Ski braking is used to control the speed of descent and stops by placing the skis on the edges at an angle to the direction of travel. The braking force depends on the angle, the degree of ski edge and the pressure on the snow. Depending on the direction and conditions of the descent, you can brake with a plow or side slip on straight slopes, as well as a semi-plow (emphasis) or side slip on oblique slopes. While recommending certain methods of braking, we, however, do not limit the ability of skiers to use them at their own discretion.

Braking, especially at high speeds, takes a lot of effort. Therefore, they are most often short-term, and the skier selects the most suitable of them. Of all the tricks, side slips are the most effective. parallel skiing. But they are not always applicable. Therefore, we consider different methods of braking.

Plow braking. In the plow, the skis form an angle with the heels spread apart. The bisector of this angle coincides with the direction of movement, which is achieved on a straight descent by an even load of skis. With the plow, the snow is compacted, sheared and moved, increasing friction and causing braking. The magnitude of the braking forces is determined by the width of the plow and the degree of tilting of the skis.

To facilitate the setting of skis in the position of the plow, they are unloaded using a jump (Fig. 35). Usually setting the skis on the ribs corresponds to the angle of the plow, but options are also acceptable due to the lateral movements of the knees and feet. Since holding the plow requires a lot of muscle tension, it is recommended, if possible, to keep the foot, lower leg and thigh in the same plane perpendicular to sliding surface skis.

Rice. 35. Light jump (unloading skis) makes it easier to accept the plow

In order to better hold the position of the plow, the skier's torso should be straight, the ends of the sticks spread apart. With strong tilting, the ski toes tend to disperse, which reduces the braking effect. When the skis are flat, on the contrary, the toes come together more easily, but braking is also reduced. Therefore, it is necessary to skillfully adjust the angle of attack (tilting) so that the skis can crush the shifted snow under them and at the same time achieve the maximum braking effect.

Going down in the plow, by reducing the pressure and skidding, you can return the skis to a parallel position, but for a faster exit from the plow, it is advisable to make a jump.

It is useful to start mastering the plow with imitation exercises on level ground, spreading and bringing the ski heels together with each jump. At the same time, it is necessary to ensure that the legs, if possible, do not occupy an X-shaped position, but bend and unbend at the knees in the direction of the ski toes.

When learning the plow in motion, follow the symmetry of the track and the clarity of transitions from one position to another (Fig. 36). Finishing the exercise with a stop on the slope, you should vigorously transfer the body weight to one of the skis with lateral heel slip and turn it across the slope. The upper ski is attached to a parallel position.

Rice. 36. Uneven loading and tilting of skis in a plow leads to slipping towards a flat and less loaded ski

Stop braking. Unlike a plow on a straight downhill, only one ski, placed at an angle to the direction of movement, has resistance to movement at the stop. Let's call it a thrust ski: its heel moves back, it slightly moves forward and turns over on the inner edge. The other ski, also slightly edged, carrying most of the skier's weight, will be the lead ski. With the heel moving away, the stop ski receives an additional load and begins to cut off the layer of snow, trying to turn, and the leading ski, due to its edging, counteracts it. The ratio of loading and tilting skis depends on the need to create one or another braking force and the condition of the snow.

When resting, the body is mainly above the leading ski and the supporting leg is bent more than the supporting leg. The sticks are held according to the position of the skis (Fig. 37).

Rice. 37. Stop braking

Braking with an emphasis in an oblique descent differs from braking along the slope line and is usually carried out with the lower ski. Here, the weight of the body is preliminarily transferred to the upper ski on the slope in order to counteract the lower ski, which is taken away at close range. To achieve the desired braking effect under certain conditions, the leading ski can lie flat or even be edged on the inside edge. The steepness of the slope and the direction of the descent will be decisive factors in this case.

On gentle slopes, it is sometimes convenient to brake with the top ski. The posture of the skier and the position of the skis are very similar to the plow on a sloping slope.

In the process of improving the plow and the stop, the skier must learn, by manipulating his weight and tilting the skis, to freely switch from one braking method to another, taking into account changing conditions of descent and minimal fatigue.

Imitation of thrust exercises in place helps to quickly master them. Combinations with elastic flexion-extension of the legs, stops of the upper and lower skis lead the skier to next step- mastering turns on parallel skis different ways, in particular the entrance to the turn from the plow or stop.

Side slip. Side slip braking on parallel skis is used both in straight descents and in oblique ones. It is better to learn lateral slipping on a relatively steep slope from the traverse position, it is enough to lower the valley ribs of the skis, as lateral downward movement begins - this is called lateral slipping, in contrast to sliding. In such slips, the feeling of edge and loading of skis along their length is worked out. In the section on the interaction of skis with snow, we already talked about the influence of the tilt angle and ski loading on the movement during side slip. It would be appropriate to repeat here: a flat ski will slide down faster with the loaded part, and a edged one will do the opposite: the loaded toe or heel will slow down more, and the unloaded ones will slide down. Only having practiced well on the spot, it is advisable to move on to practicing slipping in motion.

In order to put the skis across the movement of a direct descent and force them to slow down while sliding, the skier facilitates them by bending and unbending the legs, giving rotation to the legs and skis. For a faster action, a good skier needs only one flexion - in a moment of relief, his legs rotate the skis (or shift the heels), and the torso rotates compensatory with his chest from the slope. This technique requires less space and time than extension-flexion (Fig. 38).

Rice. 38. Transition from free descent to side slip braking

With the skis set across the course, sliding is replaced by lateral slip with braking, which forces the athlete to take the appropriate position with lateral flexion; at first, the upper ski is loaded more, and then the lower one. At the moment of stopping, in order to avoid tipping over, the skier can lean on the lower stick.

To switch to lateral slipping in an oblique descent, simultaneously with a flatter setting of the skis, their heels are shifted under the slope, and the torso, compensatory, turns its chest even more into the valley. The greater the heel offset and the stronger the canting, the more vigorous the braking. The skier's attention is focused on loading the skis so as not to go from an oblique slip into a turn to the slope or, conversely, down the slope.

The side slip stance is very close to the downhill stance, it differs only in a smaller edge of the skis, which increases sharply at the moment of stopping.

The perfection of side slipping (Fig. 39) is demonstrated in the picture by one of the luminaries of alpine skiing in the recent past, Otmar Schneider (Austria). By reducing the tilting of the skis in the process of turning on parallel skis, he adjusts the curvature of the arc in order to go around the shaft at the right point and at the right angle.

Rice. 39. Skipping skis in the main phase of the turn leads to lateral slipping, as when descending obliquely

Going down hilly slopes ridden by "tourists", the master, using side slips interspersed with sliding, masterfully overcomes them. Improving the technique of combining is truly limitless. Thus, one of the varieties of freestyle was born - descent along a hilly slope. The ability to combine sliding and side sliding is useful for all athletes, as well as judges involved in the preparation of courses.

Exercises in oblique and straight slips in combination with sliding, lateral heel drops with “cutting in” edges and other techniques require precise work of the knees and ankle joints. There are many options here. It is very important for a skier to be able to dose the transverse displacement with longitudinal sliding, to learn how to fine-tune the snow deformations under the skis. So, if lateral slip occurs on heavily edged skis, then it is advisable to call it “hard slip”, and if on skis lying almost flat, it is “soft slip”. In the first case, braking will be noticeable, in the second it will be more like smoothing snow with less loss of speed.

When learning side slips, one must always remember that they are auxiliary techniques that make it easier to overcome slopes in some critical situations, and make the turning mechanism on parallel skis more versatile.

I want to emphasize that at this stage of mastering sliding and slipping, abilities and skills become especially visible. sports perspective student. The ability to glide, the feeling of snow, dosed loads, balance - these are the elements of talent. One should not miss the opportunity to “grope” for techniques that are easily assimilated by the student, to take into account his personal qualities: the predominance of cowardice over courage, passivity over activity, inertia over aggressiveness. Thus, the foundation for further specialization is implicitly laid.

You can see what he is capable of by how boldly the skier moves from sliding to side slipping, energetically putting the skis across the course and vice versa. However, this does not mean that it is necessary to immediately put an end to the "weak" - many qualities are acquired, if you develop them, as they say, wisely. Even the boundaries of innate courage are expanding - it grows with technical improvement.

The coach should also remember that the combination of elements of sliding and slipping will constantly occur when mastering turns on skis. Among the most used are the transition from a soft slip to a sharp edge in pre-turns or when stopping at the end of the arc. Mastering the transitions from straight descents to braking or turning will teach you to feel the effect of the inertial forces that arise in this case: in braking - from a decrease in speed, in turns - from centripetal acceleration. Therefore, you should not stay too long on braking exercises, but boldly move on to the next stage.

Downhill braking is a necessary measure to reduce speed. Usually skiers pass the track without braking. It is necessary to resort to braking in the event of an unexpected obstacle, a fall of the participant in front, interference from the audience, due to poor preparation of the track or an insufficient level of preparedness of the athlete.

Plow braking(Fig. 29) is used on slopes of various steepness, on hiking trips and on walks. This is the most effective way, which allows you to significantly reduce speed on a slope or even stop, but in cross-country skiing rarely used, the strongest skiers practically do not use it.

Plow braking is performed as follows. When descending in the main stance, the skier springily straightens his legs at the knees and, slightly “tossing” the body up (easing pressure on the heels of the skis), with strong pressure, with a sliding movement, spreads the skis with his heels to the side. Skis stand on the inner ribs (ski edges), and their socks remain together; the knees are brought together, the weight of the body is distributed evenly on both skis, and the torso is slightly tilted back, and the arms take a position, as when descending in the main stance. Increasing the angle of breeding skis and setting them more on the ribs significantly increase braking.

Braking training is carried out according to the generally accepted scheme (story - demonstration - explanation), then the students perform imitation of movements in this method of braking. First, out of the blue, after the show and the story, the schoolchildren take a working position (the position of the “plow”) several times and perform springy semi-squats.

The teacher checks the correctness of the accepted position. Then, on a slope of medium steepness, the schoolchildren alternately perform braking, taking a pose immediately after the start of movement on the top of the mountain, and maintain this position until the end of the descent or until they stop.

Having mastered uniform braking, you can move on to regulating the braking force by spreading or bringing the heels of the skis together. Yes- r fig. 29. Plow braking

Further improve braking on a mountain marked with landmarks that indicate the part of the slope that is passed without braking, the place of its beginning, end or complete stop. By changing these distances, it is possible to complicate or facilitate the task, depending on the preparedness of the students.

Then the students perform braking at the command of the teacher.

Gradually, you can move on to improving braking on steeper slopes and on descents with changing terrain. When studying this method of braking, schoolchildren most often make the following mistakes: crossing the ski toes; skiing flat, not on the ribs; uneven pressure on both skis, which leads to a change in direction of movement; insufficient breeding of ski heels; slightly bent and not reduced knees, etc.

To correct mistakes, again several times take the position of the "plow" on level ground. Further, braking by the “plow” is repeated and improved on slopes of different steepness, with changing terrain and different depths of snow cover. Attention should be paid to the rigid retention of skis in the “plow” position, especially socks, in order to avoid their collision with each other, -

Braking is upright(Fig. 30) is more often used when descending obliquely. The skier transfers the weight of the body to the upper (sliding straight) ski, and puts the lower one in the stop position: the heel is to the side, the toes are held together, the ski is edged on the inner edge. An increase in the angle of abduction and tilting of the ski enhances braking. Body weight remains on the ski sliding straight (upper) throughout the entire braking, although partial

the transfer of body weight to the ski, which is in support, will lead to a change in the direction of movement ^ i.e. to turn with emphasis. Sometimes this method is called "semi-plow" braking.

Pupils who have mastered braking with the “plow” well usually easily master braking with an emphasis. When studying this method, it is necessary to first imitate standing movements. 30. Plow braking in place, taking several

once described provisions. Teaching methods and errors encountered during stop braking, similar to mistakes, meeting when braking with a plow. In the future, students should master braking on slopes in both directions (from different legs).

Side slip braking(ski turn) applies, when the athlete needs to stop and descend further down the slope, achieving lateral slip due to the edge of the skis.

Braking is performed as follows. When descending obliquely, the skier squats slightly, then quite sharply push straightens forward, relieving the load from the skis, puts them flatter and, with a lateral movement of the ankle joints, brings the heels of the skis to the side. Help this counter rotary motion torso and shoulders, as well as additional support on a stick. After moving the backs of the skis to the side, the amount of braking force depends on the angle of tilting of the skis: for sharp braking or even a complete stop, it is necessary to put the skis across the slope and steeply on edge. To study braking by lateral sliding, lead-up exercises are used, which are used to turn on parallel skis from the stop. When teaching girls this method of braking, it is necessary to avoid very steep slopes.

When driving on a slope at high speed with unexpected obstacles, it sometimes becomes necessary to brake sharply or even stop. If the distance to the obstacle is too short, the only way to prevent a collision is to deliberate fall. A controlled fall will reduce the possibility of injury and allow you to quickly get up and continue moving. Before falling, it is necessary to sit down, and then fall (softly “falling over”) back to the side - on the thigh and on the side. At the same time, the skis should be turned across the slope. It is better to scatter hands with sticks up the slope. From this position, sitting down, and then leaning on sticks, it is easy to get up and, turning the skis, continue moving down the slope.

In the event that the skis were crossed during the fall, it is necessary, turning over on your back, to raise your legs up and bring the skis to their normal position. Then again roll over on your side (ski across the slope) and stand up. In exceptional cases, when ski braking is not possible (on a hiking trip, on a walk - with deep snow cover), and falling is impractical, skiers can apply braking with sticks (one on the side, two on the side, two between the skis). These methods will help to slightly reduce the speed in case of unforeseen circumstances. In cross-country skiing, such braking methods are not used.

Braking

Mastery of all methods of braking allows you to intelligently regulate the speed of descent and quickly stop at the desired place.

Rice. 86.

Semi-plow braking (one-sided stop) is practiced mainly when descending obliquely down the slope. For braking, the footplate of the ski, located below the slope, is taken to the side, and the ski is placed on the edge; the second ski slides in the direction of travel.

For sharper braking, it is necessary to press the heel of the boot even more to take the back of the lower ski, put it steeper on the edge and increase the pressure (Fig. 86).

Rice. 87

Plow braking (double-sided stop) is used on slopes of medium and small steepness with straight descents: holding the socks together, spread the heels of the skis to the sides and put the skis on the inner ribs, which is achieved by bringing the knees closer together and transferring the weight to the heels. To enhance the braking efficiency, the heels of the skis should be further apart and placed more steeply on the inner ribs (Fig. 87).

Rice. 88

Braking with sticks is used when descending obliquely to the slope or when descending straight. To do this, stick the sticks put together with pins into the snow and, increasing the indentation, slow down the movement. The hand closest to the slope wraps around the stick from above. and the other - below (Fig. 88). Braking with sticks between the legs is not desirable for a number of reasons, including because of the possibility of breakage of the sticks.

The fall stop is used in emergency cases when you need to quickly stop the descent. To do this, you need to sit down as low as possible and fall to one side, throwing your hands with sticks back, spread out, put your skis across the direction of the descent and, resting them on the snow, slow down further slipping. A typical mistake is a fall without preliminary grouping of the body, which can lead to bruises (Fig. 89).

Rice. 89. Fall stop: a - squat before falling; b - the position of the fallen skier at the moment of stopping.

turns

A heavy backpack behind your back and bindings that do not provide a rigid fixation of the boot do not allow you to use the turns that are widespread among skiers. Tourists-skiers use the simplest turns: stepping over, from the position of a plow and a semi-plow.

The stepover turn is used at low speed on gentle slopes and in any type of snow cover. It is reminiscent of skating, where stronger pushes are made with the foot located on the outside of the turning arc. To do this, you need to transfer the weight of the body to the ski, which will be "outer" when turning, and slightly sit on it, pull up and turn the other ski in the right direction, transfer the weight of the body to it and, sliding on this (inner) ski, pull up the other. Stepping in motion can be performed by moving aside not the toe, but the heels of the skis. This method is usually used when driving in the forest and bushes.

Rice. 90. Turning with a semi-plow (left) and a plow: a - the beginning of ski loading; b - continuing to increase the load on the ski until the turn is completed.

Turning from the plow position (fig. 90) is usually applied after slowing down the speed of descent on slopes of medium steepness in any snow type. To turn, for example, to the left, you need to transfer the weight of the body to the right foot, put the ski steeply on the edge, and unload the left and, pulling up the heel, put it parallel to the right.

Turning from the semi-plow position (Fig. 90) is carried out at higher speeds and steep slopes, when the direction of movement must be changed in smooth turns. It is more convenient to start it from the descent obliquely to the slope: the heel of the unloaded "upper" ski should be taken to the side, the ski should be placed on the edge and the weight of the body should be transferred to it, and the "lower" should be placed flat on the snow and the heel should be pulled up, due to which the turn is carried out .

Getting up after falling down. Skiers must learn to get up after falls on the slopes. The first rule is that the help of comrades who has fallen, especially a woman, is obligatory.

Rice. 91. Getting up when falling on a slope with dense snow: 1 - the sticks are grabbed by the hand from below; 2 - the same from above.

When falling on slopes with deep and loose snow cover, when reliance on sticks has no effect (they fall into the snow under load), it is most reasonable to remove the backpack, turn around so that the skis are below the body and perpendicular to the slope line, group the body and, leaning stand up on sticks laid together on the snow, shake off the snow and put on a backpack, attempts to get up in such conditions without removing the backpack are usually unsuccessful, and a lot of time and effort is wasted.

On a slope with hard snow, you should pull the skis to the body, firmly rest them in the snow and, leaning on sticks stacked together, rise (Fig. 91). Strong skiers do it without taking off their pack.

Downhill braking is used when you need to slow down or stop.

Braking is performed:

1. With the help of skis, when both skis or one slide at an angle in the direction of travel (plow, stop, side slip)

2. With sticks (sticks between the skis, on the side)

3. Combined (skis and poles at the same time).

Most often, skiers use braking with a plow and an emphasis.

PLOW BRAKING. The skier smoothly spreads the skis with his heels to the sides and puts them on edge, while the ski toes are brought together, the knees in this position are slightly bent and somewhat closer.

The hands are also slightly brought together and turned inward, so that the lower ends of the sticks diverge to the sides.

When learning to brake the plow, the following apply: preparatory exercises in place; students on command take the position of the plow, the teacher checks the correctness of this exercise and corrects errors.

This is done several times, after which they proceed to braking during the descent.

The wider the plow, the stronger the braking.

Common Mistakes when learning to brake with a plow:

1) The toes of the skis are not brought together, because of this, the skis move apart, and the skier falls.

2) There is more pressure on one ski than on the other. This causes a turn to the side.

3) Insufficient breeding of the heels of the skis to the side.

4) Insufficient bending of the legs.

5) Sudden braking in deep snow, resulting in a forward fall.

At the end of the training, landmarks (flags) should be set on the slope and taught to pass certain segments of the distance at different speeds, as well as stop at a certain place.

PRESSURE BRAKING used during descent in an oblique direction.

For braking, the rear end of the lower ski is retracted forward - to the side and placed on edge, the ski toes are brought together.

The upper leg bends more strongly at the knee, and the weight of the body is transferred to it.

Pre-teach to take the position of emphasis on level ground.

Typical mistakes:

1) Flexion of the leg laid aside at the knee.

2) Insufficient transfer of body weight to the upper leg and its straightening.

3) Transferring body weight to the lower leg.

4) Breeding skis to the side.

Preparatory exercises on the spot help to eliminate errors in braking with an emphasis.

Analysis of the technique of the ALTERNATE FOUR-STEP STROKE. Teaching methodology. Common mistakes and their correction.

Movement cycle The alternating four-step move consists of four sliding steps and two alternating push-offs with hands for the last two steps.

Length - 7-10m, average speed in a cycle on the plain - 4.0-6.0 m / s,

At the same time with first push with his foot, the rider brings forward and upward the hand with the same name with a stick. The push with the foot in this move is done in the same way as in the two-step alternating. By the end of the push, the skier must raise the hand of the half-bent arm extended forward to shoulder level. The lower end of the stick is turned back.

With the end of the push with the foot and the removal of the arm of the same name, the racer begins to slide on one leg and bring forward the second arm and the leg released after the push.

These are done in such a way that by the end of the second push with the foot, the arm and leg finish the movement at the same time.

During the removal of the second arm and leg after the first push, the skier with the hand that started the movement earlier moves the stick to the ring forward position.

After the end of the second push, the rider prepares for the third kick.

With the start of the third push the stick of the same name for the push leg should be placed in position with the ring away from you. During the third push with the foot, it is placed at an acute angle.

fourth push the skier does the same with the third leg. With the beginning of his skier puts a stick in the snow for the second push with his hand. During the fourth push with his foot, he makes a movement with his other hand, similar to the movement of the first hand at the time of the third push with his foot, and therefore, by the end of the fourth push with his foot, conditions are created for the start of a push with the second hand.

TRAINING METHODOLOGY

The alternating four-step move is rather complicated in its rhythm.

The cycle of movements in this move consists of four consecutive steps and two alternate pushes with sticks for the last two steps. The removal of the sticks before repulsion is performed alternately for the first two steps in the stroke cycle.

When moving along the plain, the skier passes up to 8-10 m per cycle with average speed 4-6 m/s. Most often, the alternating four-step move is used on the plain and gentle slopes with poor support for sticks (when moving with a backpack on hiking trips), when moving in an alternating two-step move and simultaneous moves difficult. In terms of coordination, this method of movement is one of the most difficult.

At the beginning, you should try to teach the students this move, using a holistic teaching method.

Sometimes this brings the desired results, given that schoolchildren have already mastered most of the elements of the alternating four-step move, having studied the alternating two-step move.

Then the students are invited to independently perform this move as a whole in the training circle.

Moving around the training circle, the students, according to the received idea, try to complete the move as a whole. At first, one should not demand from students the accuracy of movements in all elements of the move, the main thing here is to master at least the general scheme of coordination of movements, consistency in the work of arms and legs. Let the students go through several circles, not giving up trying to establish coordination of movements. At this time, you can correct students on the go, prompt them with certain points, give instructions.

Sometimes it is advisable to accompany the movements with the commands "Take-take-away!" "Push-push!" It is very important that these commands are given in a timely manner in combination with footwork - for every step.

In this course, the removal of the sticks is somewhat slow, and students sometimes make a mistake that violates the entire coordination of movements - they immediately take the stick forward one step and hold it in a static position; a similar movement is performed with the other hand.

The following methodological technique allows to correct this shortcoming and achieve consistency.

The teacher invites the students to take out the sticks in a pendulum motion with a greater than necessary amplitude: forward to horizontal position and even slightly up.

Then the stick goes down and is placed on the snow. Such a movement takes more time, and students complete long sliding steps in a timely manner.

In the future, training goes along the path of eliminating errors in the cycle of the move and improving it in various conditions. Then the students try to do it themselves at the command of the teacher.

It is advisable to put a student who knows the move well in front of the line of students.

Movements in divisions are performed as follows: at the expense of "times" - a step with the right in the position of single-support sliding (the push with the left foot is completed and right hand) and carrying forward the left stick; at the expense of "two" - a step with the left foot and the removal of the right stick forward; at the expense of "three" - step with the right foot and setting the left stick on the snow; on the intermediate account "and" - a push with the left stick, which is somewhat ahead of the push with the foot; on the count of "four" - again step with the left foot, on the snow, the right stick is placed, the sliding position on the left ski; to the intermediate account "and" - push with the right stick.

When students master the full coordination of movements in a variable four-step course, you can begin to improve it on a training track with a variety of terrain.

When improving the move as a whole, attention is paid to strengthening the pushes with the hands and feet and lengthening the sliding steps (all this increases the speed of movement).

When studying an alternating four-step move, students may appear the following errors: lack of coordination in hand movements with sliding steps, moving on straight lines or not enough bent legs, bouncing move, general stiffness of movements, non-rectilinear removal of sticks, short "running" steps, intense removal of sticks.

The elimination of these errors occurs on the training circle. The teacher stops students who make mistakes, explains and shows the correct movements. Sometimes it is advisable to return to the dissected method and counting movements or even repeat the sliding step with short push-offs with the sticks on the third or fourth step in the cycle of the move.

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Stop braking

Stop braking is more often used when descending obliquely. The skier transfers the weight of the body to the upper (sliding straight) ski, and puts the lower one in the stop position: the heel is to the side, the toes are held together, the ski is edged on the inner edge. An increase in the angle of abduction and tilting of the ski enhances braking. The body weight remains on the ski sliding straight (upper) throughout the entire braking, although the partial transfer of body weight to the ski, which is in support, will lead to a change in the direction of movement, i.e. to turn with emphasis. Sometimes this method is called "semi-plow" braking.

Pupils who have mastered braking with the "plow" well usually easily master braking with an emphasis. When studying this method, it is necessary to first imitate movements while standing still, taking the positions described several times. The learning methods and errors encountered during stop braking are similar to the errors encountered during "plough" braking. In the future, students should master braking on slopes in both directions (from different legs).

slip braking

Side slip braking (ski turn) is used when the athlete needs to stop and go down further down the slope, achieving side slip by skidding.

Braking is performed as follows. When descending obliquely, the skier squats slightly, then straightens up with a rather sharp push forward, relieving the load from the skis, placing them flatter and moving the heels of the skis to the side with a lateral movement of the ankle joints. This is helped by the counter rotational movement of the torso and shoulders, as well as additional support on the stick. After moving the backs of the skis to the side, the amount of braking force depends on the angle of tilting of the skis: for sharp braking or even a complete stop, it is necessary to put the skis across the slope and steeply on edge. To study braking by lateral sliding, lead-up exercises are used, which are used to turn on parallel skis from the stop. When teaching girls this method of braking, it is necessary to avoid very steep slopes.

When driving on a slope at high speed with unexpected obstacles, it sometimes becomes necessary to brake sharply or even stop. If the distance to the obstacle is too short, the only way to prevent a collision is to deliberately fall. A controlled fall will reduce the possibility of injury and allow you to quickly get up and continue moving. Before falling, you need to sit down, and then fall (softly "falling over") back to the side - on the thigh and on the side. At the same time, the skis should be turned across the slope. It is better to scatter hands with sticks up the slope. From this position, sitting down, and then leaning on sticks, it is easy to get up and, turning the skis, continue moving down the slope.

In the event that the skis were crossed during the fall, it is necessary, turning over on your back, to raise your legs up and bring the skis to their normal position. Then again roll over on your side (ski across the slope) and stand up. In exceptional cases, when ski braking is not possible (in camping trip, on a walk - with deep snow cover), and falling is impractical, skiers can apply braking with sticks (one on the side, two on the side, two between the skis). These methods will help to slightly reduce the speed in case of unforeseen circumstances. In cross-country skiing, such braking methods are not used.

stick braking

They are used in cases where it is not possible or it is irrational to brake with skis. This method allows you to only slightly slow down, for example, to avoid a collision with a skier in front of you coming down the slope. For braking, sticks are vigorously pressed against the snow, be sure to hold them with rings (paws, segments) back and closer to the body. The braking effect depends on the amount and duration of pressure on the sticks. With their separation from the snow, the braking action ends.

Fall braking

The fall stop is used in emergency cases when you need to quickly stop the descent. To do this, you need to sit down as low as possible and fall to one side, throwing your hands with sticks back, spread out, put your skis across the direction of the descent and, resting them on the snow, slow down further slipping. A typical mistake is a fall without first grouping the body, which can lead to bruises.