Technical means of monitoring the effectiveness of training and training. Topic: “control and management in sports training Types of control in sports training
CONTROL IN SPORTThis is a means of obtaining information about
system state sports training
The purpose of control is to optimize
the process of preparation and competitive
activities based on an objective assessment 1
1)
various
parties
readiness
athlete: (technical,
physical,
tactical,
psychological)
And
functional
opportunities
systems
body of athletes;
2) various parties and process conditions
Main tasks of control
Main tasks of controlassessment of the state of athletes;
assessment of the level of their preparedness;
assessment of the implementation of plans for sports
training (in terms of load and provision);
assessment of the performance of the competitive
activities;
Control Requirements
Objectivity (reliability of the receivedinformation does not depend on the controller);
Informativity (getting the maximum
information at min. costs);
Validity (the control result reflects
exactly the property we want
check and evaluate);
Availability (simplicity of the control procedure);
Control must be non-destructive.
types of control:
types of control:staged (assessment of long-term
training effect (over a number of years,
macrocycle, period, stage);
current (assessment of current states
(a consequence of the load of a series of classes,
training or competition
microcycles);
operational (assessment of operational
conditions, urgent reactions of the body
athlete on load during a separate
training session).
types of control:
types of control:Input(preliminary)
control: baseline assessment
preparedness of athletes;
Final control: level assessment
preparedness of athletes
the results of the work done for
a certain period of time
(results of the main competitions) Input control indicators are
initial data for the analysis of dynamics
changes in the results of athletes.
By
results
final
control
the individual cumulative
indicator of a particular athlete and his
rating score.
types of control: (by content and direction)
in-depth;selective and local control;
depending on the means used and
methods: pedagogical (assessment of the level of technical and tactical and physical fitness,
features of performances in competitions,
dynamics of sports results);
socio-psychological (features
athlete's personality)
biomedical;
comprehensive control.
Control of competitive activity
Identifies strengths and weaknessespreparedness of athletes through
comparison of the obtained results with
planned, as well as
shown earlier, and with the results
rivals.
Control of the level of preparedness of athletes
Control of the level of preparednessathletes
In technical terms - volume and versatility
technique, the degree of its implementation in the competitive
environment and resistance to confounding factors.
Staged control shows changes in technique,
due to a cumulative effect.
Current - changes in individual phases, parts
sports movement.
Operational - changes in technology (urgent reactions in
during one session)
10. In tactical terms, the quantitative and qualitative components of the tactical skills of athletes, as well as versatility, diet
In tactical terms, quantitative andqualitative components of tactical
the skills of athletes, and
versatility, rationality and
effectiveness of tactical actions.
11. Control of physical fitness
Assessment of the level of general physical fitness (required levelphysical development and harmonious development
all physical qualities);
assessment of the level of development of special
physical qualities that determine sports
result. (speed, power, speed-strength, coordination qualities, flexibility,
endurance, "explosive" strength, etc.).
12. Control of the state of functional systems
Assessment of CCC, respiratory, CNS, ODA,sensory systems, metabolism, etc.;
Assessment of reserves of functional systems;
Identification of limiting links.
13. Psychologically
PsychologicallyAssessment of personal and moral-volitional qualities that provide
achievement of high sports results in competitions;
stability of performance in competitions with the participation of rivals
high qualification, ability to show high results on
major competitions;
concentration of attention in connection with the specifics of the sport and
various competitive situations;
the ability to control the level of arousal just before and in
during the competition (resistance to stressful situations);
the degree of perception of movement parameters, the ability to
psychological regulation of muscle coordination, perception and
information processing;
the possibility of analytical activity, sensorimotor reactions,
spatiotemporal anticipation,
the ability to form advanced decisions in the conditions
lack of time, etc.
14. Theoretical training
assessment of the level of special knowledge:By chosen kind sports (competition rules,
competition regulations, inventory features, etc.);
organization and conduct of sports training,
psychophysiological reactions of the body of athletes to
loads associated with their training and competitive
activity;
biomechanical characteristics of sports movements
etc.
15. Fig.1 Conditions of the athlete's body and types of control in the management of sports training
Fig.1 Conditions of the athlete's body and types of control insports training management
Lecture 9
Topic: "CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT IN SPORTS TRAINING"
Plan:
Purpose, object and types of control
Physical fitness control
Purpose, object and types of control
The effectiveness of the process of training an athlete in modern conditions is largely due to the use of means and methods of integrated control as a management tool that allows feedback between a coach and an athlete and, on this basis, to raise the level of managerial decisions in the preparation of trainees.
The purpose of control is the optimization of the preparation process and competitive activity athletes on the basis of an objective assessment of various aspects of their readiness and functional capabilities of the most important body systems. This goal is realized by solving various particular problems related to the assessment of the state of athletes, their level of preparedness, the implementation of training plans, the effectiveness of competitive activity, etc.
The information, which is the result of solving particular problems of control, is realized in the process of making managerial decisions used to optimize the structure and content of the training process, as well as the competitive activity of athletes.
Object of control in sports is the content of educational training process, competitive activity, the state of various aspects of the preparedness of athletes (technical, physical, tactical, etc.), their performance, the possibilities of functional systems.
Types of control. In the theory and practice of sports, it is customary to single out the following types of control - staged, current and operational, each of which is associated with the corresponding type of athletes' states.
Staged control allows you to assess the stage state of the athlete, which is the result of a long-term training effect. Such states of an athlete are the result of long-term training over a number of years, a year, a macrocycle, a period or a stage.
current control is aimed at assessing current states, i.e. those states that are the result of loads of a series of classes, training or competitive microcycles.
operational control provides for an assessment of operational conditions - urgent reactions of the body of athletes to loads during individual training sessions and competitions.
Depending on the number of particular tasks, the volume of indicators included in the survey program, there are in-depth, selective and local control.
Deep control is associated with the use of a wide range of indicators that allow to give a comprehensive assessment of the preparedness of an athlete, the effectiveness of competitive activity, the quality of the educational and training process at the past stage.
Electoral control is carried out with the help of a group of indicators that allow assessing any of the sides of preparedness or performance, competitive activity or the educational and training process.
Local control is based on the use of one or more indicators that allow assessing the relatively narrow aspects of the motor function, the capabilities of individual functional systems, etc.
In-depth control is usually used in the practice of assessing a staged state, selective and local - current and operational.
Depending on the means and methods used, control can be of a pedagogical, socio-psychological and biomedical nature.
In progress pedagogical control the level of technical-tactical and physical readiness, the characteristics of performance in competitions, the dynamics of sports results, the structure and content of the training process, etc. are assessed.
Socio-psychological control associated with the study of the characteristics of the personality of athletes, their mental state and readiness, the general microclimate and the conditions of training and competitive activities, etc.
Biomedical control provides for an assessment of the state of health, the capabilities of various functional systems, individual organs and mechanisms that carry the main load in training and competitive activities.
At present, in the theory and methodology of sports training, in the practice of sports, it is recognized
the need to use the whole variety of types, methods, means of control in the aggregate, which ultimately led to the emergence of the concept of "integrated control".
Under integrated control it should be understood the parallel application of stage, current and operational types of control in the process of examining athletes, subject to the use of pedagogical, socio-psychological and biomedical indicators for a comprehensive assessment of preparedness, the content of the training process and the competitive activity of athletes.
Requirements for indicators used in control
The indicators used in the process of stage, current and operational control must provide an objective assessment of the athlete's condition, meet the age, gender, qualification characteristics of the contingent of the examined, the goals and objectives of a particular type of control.
In the process of each type of control, a very wide range of indicators can be used that characterize various aspects of the preparedness of athletes, if these indicators meet the listed requirements.
In complex control, the main ones are socio-psychological and medical-biological indicators. Pedagogical indicators characterize the level of technical and tactical readiness, stability of performance in competitions, the content of the training process, etc. Social and psychological indicators characterize the environmental conditions, the strength and mobility of the nervous processes of athletes, their ability to assimilate and process information, the state of analytical activity and etc. Medico-biological include anatomical-morphological, physiological, biochemical, biomechanical and other indicators.
The indicators used in the control process are divided into two groups.
Indicators of the first group characterize relatively stable traits that are genetically transmitted and change little during training. Indicators adequate to these characteristics are used mainly in stage-by-stage control in solving the problems of selection, orientation at different stages. many years of preparation. Among the stable signs include the length of the body, the number of fibers of various types in the skeletal muscles, the type of nervous activity, the speed of some reflexes, etc.
Indicators of the second group characterize technical and tactical preparedness, the level of development of certain physical qualities, mobility and efficiency of the main systems of the vital activity of the body of athletes in various conditions of the training process and competitive activity, etc., i.e. subject to significant pedagogical influence.
With regard to the conditions of each type of control, the indicators must meet the following requirements.
Compliance with the specifics of the sport. Taking into account the specific features of the sport is of paramount importance for the selection of indicators used in the control, since achievements in different types sports are caused by various functional systems, require strictly specific adaptive reactions due to the nature of competitive activity.
In sports and individual disciplines related to the manifestation of endurance (swimming, rowing, cycling, skiing, speed skating, middle and long distances etc.) and with an objectively metrically measurable result, indicators characterizing the state of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, metabolic processes, because thanks to the latter, it is possible to most reliably assess the potential capabilities of athletes in achieving high sports results.
In speed-strength sports, where the main ability of an athlete is the ability to show short-term maximum neuromuscular tension ( sprint run, athletics jumping and throwing, weightlifting, separate disciplines of cycling, speed skating, swimming, etc.), indicators characterizing the state of the neuromuscular apparatus, central nervous system, speed-strength components of the motor function, manifested in specific test exercises.
In sports where sports achivments largely due to the activity of analyzers, the mobility of nervous processes that ensure accuracy, proportionality of movements in time and space (gymnastics, acrobatics, figure skating, diving, all kinds of sports games, shooting, etc.), in the control process, wide complex indicators characterizing the accuracy of reproduction of temporal, spatial and power parameters of specific movements, the ability to process information and make quick decisions,
elasticity skeletal muscle, mobility in the joints, coordination abilities, etc.
Compliance with the age and qualification characteristics of those involved. It is known that the structure and content of training and competitive activities are largely determined by the age and qualification characteristics of athletes. Consequently, the content of control should be built taking into account the age of athletes, as well as the level of their sports qualifications.
For example, when evaluating the technical skills of young athletes with relatively low qualifications, first of all, they evaluate the breadth and variety of mastered motor skills, the ability to master new movements. When assessing aerobic performance, they are guided by the power indicators of the aerobic energy supply system. When examining high-class adult athletes, other indicators come to the fore: when evaluating technical skill - characteristics that make it possible to determine the ability of an athlete to demonstrate rational technique in extreme conditions of competition, the resistance of technique to knocking factors, its variability, etc.; when assessing aerobic performance - efficiency, mobility and stability in the activities of the aerobic energy supply system. At the subsequent stages of preparation, the athlete's ability to realize the motor potential in a specific competitive environment acquires paramount importance. Thus, at each stage of long-term improvement, various indicators should be used as control, adequate age characteristics and the level of preparedness of those involved.
Compliance with the direction of the training process. The state of preparedness and fitness of athletes changes significantly not only from stage to stage in the process of long-term training, but also in different periods of the training macrocycle. These changes largely depend on the direction exercise, the nature of the training loads, etc. Experience shows that the most informative in the control process are indicators that meet the specifics of the training loads used at this stage of training. So, if in sports where the success of competitive activity is ensured by the predominant development of speed-strength qualities (sprint distances in various sports, track and field jumps, throwing, etc.), athletes in any period of the annual cycle use cross-country running or other exercises to develop cardiovascular
vascular, respiratory and other systems that provide high performance, then the goal of control at this stage of training is to assess the corresponding abilities of those involved and include indicators that are adequate to the training activity. In the competitive period of training, when athletes are in a state of high special fitness, the most informative are already speed-strength indicators that correspond to the nature of competitive activity.
The main criteria that determine the possibility of including certain indicators in the control program are their information content and reliability.
informative An indicator is determined by how closely it corresponds to the quality or property being assessed. There are two main ways to select indicators according to the criterion of informativeness. The first way involves the choice of indicators based on knowledge of the factors that determine the level of manifestation of a given property or quality. This path can not always be realized due to insufficient knowledge of these factors. The second way is based on finding statistically significant relationships between an indicator and a criterion that has sufficient scientific justification. If the relationship between any indicator and criterion is constant and strong, there is reason to consider this indicator as informative.
In the theory and practice of sports, both of these ways are used in organic unity. This allows you to select indicators for control on the basis of establishing cause-and-effect relationships that reveal the mechanisms of the relationship of various indicators with the level of sports results, the structure of preparedness and competitive activity in a particular sport, and compliance with the requirements of mathematical statistics.
Reliability indicators is determined by the correspondence of the results of their application to real changes in the level of one or another quality or property in an athlete under the conditions of each type of control, as well as the stability of the results obtained by repeated use of indicators in the same conditions.
The higher the difference between the results of studies in different athletes or the same athlete in different functional states, and the closer the results recorded in the same athlete under constant conditions, the higher the reliability of the indicators used.
STRENGTH CONTROL
In sports practice, control is exercised over the level of development of maximum strength, speed strength and strength endurance. Strength qualities can be assessed in various modes of muscle work (dynamic, static), in specific and non-specific tests, with and without the use of measuring equipment. Along with the registration of absolute indicators, relative (taking into account the athlete's body weight) indicators are also taken into account. In the process of control, it is necessary to ensure the standardization of the mode of muscle work, starting positions, flexion angles in the joints, psychological attitudes and motivation.
Maximum Strength Evaluation most simply can be done when working in static mode. For this purpose, various mechanical and strain gauge dynamographs and dynamometers are used to selectively assess the maximum strength of various muscle groups.
However, it should be taken into account that static strength is non-specific in relation to activity in most sports. Reflecting to a large extent the basic potential of this quality, static strength does not guarantee a high level power abilities in the process of performing special-preparatory and competitive exercises. It is also important to know that during studies in a static mode, power capabilities are evaluated in relation to a certain point in the amplitude of movement, and these data cannot be transferred to its entire range. In this regard, the measurements carried out in the dynamic mode of muscle work are much more informative. However, much here depends on the method of force registration. In particular, the assessment of strength suffers from a significant drawback when performing a dynamic movement with the maximum available weight. Resistance in this case is constant, since standard weights are used throughout the entire range of motion, although muscle strength fluctuates significantly due to the biomechanical features of its various phases (Platonov, 1984; Green, 1991).
The accuracy of strength assessment is significantly increased when working in the isokinetic mode. Currently, isokinetic simulators and diagnostic devices based on them are widely used in contemporary practice. For example, in last years for a comprehensive study of the strength capabilities of athletes, various diagnostic complexes are widely used, the technical solutions of which are based on the results of both purely mechanical and anatomical and physiological experiments. The complexes consist of chairs with adjustable seat height and back tilt, systems for attaching the torso and limbs, providing standard conditions for research. The complexes are equipped with a system for regulating the amplitude and speed of movements (usually from 0 to 500 degrees "1), and also include computer programs for processing the actual material, analog and digital recording devices (Fig. 30.1).
The complexes make it possible to register isometric and dynamic force at any point of movement, the dynamics of the manifestation of force over the full amplitude of movements with different angular velocity of movement of body segments, as well as strength endurance during repeated movements at different speeds. The force can be registered when performing given movements in different directions (flexion - extension, adduction - abduction).
When identifying the power capabilities of an athlete in various parts of the movement, the term “power curve” is usually used. The force curve is a diagram of the resultant moment about the axis through the joint in accordance with the change in the angle of the joint. At the same time, the choice of an indicator for determining the strength capabilities of an athlete (strength, N) or the resulting moment (Nm) depends on the equipment used, since it is known that both indicators carry reliable information about a person’s strength capabilities (Hay, 1992).
The fundamental issue is the method of determining the angle of the joint to determine its shape at each specific moment of the exercise. To indicate the shape of the joint, measurements of the anatomical or included angles are used (Fig. 30.2). The chosen method of determining the angle of the joint determines the shape of the force graph, since the use of anatomical or included angles predetermines its opposite dynamics.
On fig. 30.3-30.6 are examples of registration of a number of indicators that reflect the power potential of an athlete and registered using the Suveh complex.
In addition to the general potential of the muscles that carry the main load when performing exercises specific to a particular sport, it is often advisable to establish the level of complex manifestation of power capabilities in the process of performing power exercises. As an example, in fig. 30.7 and 30.8 show the indicators of the maximum traction force developed in swimming and rowing when performing specific work.
At speed force control force gradient is used, which is defined as the ratio of the maximum exerted force to the time it is reached, or as the time to reach the maximum level of muscle strength (absolute gradient) or any given level of strength, for example, 50, 75% of the maximum level (relative gradient). Between athletes specializing in various sports, differences in absolute gradient indicators are especially large (Kots, 1986; Hartmann, Thünnemann, 1988). Athletes performing in speed-strength sports have the highest absolute strength gradient. These indicators are quite high among sprinters specializing in cyclic types sports, figure skaters, skiers, wrestlers. At the same time, athletes specializing in sports that require the manifestation of endurance are distinguished by low rates of the absolute strength gradient. As for the relative force gradient, the differences are less pronounced here (Sale, 1991).
In wide sports practice, speed strength is most often measured by simple indirect methods - by the time an athlete performs a particular movement with a given resistance (usually 50, 75 or 100% of the maximum), the height of the jump up from a place, etc. often carried out in conjunction with the manifestation of speed and technical capabilities. An example is indicators that reflect the effectiveness of the start (the time from the start signal to passing the 10-meter mark in swimming, the 30-meter mark in running, rowing, etc.); the time of performing integral motor acts that require high power capabilities (for example, wrestling throws, etc.) (Platonov, Bulatova, 1992).
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In the process of monitoring strength training, it is often necessary to differentiate the level of development starting And explosive force as a manifestation of speed power.
Ability to rapid development force, according to the level of development of which speed force is estimated, the best way determined at relatively low resistances - 40-50 % maximum power level. The duration of work should be very short - up to 50-80 ms, in order to reveal the ability of muscles to quickly develop strength already at the beginning of the load. Therefore, the basis of tests for assessing speed strength is relatively simple and short-term loads characteristic of a particular sport - a blow in boxing, initial phases working movements of the hands in swimming or rowing, etc. The speed force is especially well evaluated when working in the isokinetic mode at a high angular velocity of movement. In this case, the values of the relative strength gradient are indicative - the time to reach 40-50% of the maximum level of muscle strength.
To control explosive power, tests based on the integral movements of a particular sport should be used - a snatch of the barbell; throwing a dummy - in wrestling; a movement that imitates a stroke when working on a biokinetic bench - in swimming, etc. It is justified to evaluate the explosive force by the absolute force gradient.
strength endurance it is advisable to evaluate when performing movements of an imitation nature, similar in form and features of the functioning of the neuromuscular apparatus to competitive exercises, but with increased
Noah share of the power component. For cyclists, this is work on a bicycle ergometer with a different amount of additional resistance to pedaling; for runners - running with additional resistance in the laboratory or in the stadium, running on a standard track uphill; for wrestlers - mannequin throws in a given mode; for boxers - work on the bag, etc.
Improving the quality of power endurance control is facilitated by the use of power training and diagnostic complexes specific for each sport, which make it possible to control power qualities, taking into account the peculiarities of their manifestation in special training and competitive activities. For example, to diagnose the strength endurance of swimmers, the so-called biokinetic bench is often used, which allows performing movements imitating strokes under conditions of muscle work in the isokinetic mode (Sharp, Troup, Costill, 1982). To assess the power endurance of rowers, spring-lever simulators with varying resistance are often used depending on the actual capabilities of the muscles in different phases of the amplitude of movement.
Strength endurance is assessed different ways:
According to the duration of the specified standard work;
According to the total amount of work performed during the execution of the test program;
According to the ratio of the force impulse at the end of the work provided for by the corresponding test to its maximum level (Fig. 30.9,30.10).
FLEXIBILITY CONTROL
Flexibility control is aimed at identifying the athlete's ability to perform movements with a large amplitude.
Active flex control is carried out by quantifying the ability of athletes to perform exercises with a large amplitude due to the activity of skeletal muscles. Passive Flexibility it is characterized by the amplitude of movements achieved with the use of external forces (help from a partner, the use of weights, block devices, etc.). Passive flexibility indicators are always higher than active flexibility indicators (Fig. 30.11). The difference between active and passive flexibility reflects the size of the reserve for the development of active flexibility. Since flexibility depends not only on the anatomical features of the joints, but also on the state of the athlete's muscular apparatus, the control process reveals an indicator of active flexibility deficiency as the difference between active and passive flexibility.
In sports practice, angular and linear measurements are used to determine joint mobility. With linear measurements, the results of the control may be affected by the individual characteristics of the subjects, for example, the length of the arms or the width of the shoulders, which affect the measurement results when bending forward or when performing twisting with a stick. Therefore, whenever possible, measures should be taken to eliminate this influence. For example, when performing twisting with a stick, it is effective to determine the flexibility index - an indicator of the ratio of grip width (cm) to shoulder width (cm). However, the need for this arises only when comparing the level of flexibility in athletes with different morphological features.
Maximum range of motion of an athlete
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can be measured by various methods: goniometric, optical, radiographic.
goniometric method involves the use of a mechanical or electric protractor-goniometer, to one of the legs of which is attached a protractor or potentiometer. When determining the amplitude of movements, the legs of the goniometer are fixed on the longitudinal axes of the segments that form the joint.
Optical methods associated with video recording of the movements of an athlete, on the articular points of the body of which markers are fixed. Processing the results of changing the position of the markers makes it possible to determine the amplitude of movements.
X-ray method can be used in cases where it is necessary to determine the anatomically acceptable range of motion in the joint.
It should be recalled that an objective assessment of an athlete's flexibility by determining mobility in individual joints is impossible, since high mobility in some joints may be accompanied by medium or low mobility in others. Therefore, for a comprehensive study
flexibility, it is necessary to determine the range of motion in different joints (Hubley-Kozey, 1991).
Here are the main methods used to assess mobility in various joints (Saigin, Yagomagi, 1983).
Mobility in the joints of the spinal column. It is usually determined by the degree of torso tilt forward. The athlete stands on the bench and leans forward to the limit without bending the legs in knee joints. Mobility in the joints is assessed by the distance from the edge of the bench to the middle fingers (cm): if the fingers are higher than the edge of the bench, then the amount of mobility is insufficient; the lower the fingers, the higher the mobility in the joints of the spinal column (Fig. 30.12).
The mobility of the spinal column during lateral movements is judged by the difference between the distance from the floor to the middle finger of the hand when the athlete is in the main stance and when tilted to the limit to the side.
To measure mobility during extensor movements of the spinal column, the athlete leans back to the limit from the initial standing position, feet shoulder-width apart. The distance between the sixth cervical and third lumbar vertebrae is measured.
You can also use another method for determining mobility when the torso is tilted forward (Fig. 30.13). The athlete sits on gymnastic bench with straightened legs without grasping hands. The trunk and head are actively tilted forward and down. Using a goniometer, the angle between the vertical plane and the line connecting the iliac crest of the pelvis with the spinous process of the last (seventh) cervical vertebra is measured. Good mobility is noted when the athlete's head touches the knees (angle not less than 150°); if the hands do not reach the ankle joints (angle less than 120°), mobility is poor.
Mobility V shoulder joint. The athlete sits on the floor with his back straight. Straight legs are extended forward (in the area of the knees they are pressed to the floor). Straight arms extended forward at shoulder height, palms inward. Another athlete, standing behind the subject, leans towards him and, taking his hands, takes them as far back as possible in a strictly horizontal plane. The subject should not bend his back, change the position of the palms. If his hands approach one another at a distance of 15 cm without much effort on the part of the assistant, then the athlete has medium flexibility; if the hands touch or cross, it means that his flexibility is above average.
In another way of assessing mobility in the shoulder joint, the athlete lies on his back on a gymnastic bench, his head is on the edge of the bench. The joined hands are lowered (passively - under their own weight) behind the head. The angle between the longitudinal axis of the shoulder and the horizontal plane is measured (Fig. 30.14). With good mobility, the elbows fall below the horizontal plane by 10-20 °, with poor mobility, the arms are located horizontally or above the level of the bench.
Mobility in ankle joint. To determine mobility during foot flexion, the athlete sits on a bench, legs together, straightened at the knee joints, then bends the foot to the limit. If the foot is in a straight line with the lower leg (angle 180 "), then the flexibility is estimated to be above average. The smaller this angle, the worse the mobility in the ankle joint, therefore, low mobility is noted when the angle between the longitudinal axis of the tibia and the axis of the foot is below 160" (Fig. 30.15).
For athletes of a number of specializations (for example, breaststroke swimming, ice hockey goalkeepers, freestyle wrestlers, etc.), the ability to rotate outward at the knees and hip joints(Fig. 30.16). During rotation in the knee joints, the athlete is in a kneeling position, heels together. Spreading the feet outward, which are in the position of dorsiflexion, he goes into a sitting position on his heels. The angle of passive rotation is measured, i.e. the angle between the axes of the feet (the line of the middle of the heel and the second toe). Good mobility is noted when the angle is 150° or more (visually: heels no higher than 3 cm from the floor); insufficient mobility - 90 ° or less (visually: the angle between the axes of the feet is less than a straight line). During rotation in the hip joints, the athlete lies on the gymnastic bench, straightened legs together, feet relaxed, then turns the feet as much as possible outward. The angle of active rotation between the axes of the feet is measured.
Good mobility is noted at an angle of 120° or more (visually: the second toe is at the level of the lower edge of the heel); poor mobility -
90 e and less (visually: the angle between the feet is less than a right angle).
Mobility in the joints can also be assessed in the process of performing exercises aimed at developing flexibility. In this case, exercises can be both basic and special. Using basic exercises it is necessary to perform various movements (flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation) that require a high level of mobility in the joints (Fig. 30.17). Exercises should be varied in order to comprehensively assess both active and passive flexibility. However, the use of exercises is of particular importance for assessing the level special flexibility, given the close relationship between the level of mobility in the joints and the effectiveness sports equipment, the ability to realize strength, speed qualities, endurance coordination (Platonov, 1980; Shabir, 1983).
The specifics of each of the sports dictates the requirements for selection special exercises. For example, for sports and artistic
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gymnastics, acrobatics, diving, the following indicators of mobility recorded when performing special exercises can be effective:
The angle of inclination forward from the gray;
The angle of lifting (holding) the legs forward and to the side;
The distance from the hand to the heel of the supporting leg when performing a gymnastic bridge on one leg, the other forward and upward.
When controlling flexibility, it should be taken into account that different sports and even different disciplines of the same type have different requirements for mobility in certain joints. For example, the data in Table. 30.1 reflect the requirements for various types sports to joint mobility.
ENDURANCE CONTROL
Endurance control is carried out using a variety of tests, which can be specific and non-specific. Non-specific tests include physical activity, which differs from competitive activity in the coordination structure of movements and features of the functioning of supporting systems. Non-specific tests are most often based on the material of running or walking on a treadmill, pedaling on a bicycle ergometer.
Specific Tests are built on the performance of work, in which the coordination structure of movements, the activity of the systems for providing this work are as close as possible to the specifics of competitive activity. For this purpose, various combinations of special preparatory exercises are used (for example, dosed series of throws in wrestling, a series of segments in running or rowing, complexes of specific exercises in games, etc.). For runners, tests based on the material of running on a treadmill are specific, for cyclists - pedaling on a bicycle ergometer, for skiers - walking with sticks on a treadmill, for swimmers - swimming in a hydrochannel.
Indicators for checking the physical development of football players.
Consider, now, on specific examples, the control methods used in sports training.
Control in sports is, first of all, control over the physical condition of a person, his technical and tactical skills and loads in training sessions.
It is known that the physical condition of a person is characterized by the level of physique, state of health and degree of development. motor functions. Therefore, the control of the physical condition, in essence, is reduced to the control of these three indicators.
You can assess the level of physique using various anthropometric instruments. The detailed procedure for such measurements is quite fully described in the manuals for medical supervision. Let us only note here that the physique indicators are especially informative for young (up to 16-17 years old) and poorly trained football players. On these groups of athletes, one can trace how the level of physique changes under the influence of different in size and character physical activity. In adult qualified athletes, indicators of the level of physique can indirectly indicate the degree of development of a person's motor qualities. So, for example, the absolute indicators of strength and strength endurance are large in football players of great weight and height. At the same time, such athletes have fewer opportunities in work performed in purely aerobic conditions, etc.
Tests that assess the level of physique are used only with periodic (step-by-step) control. It is not advisable to use them as tests of current or operational control, since most of them practically do not change under the influence of one or a series of training sessions.
Currently, the following indicators are used to check the physical development of football players:
1) body length, 2) body weight, 3) leg length, 4) foot size, 5) fat mass, 6) muscle mass, 7) the ratio between fat and muscle mass.
The measurement of these indicators is not difficult, and with good preparedness of the researcher, it can be carried out within 5-7 minutes.
Information about the size of a football player's body, and especially about the ratio of his fat and muscle components, can quite accurately indicate the predominant predominance of energy production during work, the dynamics of adaptation to training loads, etc.
The state of health can only be assessed by a doctor. His information is extremely important and the coach must always consider medical advice.
The degree of development of motor functions is externally manifested in the level of development of motor qualities, which can be measured by the result in a competitive exercise. However, considering that this result is also influenced by other types of training of an athlete (technical, volitional, etc.), and also that it is generally impossible to accurately measure the result in football, this method of assessment should be recognized as very approximate. Evaluation can also be made according to the result of the performance of any element of the competitive exercise. So, to measure the level of power qualities of a football player, you can measure the force (or force gradient) at the moment of repulsion. Finally, the third way to assess the level of physical fitness is associated with the use of control exercises, i.e. tests. The main requirement is that the tests are technically very simple. Only then the result in the control exercises will be determined by the level of motor qualities development.
It is advisable to measure the level of development of a football player's motor qualities using the following tests:
1. Running 15 meters from the start - to assess the ability to quickly start ("starting" speed).
2. Running for 15 meters on the move - to assess the level of development of maximum speed capabilities ("remote" speed).
It is known that the ratio between the starting and distance speeds can be very different, but in general there is no relationship between them. This means that the player who has the best performance in the 15m run from the start may be the last one in the 15m run. In other words, one side speed abilities a football player is well developed (the ability to quickly start), and the other is poorly developed. Therefore, in training sessions, by controlling the speed capabilities of the wards, the coach will be able to clearly determine in which direction it is necessary to continue to improve such an important component of a football player's fitness as running speed.
3. High jump from a place, pushing off with two legs - to assess jumping ability.
4. Step test - to assess endurance.
To assess the same quality, tests such as maximum oxygen consumption (MOC) and maximum anaerobic power (MAM) are used.
It is rather difficult to assess the dexterity of football players with the help of special tests. First of all, because it is difficult to find a test that would actually reproduce real game situations.
For a very approximate assessment of what we conditionally call dexterity (or coordination abilities), we can use tests in which football players are tasked to reproduce certain values of power, spatial and temporal characteristics of movement (for example, jump up to a height equal to 26-50% from the maximum, send the ball to 10, 15, 20 m, etc.).
The technical prowess of an athlete can be assessed in several ways. The simplest of them is a visual assessment of the technique of movements (by eye). In some sports, this method remains the only one to this day. This is how technical skill is measured in football, gymnastics, acrobatics, figure skating and some other sports. However, the following indicators speak best of the technical skill of a football player (according to V.M. Zatsiorsky):
1. The volume of technique, or the number of actions (techniques) that an athlete can perform.
2. The versatility of the action, that is, how diverse the movements (techniques) used by the player are.
3. Efficiency of movement technique.
Vehicle volume metrics are important for two reasons. First, they are closely related to the level of development of motor qualities. This means that the more movements an athlete has, the stronger, faster and more enduring he is. Secondly, a large amount of technique gives the athlete who owns it certain advantages over the opponent. He can win the duel by using a move for which the opponent does not have a corresponding counter.
At the suggestion of Yu. A. Morozov, in football, the volume of equipment is evaluated according to the following indicators: short and medium passes back and across the field, short passes forward, long passes, tackle, interception, heading, goal kicks, free kicks and corner kicks. All these tricks are performed by football players in the game, and their number ranges from 600 to 1000. It is assumed that if a team performed 800-900 tricks per game, then its activity was at a high level. We note, however, that in each specific case it is necessary to carefully analyze the terms of this sum. It may turn out that the increase in volume was achieved through a pointless and long draw. Therefore, in all cases, verbatim analysis of the game should be complemented by a qualitative analysis of the coach.
The same can be said about such an indicator of technical skill as the versatility of technology. This indicator characterizes the variety of motor skills. Suppose that an athlete has a large amount of technique, but almost all the exercises that he owns are the same. For example, only defense techniques or only attack techniques are used. In this case, it is very difficult to win a duel with an opponent with a versatile technique. An athlete, who can be said to be technically versatile, has, as a rule, not only a high level of motor qualities, but their harmonious development. In addition, during the competition, such an athlete almost always “imposes” his tactics on the opponent, controlling his actions with a variety of responses.
One way to evaluate performance is to compare sports performance with the athlete's potential. In this case, they are determined by the level of development of motor qualities. Usually, the results are compared in two exercises: in technically complex and technically simple, which require the manifestation of the same motor qualities. For example, the difference between the results in a 20-meter run and when performing the same run, but with a ball dribbling, is evaluated.
The most common way to evaluate the effectiveness of a technique in football is to calculate the coefficient of effectiveness (EC), which is calculated as the ratio of correctly (error-free) techniques to all techniques. At the same time, depending on the purpose of calculating the CE, it can be generalized or particular. The generalized KE is calculated immediately for all the tricks that the player performed in the game. For example, F. Beckenbauer in the 1974 World Cup match performed 117 tricks in a game and made a mistake only in 7. His generalized EC = 0.93. In the same game, the athlete made 33 dribbles and never made a mistake here; 6 interceptions, of which two - with an error. Partial ECs: for dribbles = 1.0, for interceptions = 0.66.
The efficiency coefficients for players of different roles are different. For defenders, a good EC is 0.85, for midfielders - 0.75-0.80, for attackers - 0.65-0.70.
Once evaluated physical state athlete and his technical and tactical skills, you can start planning training work.
Purpose of control- collection, evaluation and analysis of the necessary information about the actual course of the training process and the condition of the athlete. Control methods: 1) collection of opinions of athletes and coaches; 2) analysis of the working documentation of the training process; 3) pedagogical observations during training and competitions (chronometry, pulsometry, etc.); 4) tests (control tests).
Types of control: operational, current and milestone.
operational control - this is control over the operational state of the athlete, readiness to perform the next exercise, etc. It is aimed at assessing the reactions of the athlete's body to training or competitive loads, the quality of performance techniques and combinations in general.
current control - this is an assessment in microcycles of preparing the results of control competitions, the dynamics of loads and their correlations, the registration and analysis of daily changes in the level of preparedness of an athlete, the level of development of his technique and tactics.
Staged control - This measurement and evaluation at the end of the stage (period) of preparation of various indicators of the competitive and training activity of an athlete, the dynamics of loads and sports results in competitions or in specially organized conditions.
Integrated control includes : 1) control over the results of competitions in training cycles; 2) measurement and evaluation of the effectiveness of competitive activity.
1) control over the results of the competition- Evaluation of the effectiveness of performance in competitions in a certain (most often annual) training cycle; 2) measurement and evaluation of the effectiveness of competitive activity- registration of various indicators of a competitive exercise and competitive activity using measuring equipment and a computer. Evaluation of special physical fitness consists of individual assessments of the level of basic physical qualities: strength, speed, endurance and flexibility (tests). Assessment of technical readiness - consists in assessing the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the technique of the athlete's actions during the performance of competitive and training exercises. Vehicle control carried out visually and instrumentally. Criteria - the volume of technology, the versatility of technology and efficiency.
Assessment of tactical readiness. Control over tactical preparedness consists in assessing the expediency of the actions of an athlete (team) aimed at achieving success in competitions and provides for control over tactical thinking, tactical actions (volume tactics, their versatility and efficiency of use);
3) control over environmental factors. The environmental factors include: - the climate of a particular geographical area and the degree of adaptation to these conditions (temperature and humidity of the environment, the intensity of solar radiation, wind direction, atmospheric pressure); sports facility or competition tracks; - quality sports equipment and equipment; - the behavior of spectators (the factor of own and foreign field); - the objectivity of refereeing, etc.
Accounting indicators of sports training allows the coach to check the correctness of the selection and use of means, methods and forms of the process of sports training, to identify a more effective way to improve sportsmanship. It allows you to monitor the levels of various aspects of the preparedness of athletes, the dynamics of sports results, physical development, health status, etc.
Forms of accounting: 1) staged accounting carried out at the beginning and end of any stage, period, annual cycle. In the first case, it is called preliminary, in the second - final (final); 2) preliminary accounting allows you to determine the initial level of preparedness of an athlete or a group of athletes; 3) T current accounting is carried out continuously in the process of individual training sessions, in micro- and mesocycles of training. T current accounting provides for the fixation of means, methods, values of training and competitive loads, assessment of the state of health and preparedness of an athlete. Operational accounting- a variation of the current one.
Basic accounting documents in sports school: a log of classes, a training diary, a log of rated athletes, public instructors, sports judges, a table of records sports school, protocols of competitions, personal cards and medical control cards of those involved.
Basic documents for planning the educational and training process in sports.
Technology of planning the process of sports training- this is a set of methodological and organizational-methodical guidelines that determine a specific period of time, specific tasks, selection of means, methods, organizational forms, material and technical equipment. Planning Forms at the stages of long-term sports training: 1) perspective (for a number of years); 2) current (for one year); 3) operational (for a month, a week, a separate training session).
Documentation advanced planning: 1) curriculum; 2) work program; 3) long-term team training plan; 4) long-term individual training plan for athletes.
Syllabus determines the main direction and duration of educational work for a particular contingent of students. The plan provides for the sequence of passing the material, the content of the main sections, the amount of hours for each section, the duration of each lesson.
Working programm is compiled on the basis of the curriculum and determines the amount of knowledge, skills and abilities that should be mastered by students. The document reveals the most appropriate forms and methods of pedagogical work, gives the main content educational material on theory and practice for a certain contingent of students (DYUSSH, SDYUSSHOR, etc.). Sections of the program: 1) explanatory note; 2) presentation of program material; 3) control standards and training requirements; 4) recommended tutorials.
Long-term (perspective) plan for the preparation of athletes(team and individual) - compiled on various terms depending on the age, level of preparedness of athletes, their sports experience. For athletes younger age for 2-3 years. For qualified athletes for 4 and even 8 years.
Contents of the long-term plan training (athlete, team): 1) a brief description of involved; 2) the purpose of long-term training, the main tasks by year; 3) the structure of the multi-year cycle and the timing of macrocycles; 4) the main orientation of the training process by years of a multi-year cycle; 5) the main competitions, the main starts of the individual calendar, the planned results in each year; 6) control sports and technical indicators (standards) by years; 7) the total number of training days, classes, days of competition and rest by years of training; 8) general and specific parameters of the training load; 9) the system and timing of comprehensive monitoring, including medical examinations; 10) the schedule of training camps and places of employment.
To current planning documents include the schedule of the annual cycle of sports training, the team training plan for the year and the annual (individual) training plan for each athlete.
Schedule of the annual cycle of sports training - an organizational and methodological document that determines the content of the work for the training year, the most appropriate methodological sequence of passing the material by periods and months during the annual training cycle, the number of hours for each section of work and the distribution of time spent on passing the material of the sections by weeks during the year.
Annual training plan(team and individual) - consists of the following sections: a brief description of the group of trainees, the main tasks and means of training, their approximate distribution according to the allotted time, the approximate distribution of training loads by volume and intensity, the distribution of competitions, training sessions and rest, control standards, sports -technical indicators ( sports results), pedagogical and medical supervision.
operational planning includes a work plan, a plan-outline of a training session, a plan for preparing for individual competitions.
Work plan determines the specific content of classes for a specific training cycle or calendar period (for example, for a month). Outline of the training session compiled on the basis work program. This document defines the tasks, content and means of each part of the lesson, the dosage of exercises and organizational and methodological instructions.
Preparation plan for individual competitions(team and individual).
Control is aimed at collecting, evaluating and analyzing the necessary information about the actual course of the training process and the athlete's condition. It covers all aspects of the preparation process and allows you to purposefully manage it.
Planning and control are inseparable from each other. In order to obtain reliable and reliable information in the practice of sports, various control methods are used: collecting the opinions of athletes and coaches; analysis of the working documentation of the training process; pedagogical observations during training and competitions determination and registration of indicators characterizing the activity of athletes on training sessions(chronometry, pulsometry, dynamometry, video recording, etc.); tests (control tests) of various aspects of athletes' preparedness, biomedical measurements, etc. Control in the preparation of athletes should include, first of all, the assessment of training and competitive loads, since they are the main factor influencing the development of sports performance; the state of athletes, their readiness (physical, technical, etc.), sports results of athletes and their behavior in competitions.
Control over training and competitive loads. Speaking of training load, it should be borne in mind that this concept is understood as the functional surplus activity of the body (relative to the level of rest or another initial level), introduced by the performance of training exercises, and the degree of difficulties overcome in this case (L.P. Matveev).
Load control involves the assessment of its following characteristics (M.A. Godik): 1) specialized load, i.e. a measure of the similarity of a given training tool with a competitive exercise and, on the basis of this, the distribution of all funds into specialized and non-specialized ones, determining their ratio for a certain period of time (year, period, stage, month, week and one lesson); 2) coordination complexity of the load. To do this, it is necessary to highlight the signs, on the basis of which all training means will be divided into simple and complex. These signs include the speed and amplitude of movements, the presence or absence of active confrontation, lack of time, the suddenness of a change in the situation, etc.; 3) the orientation of the load, based on the predominant impact of the exercise used, its components on the development of a particular quality or functional system of the body. According to the direction, the following groups of loads are distinguished (N.I. Volkov): anaerobic alactic (speed-strength), anaerobic, glycolytic (speed) endurance, aerobic-anaerobic (all types physical ability), aerobic (general endurance), anabolic (strength and strength endurance); 4) the magnitude of the load, namely: the determination of the absolute or relative indicators of the volume and intensity of the external (physical) or internal (physiological) side of the load. In some cases, combined load indicators are informative, which are defined as the product (or ratio) of the parameters of physical and physiological loads. Naturally, the indicators used to control the loads will be different depending on the sport.
Physical fitness monitoring includes measuring the level of development of strength, speed, endurance, flexibility, agility and related abilities. The main method of control in this case is the method of control exercises (tests). When choosing tests, the following conditions must be observed: determine the purpose of testing; ensure standardization of measurement procedures; use tests with high values of reliability and informativeness; use tests, a technique that is relatively simple to perform and does not significantly affect the test results; tests should be so well mastered that when performing them, the athlete's efforts are aimed at achieving maximum results, and not at striving to perform the movement technically competently; have maximum motivation to achieve ultimate results in tests; have a system for grading achievements in tests.
The degree of development of physical abilities is determined using two groups of tests. The first group, which includes non-specific tests, is designed to assess general physical fitness, and the second group includes specific tests that are used to assess special physical fitness. It should be noted that the choice of tests for assessing physical fitness largely depends on the types of sports, age, qualifications of athletes, the structure of a one-year or multi-year cycle of sports training. Control over technical readiness consists in assessing what the athlete can do and how he performs the mastered movements - good or bad, effective or ineffective, effective or ineffective. In the process of control, the volume, versatility, efficiency and mastery of the technique of movements are evaluated. The first two criteria reflect the quantitative, and the last two - the qualitative side of technical readiness.
The volume of technique is determined by the total number of actions that an athlete performs in training sessions and competitions. In this case, the technique is evaluated on the fact of the execution of specific technical actions: fulfilled - did not fulfill, knows how - does not know how. For this purpose, visual observations, video recording, filming are used.
Versatility is determined by the degree of variety of techniques that an athlete owns. For example, in sports games and martial arts, this is the degree of variety of attacking and defensive actions. An informative indicator of the versatility of technique is the frequency of using different techniques and their correlation in training or competitive conditions.
The effectiveness of sports movement technique is determined by the degree of its proximity to the optimal variant. Depending on how it is determined: on the basis of comparison: with some standard or with the technique of highly qualified athletes or with the results in a competitive and control exercise - there are absolute, comparative and implementation effectiveness of the technique.
When determining the effectiveness of technology, three types of assessments are used - integral, differential and differential-total. Integral - evaluate the effectiveness of the exercise technique as a whole: differential ones are associated with the evaluation of some elements of a competitive or training exercise: differential -- total -- are determined on the basis of summing up the effectiveness of individual elements of the technique of a sports exercise.
