Under OFP understand the training process aimed at. Testing students' knowledge on the subject "physical culture

Some terms, definitions and formulas

Gymnastics. This word appeared almost three thousand years ago in Ancient Greece. It comes from the Greek word "hymnos", which means "naked". This is because athletes in those days competed naked.

Motor experience. Motor experience is understood as the volume of motor actions mastered by a person and ways of their use. The more of these actions and methods a person owns, the more versatile his motor experience.

Dynamics of physical exercises. One of the main sections of the biomechanics of physical exercises, which studies the patterns of movements of individual parts of the body and the entire human body in space and time.

Individual control over the state of the body. Such control can be carried out using Rufier Dixon auditions at least once a month at the same time of day. This test is carried out as follows. It is necessary to lie on your back and stay in this position for 5 minutes, after which you need to measure your heart rate for 15 seconds. (P1). Then within 45 sec. you need to perform 30 squats, lie down on your back again and measure your heart rate for the first (P2) and last (P3) 15 seconds. first minute of recovery. Efficiency is calculated by the formula:

With values from 0 to 2.9, performance is considered good; from 3.0 to 6.0 - medium; from 6.0 to 8.0 - satisfactory; over 8.0 - bad.

Rufier Dixon's tests help to objectively judge the functional state of the body.

Individual routine of the day. Under the regime of the day is understood the distribution of the main affairs and activities carried out by a person relatively constantly throughout each day. The main purpose of the mode is to ensure the optimal activity of the human body, its main functions and systems. The basis for the regulation of the daily routine is the alternation of activities.

Movement coordination- the ability to coordinate the movements of various parts of the body when performing elements and connections.

locomotion(from Latin - place + movement) - a set of movements that provide animals and humans with the opportunity to actively move in space.

General and special endurance. Endurance is divided into general and special. General endurance characterizes a person's ability to carry out work regardless of its specifics and conditions of performance. Special endurance, on the contrary, characterizes the ability to perform specific specific work for a long time, and in relatively certain conditions.

General physical training. General physical training is understood as a training process aimed at the comprehensive development of a person's physical qualities.

Warm up- performing a set of physical exercises shortly before training or competitions in order to mobilize the functions of the athlete's body in advance, prepare for the upcoming exercises on high level.

Sports uniform- this is the state of optimal readiness of an athlete for competitions. (3, p. 474.)

Technique of physical exercises. Technique is understood as a way of performing a movement that allows you to most effectively solve the problem. In the technique of any motor action, the basis, the leading link and the details of the technique are distinguished. Under the basis of technology is meant the composition and sequence of movements and elements included in the motor action. Under the leading link of technology is understood such an element of a motor action, without which this action cannot be performed. Technique details are separate elements and features of performing a holistic motor action, which depend on individual characteristics.

Physical education lesson It is divided into three parts: preparatory, main and final. The purpose of the preparatory part is to prepare the body for physical work. In the main part of the lesson, its main tasks are solved, which can be associated either with teaching motor actions and improving them, or with the development of physical qualities. The final part of the lesson has the task of ensuring the recovery of the body after physical exertion of the main part.

morning exercises promotes the transition of the body from a passive state after sleep to an active one, necessary for the upcoming activity.

Physical education- an organic part of general education; socio-pedagogical process aimed at strengthening health, harmonious development of the forms and functions of the human body. This is teaching various motor skills and abilities, transferring knowledge about physical culture (educational side); directed improvement physical health students.

Physical quality speed. Speed is understood as the properties of a person that allow him to make movements in a minimum amount of time. a short time. Speed is manifested in the speed of reaction and the speed of movement of the body or its links in space.

physical quality endurance. Endurance is understood as the properties of a person that provide him with the ability to resist fatigue and perform physical work for a long time without reducing its power. Human endurance depends on the capabilities of the respiratory and circulatory systems, energy supply of working muscles. The main criterion in the selection of exercises is not the magnitude of the load, but the time of execution.

Physical quality flexibility. Flexibility is understood as anatomical and morphological properties locomotive apparatus a person, allowing him to make movements with a greater amplitude. The main requirement for the development of flexibility is the preliminary "warming up" of the muscles, achieved by an intensive warm-up.

The physical quality is strength. Strength is understood as the properties of a person that allow him to act on external forces or actively counteract them due to muscle tension. The basic rule for the use of strength exercises is that they must be performed before the first signs of fatigue.

Under the physical culture of the individual the achieved level in the physical perfection of a person and the degree of use of the acquired qualities, skills and special knowledge in everyday life.

Physical Culture- part of the general culture of society, one of the areas of social activity aimed at improving health, development physical ability person.

Under physical load understand the measure of the impact of physical exercise on the human body, which consists of the alternation of physical work and rest. During physical culture, the amount of load on the body is provided by the speed of the exercise; the amount of weight on the working muscles: the duration of the exercise, the number of its repetitions, the rest interval between repetitions of the exercise.

Physical fitness- the result of physical training, i.e. a purposefully organized pedagogical process. Physical fitness is assessed using special standards (standards, requirements, test control).

Physical performance person. This is the ability of a person to perform a large amount of physical work in a given period of time. A person with a high working capacity gets tired more slowly and recovers faster.

Physical development- the process of morphological and functional development of the human body, its physical qualities, due to internal factors and living conditions.

physical perfection characterized by full health, highly developed qualities, possession of many applied and sports skills, harmonious development of body shapes and other indicators.

Physical ability- opportunities inherent in a person, realized in life, especially in motor activity, the basis of which is his physical qualities.

Physical exercise are used to improve the forms and functions of the body, improve health, develop physical abilities, form and improve motor skills and abilities necessary in life.

Functions of the respiratory system during exercise. Athletes increase their volume chest, become deeper inhalation and exhalation, the content of hemoglobin in the blood increases. All this contributes to a better supply nervous system, and especially the brain, oxygen. With systematic physical exercises, the strength of the intercostal respiratory muscles and diaphragm increases, the mobility of the chest increases and the motor volume of the lungs increases. An important indicator of respiratory efficiency is the vital capacity (VC), which is measured by the maximum amount of exhaled air after a full breath.

Based on the article by Byasharova Tatyana, Karpashevich Larisa

As noted above, physical training in basketball is one of the most important parts of the game. sports training and is a process aimed at developing to the required level of physical qualities. Physical training is divided into general and special. General physical training is understood as the process of harmonious development of motor qualities that have a positive impact on achievements in sports activities basketball player and the effectiveness of the training process. It is focused on creating a special basis necessary for the effective implementation of large volumes of work aimed at developing special motor qualities, technical and tactical training. A high level of functional readiness enables a basketball player to perform training work of a large volume and intensity, recover faster after training loads, and a variety of means improves coordination abilities and facilitates the process of building, improving technical and tactical skills by acquiring new motor skills. The corrective value of general physical training is to correct the shortcomings of the physique that impede the mastery of the rational technique of game actions.

The main means of general physical training include non-specialized exercises, among which the main place is given to general developmental exercises and exercises from other sports - cross-country running, weight training, sports and outdoor games, swimming, etc. Exercises from other sports are used for general physical development according to the specifics of basketball (Lvova Yu.I., 1973, Zatsiorsky V.M., 1970).

To develop general endurance and improve health, cross-country, swimming, skiing, etc. are used, to strengthen muscular system-exercises with weights of various weights, for the acquisition of speed - sprint run, and for the development of dexterity and coordination of movements - various sports and outdoor games and exercises on gymnastic apparatus. General developmental preparatory exercises with various objects (sticks, ropes, dumbbells, etc.) and without them, as well as on equipment and simulators, are designed for comprehensive physical development, primarily for beginners and poorly trained basketball players. With their help, mobility in the joints increases and the ability of the athlete to coordinate their movements improves. These exercises are also used to correct defects in physique and physical development. All these exercises are performed in a wide variety of conditions - in the forest, at the stadium, in specialized gymnastics halls, barbells, etc.

However, non-specialized (general physical) means of training are not rational for special training basketball player. Their use in unreasonable volumes leads to the expenditure of adaptive resources of the body due to the involvement in the work of non-specialized functional systems that do not take part or are secondary in the game activity of a basketball player and do not require significant development, as a result of which the balance of the content of training effects is disturbed. These inexpedient expenditures of the body's adaptive resource, as well as training time, occur due to a corresponding decrease in the volume of special physical training means, specialized exercises, and therefore the growth of a basketball player's sportsmanship slows down and his actually achieved indicators will be lower than potentially possible.

At the highest stages of sportsmanship, as a rule, a situation develops when the level of development of both specialized (special) and non-specialized (general) qualities in an athlete reaches very high rates. Their further retention at the achieved level, and even more so an increase, is associated with the maximum mobilization of the body's resources. In this regard, in the training of highly qualified basketball players, non-specialized exercises should be a relatively small part of the total training program ensuring that they are maintained at the required level. However, the same cannot be said about the training of low-skilled basketball players. For them, an increased volume of non-specialized exercises serves as the foundation on which it is possible to improve technical and tactical skills and special physical qualities (Zatsiorsky V.M., 1970).

In the practice of training highly qualified basketball players, one can often come across facts when in non-specialized (PPE exercises) they strive to achieve very high results, significantly exceeding the requirements. Such facts reduce the effectiveness of the training process due to the inexpedient waste of the body's adaptive resources. At the same time, the complete exclusion of general physical training means from the training of highly qualified basketball players is not advisable due to the fact that non-specialized exercises involve all components of the body without exception, which, in turn, stimulates the strengthening of these components and, consequently, the vitality of the whole organism in in general. The latter is a necessary condition for the effectiveness of the training process. Consequently, a variety of non-specialized exercises are necessary for every basketball player, but at the stages of higher sportsmanship they should act mainly as health-improving, rehabilitating means and provide motor training at the level of a non-specialized goal.

The use of non-specialized exercises in the warm-up. The specifics of the exercises used in the warm-up should correspond to the specifics of the upcoming main motor activity. This applies both to training and especially to competitions. The warm-up should contribute to the concentration of the body's reserves exactly where the most intense work is to be done. The inclusion in the warm-up of sufficiently intense non-specialized exercises (for example, long running) activates to a greater extent the functions and muscle groups, which in the main part of the training session will not function at a high and ultimate level. In this case, the adjustment of the body occurs "at the wrong address." There is a disorientation of the body. However, this does not mean that it is necessary to completely exclude non-specialized exercises from the warm-up. They should be included in it, but only in the initial part and necessarily in relaxed (in terms of volume and intensity) modes of their implementation - a variety of exercises under such conditions will increase the functional fitness of the body, prepare the athlete's musculoskeletal apparatus, will not even create a temporarily unnecessary regime of "the greatest favored” for non-basketball-specific motor functional systems. Reaching diverse and simple exercises OFP of the general activation of the body, subsequent specialized exercises with their ever-increasing intensity, this general background is transformed into a directed activation of specialized functional systems that will have to perform hard work in the main part of the training or competition.

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1. General physical training

General physical training (GPP) is a process of improving motor qualities aimed at the comprehensive and harmonious physical development of a person. FNA is a non-specialized (or relatively unspecialized) process physical education, the content of which is focused on improving functionality, overall performance, is the basis (base) for special training and achieving high results in selected form activity or sport.

The objectives of general physical training are to provide a high level of comprehensive physical fitness, maintain it for many years, thereby contributing to the preservation of good health and creative longevity.

The main means of general physical training are preparatory exercises used in various sports, the content of which is focused on creating broad prerequisites for success in a variety of activities. OFP is built using the patterns of transferring the training effect from preparatory exercises to the main ones performed in the main activity. It increases the overall level of functional capabilities of the body by increasing efficiency, diversifies physical qualities, systematically enriches the fund of human motor skills and abilities.

2. Methodological principles of physical education

Physical education is one of the types of the pedagogical process and it is subject to general principles pedagogy:

* awareness and activity,

* visibility,

* availability,

* systematic,

* dynamism.

However, in the field of physical education and, in particular, in the field of sports training, these principles are concretized and filled with content that reflects the specifics of the process.

The principle of consciousness and activity. This principle provides for the formation of a meaningful attitude and sustainable interest in physical exercise. This is provided by a certain motivation, for example, the desire to improve health, correct the physique, achieve high sports results. The motive may simply be the desire to actively relax or get good mark in physical culture. In any case, it is important that a clear personal motive for physical exercise is formulated and a sustainable interest in it develops. However, the necessary motivation to study for some students does not appear immediately. This will require individual explanatory work of the teacher with the student. At the same time, a conscious analysis and self-control of the successes and failures of the student himself is necessary.

The principle of visibility. Visualization is a necessary prerequisite for the development of movement. In the process of a training session, the main thing is to create a correct representation, an image of a motor task or a separate element before trying to complete it. Immediate visualization is a demonstration of a motor task by the teacher himself or by the most prepared student. But it can be supplemented with benefits, and technical means, and imitative actions with the help of objects, and figurative expressions. Training task can be perceived not only by the eyes, but also by other senses. Rhythm plays an important role in some sports movements. In this case, the concept of “visibility” includes auditory perception, which complements the visual one.

The principle of accessibility. This principle obliges to strictly take into account the age and gender characteristics, the level of preparedness, as well as individual differences in the physical and mental abilities of those involved. Accessibility does not mean the absence of difficulties in the educational and training process, but implies a feasible measure of these difficulties that can be successfully overcome. The person involved in this process is not a passive subject, but an active person. Full correspondence between the possibilities and difficulties in mobilizing all the forces of the practitioner means the optimal measure of accessibility.

The principle of systematicity. The principle of systematicity is, first of all, the regularity of classes, the rational alternation of loads and rest. The regularity of classes involves a rational alternation of psychophysical stress and rest. Any load has four phases: energy expenditure, recovery, over recovery, return to the initial level. That is why physical education classes are never held for two days in a row. In addition, it is precisely the need to observe the principle of systematicity that explains the program requirement for the discipline "Physical Education" - regular attendance at all classes provided for by the curriculum.

The principle of dynamism. The principle of dynamism, or the gradual increase in requirements, is to set more and more difficult tasks as the previous ones are completed. This is expressed in a gradual complication of motor tasks, in an increase in the volume and intensity of loads (subject to the principle of accessibility). When implementing the principle of dynamism, it is planned to regularly update the training material, as well as increase the volume and intensity of loads. Without updating the exercises, one cannot master a wide range of skills and abilities - a coordinating basis for mastering new, more complex motor tasks.

3. Fundamentals and stages of learning movements

physical motor education

IN multi-year process of physical education, in fact, there is constantly training in one or another motor action. Some of them are formed as skills, others as skills, and others are repeatedly transformed, acquiring the properties of skills and abilities. In general, this process is multi-stage and multi-layered. If, however, we consider the process of learning a single action, which is brought to a skill formed to a certain extent, then it is legitimate to talk about a relatively completed cycle of learning this action. There are three successive stages in this cycle:

Initial learning. Formation of the foundations of skill.

In-depth learning. Formation of skill in its integral contours and details.

The resulting processing of the action. The direct formation of a skill, its strengthening, improvement.

4. Development of physical qualities

Physical qualities are usually called those functional properties of the body that predetermine the motor capabilities of a person. Physical abilities are understood as relatively stable, innate and acquired functional capabilities of the organs and structures of the body, the interaction of which determines the effectiveness of the performance of motor actions.

In the domestic sports theory It is customary to distinguish five physical qualities: strength, speed, endurance, flexibility, dexterity. Their manifestation depends on the capabilities of the functional systems of the body, on their readiness for motor ones.

Power upbringing

force (or power abilities) in physical education is called the ability of a person to overcome external resistance or counteract it through muscle tension.

Nurturing speed

Rapidity is understood as a complex functional properties of a person, directly and predominantly determining the speed characteristics of movements, as well as motor reactions.

Endurance education.

Endurance is expressed through a set of physical abilities, maintaining the duration of work in various power zones: maximum, submaximal (near-limit), large and moderate loads. Each load zone has its own unique complex of reactions of organs and structures of the body.

Agility training.

Dexterity is usually called the ability to quickly, accurately, expediently, economically solve motor problems. Dexterity is expressed in the ability to quickly master new movements, accurately differentiate various characteristics of movements and control them, improvise in the process of motor activity in accordance with a changing situation.

Education of flexibility.

Flexibility - the ability to perform movements with a large amplitude. The presence of flexibility is associated with a heredity factor, but it is also affected by age and regular exercise.

5. Formation of mental qualities

In the process of physical (sports) training, trainees have a significant impact on the formation of moral, volitional and mental qualities, which become permanent personality traits. This allows those involved to show them in educational, labor, social and other activities, as well as in everyday life and in the family. These qualities include diligence, discipline, a sense of responsibility for the results of their work, courage and determination, purposefulness, perseverance, endurance and self-control.

Physical culture provides unlimited opportunities for the aesthetic education of the individual. It brings up the ability to perceive and understand beauty in movements. human body, in the perfection of its lines and forms, the development of physical, moral, volitional and mental qualities.

Of particular importance is the formation of psychophysical resistance to various environmental conditions: the ability to show the stability of attention, perception, memory, their concentration and switching in conditions of lack of time, mental fatigue, neuro-emotional stress, stress; the use of physical culture to optimize performance, prevention of neuro-emotional and psychophysical fatigue; efficiency improvement educational work students and further their professional work.

6. General physical training. Its goals and objectives

General physical training (GPP) is a process of improving motor physical qualities aimed at the comprehensive and harmonious physical development of a person.

Physical fitness contributes to an increase in functionality, overall performance, is the basis (base) for special training and achievement of high results in a chosen field of activity or sport. The following tasks can be assigned to the OFP:

* to achieve a harmonious development of the muscles of the body and the corresponding strength of the muscles;

* acquire general endurance;

* increase the speed of performing a variety of movements, general speed abilities;

* increase the mobility of the main joints, muscle elasticity;

* improve dexterity in a wide variety of (domestic, labor, sports) activities, the ability to coordinate simple and complex movements;

* learn to perform movements without undue stress, master the ability to relax.

The main target task of physical training of the main contingent of students is general physical training.

Intensity zones and energy consumption for various physical activities

When performing physical exercises, there is a certain load on the human body, which causes an active reaction from the functional systems. To determine the degree of tension of functional systems under load, intensity indicators (power and tension of muscular work) are used, which characterize the body's response to a given work. The most informative indicator of the intensity of the load (especially in cyclic sports) is the heart rate (HR).

7. Physiologists have identified four zones of intensity of loads according to heart rate

Zero intensity zone (compensatory) - heart rate up to 130 beats / min. With such an intensity of the load, there is no effective effect on the body, so the training effect can only be experienced by poorly trained trainees. However, in this zone of intensity, prerequisites are created for the further development of fitness: the network of blood vessels in the skeletal and cardiac muscles expands, and the activity of other functional systems (respiratory, nervous, etc.) is activated.

The first training zone (aerobic) - heart rate from 130 to 150 beats / min. This milestone is called the readiness threshold. Work in this zone of intensity is provided by aerobic energy supply mechanisms, when energy is produced in the body with a sufficient supply of oxygen.

Energy consumption when doing various sports per 500 m:

Track and field running - 50 kcal

Skating - 35 kcal

Swimming - 200 kcal

Cross-country skiing (10 km) - 550 kcal

Cycling (10 km) - 300 kcal

8. Importance of muscle relaxation during sports

Each muscle connected by a joint is opposed by another, attached to the same joint, but on the other side of it and ensuring the movement of some part of the body in the other direction. Such oppositely located muscles are called antagonists. Almost every large muscle has its own antagonist.

The ability to spontaneously reduce excess tension during muscular activity or to relax antagonist muscles is of great importance in everyday life, work, and sports, since it relieves or reduces physical and mental stress.

IN strength exercises unnecessary tension of the antagonist muscles reduces the magnitude of the externally manifested force. In exercises that require endurance, it leads to unnecessary expenditure of strength and to more rapid fatigue. But excessive tension especially interferes with high-speed movements: it greatly reduces the maximum speed.

Possibility and conditions of correction of general physical development, physique, motor and functional readiness by means of physical culture and sports

The possibilities of physical culture in improving health, correcting the physique and posture, increasing overall performance, and mental stability are very large, but ambiguous.

Correction of physical development. Not all signs of physical development are equally amenable to correction at student age: the most difficult thing is height, much easier is body weight and individual anthropometric indicators (chest circumference, hips, etc.).

Experience shows that the most favorable effect on growth stimulation is sport games(basketball, volleyball, badminton, tennis, etc.). They are recommended to be combined with loads of moderate power (swimming, skiing, running) 2-3 times a week for 40-120 minutes. Contribute to growth and daily special jumping exercises (jump ropes, multiple jumps), hanging exercises on the bar or gymnastic wall. Hanging exercises, in addition, strengthen the muscular "corset", counteract the subsidence of the vertebrae and help maintain good posture.

Unlike height, body weight is subject to significant changes in both directions with regular exercise or sports (with a balanced diet).

Correction of motor and functional readiness of student youth is closely connected with the peculiarities of the development of coordination and functional abilities of a person in ontogenesis. Numerous studies have shown that the most favorable period for mastering technology sports movements- age up to 14-15 years. But this does not mean that dexterity cannot be improved at student age. Coordination abilities can be developed through practicing certain sports. But for the first time, it is not advisable to start those sports that require high coordination in order to achieve the highest sports achievements at a student's age - the most favorable age period has already ended.

9. Special physical training

Special physical training is the process of educating physical qualities, which ensures the predominant development of those motor abilities required for a specific sports discipline(sport) or type of work activity.

Special physical training is very diverse in its focus, but all its types can be reduced to two main groups:

sports training;

professional-applied physical training.

10. The structure of the preparedness of an athlete

The structure of an athlete's preparedness includes technical, physical, tactical and mental elements.

Technical readiness should be understood as the degree of mastering by an athlete of the technique of the system of movements of a particular sport. It is closely related to the physical, mental and tactical capabilities of the athlete, as well as to the conditions of the external environment. Changes to competition rules, use of other sports equipment significant impact on content. technical readiness athletes.

The structure of technical readiness always contains the so-called basic and additional movements.

The basic ones include movements and actions that form the basis of the technical equipment of this sport. Mastering the basic movements is mandatory for an athlete specializing in this sport.

Additional include minor movements and actions, elements of individual movements that do not violate its rationality and at the same time are characteristic of the individual characteristics of this athlete.

Physical fitness is the ability of the body's functional systems. It reflects the necessary level of development of those physical qualities on which competitive success in a particular sport depends.

The tactical readiness of an athlete depends on how much he masters the means of sports tactics (for example, techniques necessary for the implementation of the chosen tactics), its types (offensive, defensive, counterattacking) and forms (individual, group, team).

Mental preparedness is heterogeneous in its structure. Two relatively independent and at the same time interconnected aspects can be distinguished in it: volitional and special mental preparedness.

11. Professional and applied physical training as a component of special training

As a kind of physical education, professional-applied physical training is a pedagogically directed process of providing specialized physical fitness for the chosen professional activity. In other words, it is basically a learning process that enriches the individual fund of professionally useful motor skills and abilities, the development of physical and directly related abilities, on which professional capacity directly or indirectly depends.

12. Forms of physical exercise

On the basis of state standards of higher professional education, universities independently (taking into account the content of the approximate curriculum on physical culture, local conditions and interests of students) determine the forms of physical education. At present, obligatory lesson (educational) and extracurricular forms of classes are used.

Training sessions are the main form of physical education. They are available in the curricula of the university at all faculties. Training sessions can be:

theoretical, practical, control;

elective practical classes (optional) and optional;

individual and individual-group additional classes (consultations);

self-study on assignment and under the supervision of the teacher.

The obligatory theoretical section of the program is presented to students in the form of lectures (in some cases, group lessons). The practical section consists of two subsections: methodical-practical and educational-training. The practical section is implemented in training sessions of various directions, and in the sports training department - in training sessions.

Individual, individual-group additional classes (consultations) are held according to the appointment and schedule of the Department of Physical Education for students who cannot cope with the test requirements, as well as for those who want to deepen their knowledge and practical skills.

Self-study can be carried out on the instructions and under the supervision of a teacher both in school hours and outside of school hours. A separate chapter of the textbook is devoted to this type of training. Control classes are designed to provide operational, current and final information on the degree of assimilation educational material. Control classes are held during the semester after passing individual sections of the program. At the end of the semester and academic year, students of all educational departments take tests in physical culture, and at the end of the entire course - an exam.

Extracurricular activities are organized in the form of:

physical exercises and recreational activities in the mode of the school day (morning exercises);

classes in sections organized by the trade union, sports club or other intra-university organizations;

amateur physical exercises, sports, tourism;

mass recreational, physical culture and sports intra-university and extra-university events ( sport competitions, sports holidays).

The relationship of various forms of educational and extracurricular activities creates conditions that provide students with the use of a scientifically substantiated amount of motor activity necessary for the normal functioning of the body young man student age.

13. Mass sports and port highest achievements, their goals and objectives

Every person has been involved in mass sports at least once in his life, no doubt. With its help, people all over the world gain the opportunity to improve their physical qualities and motor abilities, improve their health and prolong creative longevity, and, therefore, resist the undesirable effects on the body of modern ecology, the frantic pace of information life, in which almost the whole world is now spinning. From this we can deduce the goals of mass sports, which are to promote health, improve one's physical health and gain active rest. Mass sport is a continuous social experiment, during which humanity learns its capabilities, accumulates and improves human capital, and expands its potential. Mass sport, performing developing, educational, patriotic, communicative functions, unites and coordinates individuals and social groups, develops the nation. In modern conditions, the importance of solving the complex task of training professional, in-demand and highly paid mass sports personnel - teachers of physical education and physical education, instructors, trainers, organizers sports events etc. At the same time, the development of mass sports in modern Russian society is extremely difficult. Shortcomings of equipment, high-quality inventory, modern information equipment gyms, the level of sanitary and hygienic conditions, a weak program and methodological base, steadily declining professionalism and low salaries of physical education teachers have led the Russian system of physical education to seriously lag behind the current level required. Mass sports in many respects repeats and converges with physical training (culture). Unlike it, the sport of the highest achievements sets itself completely different goals and objectives. In the elective course of the academic discipline "Physical Education", the departments of physical education can provide students with a choice of not only individual sports, but also the most popular systems of physical exercises.

Along with mass sports there is a sport of the highest achievements, or big sport. Target big sport fundamentally different from the purpose of the mass. This is the achievement of the highest possible sports results or victories in major sports competitions. Any highest achievement of an athlete is not only of personal importance, but becomes a national treasure, as records and victories at the largest international competitions contribute to strengthening the country's prestige on the world stage. Today, the sport of the highest achievements is so far the only model of activity in which the functioning of almost all body systems in outstanding champions can manifest itself in the zone of absolute physiological and mental limits of a healthy person. This allows not only to penetrate the secrets of maximum human capabilities, but also to determine the ways of rational development and use of the natural abilities that each person has in his professional and social activities, increasing overall performance. To achieve this goal, special systems of exercises, training, correct execution where maximum results can be achieved. Developments are carried out with the help of leading research institutes. Thus, the sport of the highest achievements allows, on the basis of the identified individual characteristics and capabilities of a person in a particular sport, to achieve maximum, record-breaking results.

14. Sports competitions as a means and method of general and special physical training of students

Sports competitions are one of the most effective forms of organizing mass recreation and sports work. Competitions act not only as a form, but also as a means of activating general physical, sports-applied and sports training of students.

Sports results are, in essence, an integrative indicator of the quality and effectiveness of a student's psychophysical training, carried out during training sessions. In the conditions of competitions, students more fully demonstrate their own. physical possibilities. That is why the acceptance of standards for general physical training in training sessions is carried out in a competitive environment at test competitions in a training group or on a training stream.

Thus, sports competitions can act both as a means of training and as a method of monitoring the effectiveness of the training process.

15. Sports classification

The number of international and national sports is now so great that it is difficult to review, and the emergence of new sports is clearly accelerating. In the future, in all likelihood, the field of sports will be replenished with new types. In principle, it can include the "material" of the most various kinds activities, provided, of course, that it is formalized as a subject sports competition and is used according to the laws of sports improvement. At the very general overview sports that have received wide international distribution by now, among them it is possible, without detailing, to distinguish five groups that differ significantly in the nature of the athlete's activity, the source and method of achieving a sports result.

Group 1 - sports that are highly active motor activity, achievements in which are to a decisive extent derived from the physical and directly related abilities of the athlete. This includes most of the main sports, which, of course, have intra-group differences.

2nd group - sports, the operational basis of which is the athlete's actions to control external "self-propelled" vehicles (motorcycle, car, glider, airplane, yacht, ice floe, etc.), due to the skillful use of which sportsmanship is achieved. result.

3rd group - technical and design sports, in competitions in which not so much the direct competitive actions of athletes are compared, but the results - objects of conditional modeling and design activities (aircraft, car models, etc.).

4th group - shooting sports (with the use of firearms or other small arms, in particular a bow), in which the athlete's motor activity is strictly limited by the conditions for hitting the target.

5th group - abstract game sports, the outcome of competitions in which is determined to a decisive extent not by the athlete's motor activity, but by the abstract and logical outplaying of an opponent (varieties of chess and drafts sports, etc.).

Although this list is not exhaustive, it is already clear from it that quite diverse types of activity manifestations of human strengths, abilities, and skills have historically entered the field of sports. At the same time, a number of "ancient" sports (such as, for example, the motive basis of which is running, jumping, throwing, defense and attack techniques in martial arts) historically arose on the basis of the initial forms of labor and combat actions. Labor practice and military affairs significantly influence the formation modern species sports, especially professional-applied and military-applied. At the same time, the forms of sports movements and actions inevitably change, acquire differences from their original basis, developing in accordance with the laws of sports improvement. The formation of new sports in the last century is increasingly taking place on the material accumulated in the field of sports itself (in particular, by modifying its previously established types), and at the same time under the influence of the interaction of related cultural spheres.

This is how sports acrobatics, sports and rhythmic gymnastics, trampoline sports, sports freestyle, roller skating, speed skating short sprint and a number of other sports arose in their time. It is also characteristic that the emergence of an increasing number of them is due to technical progress, which allows expanding the scope of sports activities: parachuting, sports hang gliding, varieties underwater sports etc. As already noted, the absolute majority existing species sports - the entire vast first group and a significant part of the second group - are the main means of physical education, used as the most effective means directed impact on the development of physical qualities and closely related abilities of the individual. In the future, such sports, one must think, will not lose their dominant position in the sphere of sports proper and education. This is primarily due to the specific social functions of sport, the most important of which is to be a factor in the physical improvement of a person in the conditions of a radical change in the living environment and tendencies to reduce motor activity in a number of areas of life. But this, of course, does not exclude the further development of the sports of all other groups that contribute to intellectual education, technical education and the general progress of the individual.

16. The system of student sports competitions

The entire system of student sports competitions is based on the principle “from simple to complex”, i.e. from intra-university test competitions in the study group, on the course (often according to simplified rules) to inter-university ones, etc. to international student competitions.

Intra-university sports competitions include test competitions within study groups, study flows on the course, competitions between courses of faculties, between faculties. Depending on the content of the “Regulations on the competition”, the competition can be either personal (for each speaker), or team, or personal-team; accessible to every student, or for " sports elite» study group, course, faculty, determined at the preliminary competitive stages. But in any case, at the first stages of this system of intra-university competitions, every student can participate, regardless of his level. sports preparedness.

The strongest student-athletes usually participate and compete in interuniversity competitions personally or as part of teams of individual courses, faculties, universities.

Target tasks of interuniversity competitions, as well as their sports level, can be very different: for example, friendly sports matches between students of the same faculties of different universities or between teams of single-profile educational institutions. The purpose of such competitions is rather to establish personal contacts between future colleagues in the profession than to find out the sports advantage. However, it can also be set sports task-- to achieve the best sports result in competitions between the universities of the city, region or universities of Russia. This determines the level of sports readiness of students of each university, and, consequently, the nature of the attitude in individual educational institutions to sports interests students and to create the necessary conditions for the sports improvement of student-athletes.

At the level of individual universities, on the initiative of the administration and public organizations, international sports meetings can be organized. International student competitions are also organized by interuniversity public sports associations.

17. Student's individual choice of sports (motivation and justification)

Striving to be healthy

Desire to look beautiful

Opportunity to express yourself

Intellectual and spiritual development

The presence of passion and struggle

Ability to chat with friends

Achievement of sports results

Along with the desire to be healthy, students emphasize the desire to look beautiful. What young person would not like to have slim figure, to be strong, enduring, dexterous, and all this plays an important role in the self-affirmation of a young person in the circle of his peers, in the educational and labor collective.

Health, physical development and image to a decisive extent depend on the level of the general culture of students, the nature and direction of value orientations, the awareness of physical culture not only as a tool for improving the motor apparatus, but also as a sphere for realizing the ideals and aspirations of a person.

As many years of experience show, when choosing sports (or systems of physical exercises), the majority of students do not have a clear, conscious and reasonable motivation.

Most often, the choice is determined by chance: sometimes with a friend or girlfriend; then the teacher is more likeable; that schedule is more convenient ... Much less often, the choice is based on a steady interest in a particular sport or on an understanding of the need to perform certain physical exercises in order to correct shortcomings in one's physical development or functional fitness. A random choice, as a rule, leads to a loss of interest and a decrease in activity, which means that classes will not be effective.

Brief psychophysical characteristics of the main groups of sports and modern systems exercise

1) Sports that mainly develop individual physical qualities

The problem of accentuated education and improvement of basic physical qualities - endurance, strength, speed, flexibility, dexterity - is less complicated on early stages systematic physical exercises, since during this period, beginners, as a rule, simultaneously improve all these qualities. It is no coincidence that at this stage of preparation, the complex method of training gives the greatest effect. However, as fitness increases in any individual physical capacity, with a gradual increase in sports qualifications from a beginner to a sportsman-athlete, the value of mutual positive effect("transfer") gradually decreases. With a high level of preparedness, the development of one physical quality begins to slow down the development of another.

2) Sports that mainly develop endurance. The development of endurance in the process of sports training is one of the effective means achieving high performance, which is based on the resistance of the central nervous system and a number of functional systems of the body to fatigue.

The physiological mechanisms of this process are very complex. High performance is ensured due to various changes in the body of an adaptive (adaptive) nature, occurring under the influence of regular workout: morphological and functional development of the heart muscle, increasing the elasticity of the walls of blood vessels, increasing the supply of energy-rich substances in the muscles and internal organs, high efficiency and stability of the nervous system. Sports that focus on developing general endurance include all cyclic views sports in which physical activity continues for a relatively long time against the background of a predominant increase in aerobic (oxygen) metabolism in the human body: race walking, running for medium, long and over long distances, cycling, ski race and biathlon, swimming, most of the distances in speed skating, orienteering, triathlon.

A high level of general endurance is one of the main indications of a person's excellent health. With the help of regular sports activities that develop general endurance, it is possible to significantly improve individual indicators of physical development: increase chest excursion and lung capacity, significantly reduce fat layer, i.e. excess body weight. Such exercises allow a practically healthy person, but with reduced functionality of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, to increase overall performance, to resist fatigue.

3) Sports that mainly develop strength and speed-strength qualities. In various sports, in life situations, strength can manifest itself in different ways, in combination with other physical qualities. That is why they say about individual manifestations of strength qualities: absolute strength, relative strength, strength endurance, speed-strength qualities. Behind each of these qualities are certain sports, various methods of developing strength qualities, different goals in achieving sports, work and life goals.

4) Sports that develop mainly speed. Speed should not be confused with the speed of movement (running, skating). In addition to the speed of the reaction of a motor action, the speed of movement is determined by both strength readiness and rationality (technique) of a motor exercise.

In order to cultivate the speed of movements in students, specially organized classes are required in preparation for the implementation of mandatory test standards, for example, in the 100-meter run. improvement of speed qualities in each sport.

The physical quality of speed is not essential in health promotion, physique correction. However, the development of speed is a necessary element in the training of representatives of a number of sports disciplines.

5) Sports that mainly develop coordination of movements (dexterity). Dexterity determines the success of mastering new sports and labor movements, the manifestation of strength and endurance. Good coordination of movements contributes to the learning of professional skills and abilities. Therefore, the development of dexterity should be given time in terms of general physical and sports training of students. This is ensured by a sufficient variety and novelty of available exercises from various sports to create a stock of motor skills and improve coordination abilities among those involved.

The greatest effect in the education of dexterity is provided by such complex coordination sports as sports acrobatics, sports and artistic gymnastics, diving, trampoline, ski jumping, slalom, freestyle, figure skating and sports games.

All these types (except sports games) do not have a significant effect on the cardiovascular and respiratory system, but make significant demands on the preparation of the neuromuscular apparatus, on the volitional qualities of athletes.

Due to the complexity and duration of the formation of coordination movements, it makes no sense to start specializing in these sports at a student age in order to achieve the highest sports results. The foundation of complex coordination movements is laid in childhood and requires many years of regular systematic training.

6) Sports of a complex, versatile effect on the body of those involved

This group is characterized by a multifaceted impact on those involved: a whole complex of psychophysical qualities, motor skills and applied knowledge develops and improves.

Here we can distinguish characteristic subgroups:

* sports related to direct contact wrestling with an opponent, i.e. types of martial arts;

* sport games;

* all-around.

So, we briefly got acquainted with the basics of physical training and found out that health is affected not only by sports training and fitness, but also by the moral and psychological qualities of a person. Physical training has a positive effect on human health, increases the body's resistance, improves overall well-being. A person involved in sports should be ready for the load on his body, follow the training regimen, and also not disrupt the cycle of his work. In general, moderate physical training has a beneficial effect on the well-being of a person and on the work of all his organs.

List of used literature

1) Student's physical culture: Textbook / Ed. IN AND. Ilyinich. M.: Gardariki, 2000. - 448 p.

2) Matveev L.P. Theory and methods of physical culture / L.P. Matveev. - M.: FiS, 1991. - 347 p.

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