affected. The practical activity of sports organizations in those years was often evaluated not by the development of mass physical culture and health improvement work, but by the number of cups, certificates and medals won, by training only individual athletes, “iron” test-takers.

In the physical culture movement, there has been a deepening of the imbalance between mass character and mastery, to the obvious detriment of the first. The development of physical culture and sports was hindered by many departmental barriers in the use of sports facilities, administrative and bureaucratic methods of managing the physical culture movement.

The Decree of 1981 prompted the development of new forms of mass sports work, gave a new impetus to many already tested means: sports and recreation complexes (FOC) began to form; mass competitions of the “Swimmer's Week”, “Skier's Week”, etc.; mass competitions “The whole team to the stadium”, “Dad, mom and I are a sports family” were widely introduced into practice; the forms of mass sports work with children were constantly improved: competitions for the prizes of the clubs “Leather Ball”, “Golden Puck”, “Olympic Snowflake”, “Our Ice of Hope”, etc. gained particular popularity among children.

For the development of physical culture and sports in the country, it was planned to strengthen the organizational side of physical education, better use of existing sports facilities, develop public initiative, amateur performance of the population in the development of physical education work at the place of residence, construction of simple sports grounds and halls.

All this was reflected in the "Basic Directions for the Economic and Social Development of the USSR for 1986-1990". and for the period up to the year 2000.

The restructuring of the physical culture movement was supposed to raise all branches of sports science, the system of training personnel, highly qualified athletes, the selection of sports reserves, the activities of sports institutions, and the organization of sports competitions to high levels.

In fact, against the backdrop of the political events that have taken place, the collapse of the USSR, the formation of the CIS, etc. in physical culture and sports there was a significant decline. Such forms of occupations as industrial gymnastics, health groups, etc. have lost their relevance. In a market economy, most sports facilities have switched to self-supporting. This led to an increase in rent for classes, the poor part of the population lost the opportunity to engage in physical culture and sports. Sports schools are in the same disastrous condition, children do not have the opportunity to travel to competitions in other cities. Leading athletes are forced to sign more lucrative contracts outside of Russia.