Tactical training in sports. – in necessary cases, the external conditions of the competition are also simulated

Purposeful uses techniques V competitive activity to solve competitive problems, taking into account the rules of the competition, positive and negative characteristics of preparedness, as well as environmental conditions - called sports tactics.

Each sport leaves a certain imprint on the tactics of conducting a competitive struggle, therefore, the interpretation and definitions of this concept in various types sports can differ from each other to some extent. So for example, in game types sports tactics are defined as the organization of individual and collective actions of players aimed at achieving victory over the enemy.

In general, the meaning of tactics is in using the techniques of competitive activity in such a way that they allow the athlete to most effectively realize his capabilities (physical, technical, mental) at the lowest cost to overcome the opponent's resistance. The basis of sports tactics should be the correspondence of the tactical plan and the behavior of the athlete during the competition to the level of development of his physical and mental qualities, technical preparedness and theoretical knowledge. In addition to the choice of methods, techniques and actions, it includes a rational distribution of forces in the process of performing competitive exercises; the use of methods of psychological influence on the enemy and disguise of intentions.

Tactics can refer to competitive, starting (battle, duel, fight, start, etc.) and situational goals. A feature of tactics is its individual, group or team character, determined by the sport, sports discipline and features of the competition.

Different variants of competitive activity tactics can be solved with different composition of participants:

Individual athletes in individual sports that have their own individual tasks and are not related to other team members (martial arts, cyclical sports, complex coordination and speed-strength disciplines). Such tactics are individual;

A group of athletes who have common tasks and perform the same functions and the same work in the course of competitive activity ( group exercises V rhythmic gymnastics, synchronized swimming, rowing in carriages, relay race, team race in cycling) - this tactic refers to the group;

A team of athletes who have common tasks, but perform different functions in competitive activity (game) - goalkeeper, defense line, middle line and attack. This tactic belongs to the team.

Depending on the specifics of the sport, the qualifications of the athlete, the situation that arose in the competition, one can single out: algorithmic, probabilistic and heuristic nature of tactics.

Algorithmic tactics provides for the implementation of actions in a strictly planned sequence according to a predetermined plan. This is typical for sports with minimal variability of tactical decisions (throwing, weightlifting, rowing, speed skating, etc.).

Probabilistic tactics conducting a competitive struggle involves "deliberately impromptu" actions, in which only a certain beginning is planned; options for continuing actions depend on the specific reactions of the opponent and partners, the situation that develops in the competition.

Heuristic tactics is built on the impromptu response of athletes, depending on the situation that has arisen during a competitive duel.

The success of competitive activity is associated with many factors, including the level of preparedness of partners and rivals and their morphometric data.

In a number of sports, especially in sports games, boxing at a professional level, there is even a specially organized "reconnaissance", which consists in regular observation and video recording of the performances of prospective opponents, assessing the level of their preparedness and developing recommendations for building tactics of competitive activity.

Of great importance in developing a model of future competitive activity are the height-weight data of rivals in combination with the technique of performing exercises. All this has a particularly pronounced effect on the course of a duel in martial arts and sports games. For example, in boxing - left-sided or right-sided stance, arm length, height, in handball and basketball - the presence of tall players, etc.

Sports and tactical training- pedagogical process aimed at mastering rational forms of management wrestling in the process of specific competitive activity. It includes: study general provisions tactics of the chosen sport, refereeing techniques and regulations on competitions, tactical experience of the strongest athletes; mastering the skills to build your tactics in the upcoming competitions; modeling the necessary conditions in training and control competitions for the practical mastery of tactical formations. Its result is to provide a certain level tactical readiness athlete or team. Tactical preparedness is closely related to the use of a variety of techniques, methods of their implementation, the choice of offensive, defensive, counterattacking tactics and its forms (individual, group or team).

The practical implementation of tactical preparedness involves the solution of the following tasks: creation of a holistic view of the fight; formation of an individual style of competitive wrestling; decisive and timely implementation decisions taken thanks to rational methods; and actions taking into account the characteristics of the opponent, environmental conditions, refereeing, competitive situation, own condition, etc.

The high tactical skill of an athlete is based on a good level of technical, physical, and mental aspects of preparedness. The basis of sports and tactical mastery is tactical knowledge, skills, abilities and quality of tactical thinking.

Under tactical knowledge athlete means information about the principles and rational forms of tactics developed in selected form sports. Tactical knowledge finds practical application in the form of tactical skills and abilities. In unity with the formation of tactical knowledge, skills and abilities, tactical thinking develops. It is characterized by the ability of an athlete to quickly perceive, evaluate, isolate and process information that is essential for solving tactical problems in a competition, to foresee the actions of an opponent and the outcome of competitive situations, and most importantly, to find in the shortest way among several possible solutions the one that would most likely lead to success. .

There are two types of tactical training: general and special. General tactical training is aimed at mastering the knowledge and tactical skills necessary for success sports competitions in the chosen sport; special tactical training- to master the knowledge and tactical actions necessary for successful performance in specific competitions and against a specific opponent.

Questions to control the learned material.

1 What is called sports tactics?

2 Describe the features of tactics: individual,

group team nature, determined by the sport.

3 Describe "algorithmic tactics",

4 Describe "probabilistic tactics"

5 Describe "heuristic tactics".

6 What is sports and tactical training 7 List the tasks of tactical readiness .

8 General and special tactical training

Tactical Preparation of an athlete is aimed at mastering sports tactics and achieving tactical mastery in the chosen sport. Tactics is a set of forms and methods of wrestling in a competitive environment.

There are individual, group and team tactics. Tactics can also be passive, active and combined (mixed).

Passive tactics - it is the prearranged provision of the initiative to the enemy in order to take active actions at the right moment. For example, the finishing "throw" from behind while running, cycling, counterattack in boxing, fencing, football, etc.

Active tactics - This is the imposition of actions beneficial to the opponent. For example, running with an irregularly changing speed, the so-called ragged run, abrupt transitions from active offensive combat in boxing to a slow one. Frequent change of techniques and combinations in football, handball; achieving a high result immediately in the first attempt, race, swim - in long and high jumps, throwing, cycling, swimming, etc.

mixed tactics includes active and passive forms of competitive wrestling.

The tactics of an athlete in competitions is determined, first of all, by the task that is set before him. All the variety of such tasks can ultimately be reduced to four:

1. Show the maximum, record result.
2. Defeat the opponent no matter what the result is shown.
3. Win the competition and at the same time show the highest result.
4. Show a result sufficient to qualify for the next round of the competition - quarter-finals, semi-finals and finals.

From the solution of any one of these tasks in the competition, it will depend on what tactics the athlete or team will choose. There are 4 tactical forms of conducting competitive struggle:

1. Tactics records. IN cyclic types In sports, the tactics of leading during the competition are most often used. The athlete assumes the role of leader long before the finish line and tries to keep the advantage until the end of the competition. This tactic can unbalance the main competitors, make them nervous, change their tactical plans.

There are two options for leadership tactics:

leading with a uniform speed when passing a distance - in running, swimming, rowing;

leading with a change in speed, pace at a distance.

Most of the world records in endurance sports have been set while running evenly. This is explained by the fact that from a physiological point of view, an uneven mode of operation, in comparison with a uniform one, causes an increased energy consumption. Therefore, it is used only by fairly well-trained athletes.

2. Tactics winning competitions regardless from shown result. This tactic is usually used in the final competitions, as well as when the shown sports result cannot affect the final distribution of places between the main rivals. Any of the tactics must be carefully prepared in the process of training.

When solving this complex problem, as a rule, an athlete:

1. seeks to achieve maximum performance and break away from rivals at the beginning of the competition ("separation tactics") - develop top speed in the first half of the distance; jump to the maximum length or height in the first valid attempt; perform well the most difficult exercise in the first part of the compulsory or free programs in gymnastics;
2. saves strength for the decisive finishing spurt ("finish spurt tactics"). After the start, he immediately takes a place behind the leader and closely monitors all competitors or stays in the leading group, preparing to take a maneuver at any moment;
3. deliberately changes the speed, pace of movements, individual tactics and their combinations during the competition ("tactics of exhausting the opponent" - sharply changes the speed at a distance in running, swimming, cross-country skiing, conducts repeated episodic explosive attacks in boxing, in fencing), often changes techniques, thereby putting the opponent in a difficult position.
3. Tactics winning competitions With high result. This is a pretty rare tactic. It occurs when places in competitions are determined without finals, i.e. according to the results shown in various races, attempts, swims - in speed skating, weightlifting, swimming.

When solving this problem, two situations are possible:

1. when the main rivals have already started and the athlete knows their result;
2. when the main competitors start in subsequent races, swims.

In the first case, the athlete must show a result higher than that of his main rival ("tactics of beating the opponent's result"):

a) cover the distance according to the opponents' schedule with a small margin - in running, swimming, rowing, etc.;
b) lift a barbell with more weight than a competitor;
c) throw a projectile at a greater distance;
d) score more goals, score more points - in football, handball, wrestling, etc.

In the second case, the athlete strives to show a high result in the first attempts ("tactics of the first blow", "tactics of separation").

4. Tactics exit V another tour competitions. Some athletes show high results in the preliminary competitions, spending a lot of energy, and in the finals, without having time to rest, they significantly reduce their achievements and lose. Other athletes save too much energy in the preliminary part of the competition and, as a result, do not get into the final. To avoid these errors, you must:
1. Know how many athletes (teams) get into the final.
2. Have an idea about the strength of opponents.
3. Be able to show a result sufficient to reach the semi-final, final.

In the practice of sports, when solving this tactical problem, an athlete (team) seeks:

1. Show a result sufficient to exit next stage competitions ("tactics of rational distribution of forces during the competition").
2. Show high results at each stage of the competition ("tactics of maintaining psychological advantage and invincibility").

Types, tasks and means of tactical training of an athlete

General tactical Preparation is aimed at teaching the athlete a variety of tactics. Special tactical Preparation is aimed at mastering and improving sports tactics in the chosen sport.

In the process of tactical training, the following main tasks are solved:

1. The acquisition by an athlete of knowledge on sports tactics (about its effective forms, development trends in selected and related sports).
2. Collection of information about the opponents, the conditions of the upcoming competitions, the mode of competition, the socio-psychological atmosphere in this country and the development of a tactical plan for the athlete's performance in the competition.
3. Development and improvement of tactical methods of conducting competitive struggle.
4. Formation of tactical thinking and abilities directly related to it - observation, quick wits, creative initiative, foresight of the enemy's tactical plans, the results of his and his own actions, the speed of switching from one tactical action to another, depending on the specific situation of the competition and the actions of the enemy.

Mastering the techniques of psychological influence on the opponent and masking one's own intentions.

By specific means tactical training are physical exercises, ie. motor actions used to solve certain tactical tasks.

There are three main phases in tactical actions:

1. perception and analysis of the competitive situation;
2. mental solution of a tactical problem;
3. motional solution of a tactical problem.

They can model individual tactics or integral forms of competition tactics. Depending on the stage of preparation, these exercises are applied:

a) in light conditions;
b) in complicated conditions;
c) in conditions as close as possible to the competition.

Knowledge of tactics is the basis of creative thinking in solving individual and collective problems.

The athlete must know:

rules of competitions, features of their refereeing and holding; the conditions of the competition and their opponents;
· bases of tactical actions in sports, their dependence on physical, technical and strong-willed readiness; the main features of the tactics of their sport, etc.

All means, methods and forms of competitive struggle are described in tactical terms.

Tactical plan - it is a program of basic actions of individual athletes or a team. It is compiled in the process of preparing for the competition and is finally specified by the time the competition starts.

The tactical plan has the following sections:

1. The main task that is set for the athlete or team in these competitions.
2. The general form of tactical struggle - active, passive, combined.
3. The distribution of forces throughout the competition, taking into account the mode of competition.
4. Distribution of forces during each performance (graph of the speed of passing the distance, the pace of the game, the battle, the duration and nature of the warm-up).
5. Possible switching from one type of tactics to another, directly in the process of competition due to possible changes in tasks.
6. Ways to disguise your own intentions (actions).
7. Data on opponents, weaknesses and strengths in their preparation.
8. Data about the places of the competition, about the weather, about the refereeing of the upcoming competitions and about the spectators.

The tactical plan has the main sections: a) the main task; b) the general form of tactical struggle (offensive, active-defensive, defensive) and its variant in relation to the conditions of these competitions. In sports games, in addition, it is necessary to provide for a game system, combinations, and private techniques in the interaction of players. In other sports - the possibility of using group tactics and individual combinations and techniques; c) the distribution of forces, taking into account the intensity, duration and nature of loads and rest - the mode of competition; d) the distribution of forces during each individual performance (speed schedule, conditional schedule, pace of the game, duration and nature of the warm-up); e) possible switching from one tactic (or system) to another tactic (system) in the course of the competition due to possible changes in the tasks and situation of tactical combat; f) ways and methods of disguising one's own intentions; g) information about the enemy, weaknesses and strengths in his preparation (physical, tactical, technical and volitional) and the corresponding methods of attack (individual and group) and counteraction (active-defensive and defensive); h) data on competition venues, weather, refereeing, spectators.

In sports games, in addition to the general tactical game plan of the team, a tactical plan can also be drawn up for individual players. Such a plan can be based on an analysis of the correlation of forces, a single combative pair (attack and defense).

The plan for the upcoming competition is drawn up by the athlete and the coach jointly, since the growth of the tactical skill of the athlete is impossible without his active participation in the preparation of tactical plans for the competition.

The tactical activity of football players is the solution of operational tasks that arise in the process of interaction with a partner and an opponent. And here the ability to make decisions that allow the most rational use of the arsenal of actions that athletes have in order to achieve victory over an opponent is of great importance. Therefore, it is necessary to include in tactical training the mastery of the main arsenal of tactical actions by the players, which would allow the maximum use of technical equipment in the game, special qualities and abilities, theoretical knowledge, etc.

Tactical training is a pedagogical process aimed at achieving effective application techniques against the background of continuous changes in game conditions with the help of tactical actions, which are a rational form of organizing the activities of football players in the game to ensure victory over an opponent.

The concept of “tactical training” is broader than the concept of “teaching tactics”. You can study football tactics well theoretically, but in the game, tactically, it is ineffective to act. Studying even all tactical actions (individual, group and team) is not enough for high efficiency in the game. In the process of teaching tactics, it is necessary to achieve an organic unity of tactics and technology.

In other words, tactical training is understood as the improvement of rational methods for solving problems that arise in the process of competitive activity and the development of special abilities that determine the effectiveness of solving these problems. This definition allows us to consider tactical training in two aspects: both as a process of learning and improvement (i.e., the acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities), and as a process of developing qualities that, in combination, determine special tactical abilities.

It is advisable to single out a number of factors that determine the success of a football player's tactical actions in a game.

Firstly, this is a high level of development of special qualities in the field of intelligence, perception and psychomotor skills (volume and switching of attention, scope of the field of view, speed of complex reactions, speed of response, orientation, speed of decision making, tactical thinking, movement, etc. ), which provide orientation in difficult conditions of game situations and the implementation of the choice of a solution to this situation.

Secondly, it is a high degree of reliability of performing techniques in difficult game conditions.

And finally, thirdly, it should be noted the unity of the first two factors, expressed in high level mastering the skills of individual tactical actions in attack and defense.

Therefore, tactical training cannot be reduced to training in tactical actions. The basis of the successful actions of a football player in the game are special qualities and abilities (observation, quick reaction, thinking, etc.) and the ability to flexibly use technical techniques. In fact, tactical actions serve as a kind of form of organizing the actions of football players individually, in groups and as a team in conditions of single combat with the enemy, which allows you to most fully realize the qualities, abilities and skills acquired in the process of training sessions. Thus, tactical training as a pedagogical process can be conditionally divided into several stages.

The first stage of tactical training should be aimed at developing in trainees certain qualities and abilities that underlie successful tactical actions.

It is known that the tactics of the team, first of all, consists of reasonable individual actions of individual players. In this regard, it is reasonable to consider that the individualization of tactical training is not only one of the means of sports improvement, but also, in essence, the first stage of training in tactics. Only after that the coach should move on to teaching group and team tactics. In other words, in the process of developing the tactical skill of a football player, in order to improve group and team tactics, the coach needs to educate and develop a complex of mental qualities of each individual player in order to consistently solve the tasks of tactical training. effective means here are various exercises, outdoor games and relay races that require the manifestation of speed of reaction, orientation and speed of response, quick wit, observation, switching from one action to another. The most favorable opportunities for the development of these valuable qualities are in childhood(8-11 years old).

The second stage is the formation of tactical skills in the process of teaching players the techniques. Training should be designed in such a way that game exercises and games showed the unity of technology and tactics. this is achieved in two ways. First, as the technique is mastered, it is “connected” with the qualities and abilities that determine the success of tactical actions. Secondly, at the stage of studying the reception in difficult conditions, a system of complications is used that contributes to the formation of tactical skills. This approach to business helps to develop the tactical abilities and technical qualities of the athlete, since at the same time the study and improvement of technical elements become more closely related to tactics. Separate techniques complement tactical options, their individual stages, creating the basis for a holistic process of tactical training.

This circumstance is also important because in such cases the process of technical and tactical training will proceed monolithically, purposefully, in a holistic form and the hours allocated in training training process for technical training, will also serve the cause of tactical preparedness of athletes.

In those cases when the process of technical training proceeds exclusively on the principle of “technique for technique”, even sufficiently technically trained players from the team cannot sometimes perform simple tactical interactions in the game.

To make the process of technical training effective, it is necessary to explain to the players the role of technical elements in the application of tactical actions. Training in technique should, if possible, be conducted according to the varieties of tactical options encountered in practice, so that the trainees are able to repeatedly try to apply certain technical elements, giving them a tactical content. This will increase the practical results of the training process.

In this case, it is important to be guided by the fact that the main role should be played not by the simplicity, complexity of the exercise, or its well-knownness. Solution technical task is carried out with the help of exercises aimed at developing those mental qualities that are components of tactical abilities. With this direction of training, the athlete must not only pay attention to the performance of the task with great technical skill, but be able to synthesize these technical elements into a single whole and apply them rationally.

In other words, the environment in which the study and improvement of technical elements takes place should create such conditions for the athlete’s thinking so that it goes in two directions:

a) improvement of technical elements;
b) the choice of technical elements necessary for a particular tactical situation.

At the same time, the athlete's thinking in the process of applying one or another technical element develops and, thus, gives him the opportunity to translate the technical element into reality not mechanically, but creatively. This circumstance also develops the ability of students to navigate in a tactical situation.

In the process of learning and training, technical elements gradually complicate, thereby creating conditions for the development of flexibility of thinking. For example, during the training of a technical element, one or two active opponents are added, who, making efforts to disrupt the actions of the player performing the element, create a difficult situation for him. In this case, a player performing a technical element, in addition to mechanical actions, must also show great resourcefulness in the situation, which becomes a quality only in the process of constant training. Creating such conditions from the first days of training, with a gradual transition from simple to complex, allows you to use the period of long-term training in technical elements also for the purposeful development of those mental qualities that contribute to the successful tactical activity of an athlete.

This stage of tactical training young football players typical for training groups of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd years of study (11-14 years old).

The third stage of tactical training is most typical for senior training groups and sports improvement groups. Its goal is to study one's own tactical actions: individual, group and team in attack and defense. At the forefront here are tactical exercises, game exercises and a two-sided game.

In the development of tactical literacy of football players, in addition to the above means and methods, one of the important places is occupied by the study of tactical elements and combinations. No matter how well used aids increasing the tactical maturity of the players and the team, practical exercises remain the main means for achieving high tactical results. The development of tactical readiness, starting from the first lessons, should not, however, distort the process of tactical thinking. On the contrary, tactical interactions should flow from one another in order to gradually strengthen one another and create an integral canvas in the tactical thinking of athletes.

The study of tactical actions and options should take place in two directions:

a) individual tactical readiness;
b) group and team tactical readiness.

On the basis of individual tactical preparedness, strong and solid group and team interactions are created; both defensive and offensive team interactions are created from the skills of tactical preparedness of individual players. In other words, tactics in itself means the simultaneous interaction of several players, which are aimed at the successful solution of a particular problem. When the task of individual tactical readiness is being solved, then we should talk more about the tactical development of the individual, that person (player) who will be able to right time use their individual tactical knowledge and skills and interact harmoniously with the team.

In the process of learning and training tactical readiness, both defensive and offensive options are improved. Much attention should be paid to cultivating the ability to quickly switch from one movement to another, from a technique of attack to a technique of defense, from one tactical action to another. The coach must teach the players certain tactical actions and options according to well-known patterns, based on the capabilities of the team. At the same time, it is not necessary, of course, to strive only for the mechanical assimilation of tactical actions and their variants. This can delay the creativity of the players and the team. Tactical training itself creative process. Having the necessary tactical thinking, the player must always be able to adapt to the created conditions.

No matter how successfully numerous means are used to develop tactical thinking and psychological qualities, nevertheless, the main one is the training of group and team interactions. Training should begin as they master the basic techniques. In this case, the players will be fixed necessary qualities to such an extent that they have the opportunity during the game to make their actions purposeful, arising from the common interests of their team. If the athlete does not get used to early age to tactical interactions, does not develop tactical thinking in himself, then in the future he often has great difficulties. Even having sufficient technical preparedness, he cannot prove himself in game situations saturated with tactical interactions. The development of creative thought during the study of group and team interactions is also important because it contributes to the correct perception of the opponent's actions during the game. This, in turn, makes it possible to rebuild your team's game plan without disruption and much effort.

The development of tactical literacy is also facilitated by the exchange of experience with the best teams through joint training. It is very useful for Youth teams to train together with older players. At such trainings, young men get the opportunity not only to actually get acquainted with various tactics, but also to see them, perceive and apply them in practice.

It is equally important to organize screenings of the games of the best domestic and foreign teams. Here, observers can see individual, group and team tactical interactions, as well as familiarize themselves with all the tactical options that are used during the games. To make these views more targeted, it is necessary to record in one form or another (recording on special cards, video recording, etc.) the entire game, involving students in this matter. Then one must analyze the tactical interactions of the observed teams in connection with the situation created by the enemy. At the same time, the emphasis should be placed not only on the results of the games, but also on technical actions and physical abilities of athletes.

Thus, tactical training by its nature is one of the most difficult stages sports training which requires serious, everyday and creative work.

Sports and tactical training- this is a pedagogical process aimed at mastering the rational forms of wrestling in the process of specific competitive activity. It includes: studying the general provisions of the tactics of the chosen sport, refereeing techniques and competition regulations, the tactical experience of the strongest athletes, mastering the skills to build their tactics in the upcoming competitions; modeling the necessary conditions in training and control competitions for the practical mastery of tactical formations. Its result is to provide a certain level of tactical readiness of an athlete or a team. Tactical preparedness is closely related to the use of a variety of techniques, methods of their implementation, the choice of offensive, defensive, counterattacking tactics and its forms (individual, group or team).

The practical implementation of tactical preparedness involves solving the following tasks: creating a holistic view of the duel; formation of an individual style of competitive wrestling; decisive and timely

implementation of the decisions made due to rational techniques and actions, taking into account the characteristics of the opponent, environmental conditions, refereeing, competitive situation, own state, etc.

The tactical knowledge of an athlete means information about the principles and rational forms of tactics developed in the chosen sport. Tactical knowledge finds practical application in the form of tactical skills and abilities. In unity with the formation of tactical knowledge, skills and abilities, tactical thinking develops. It is characterized by the ability of an athlete to quickly perceive, evaluate, isolate and process information that is essential for solving tactical problems in a competition, to foresee the actions of an opponent and the outcome of competitive situations, and most importantly, to find in the shortest possible way among several possible solutions the one that would most likely lead to success.

There are two types of tactical training: general and special. General tactical training is aimed at mastering the knowledge and tactical skills necessary for success in sports competitions in the chosen sport; special tactical training - to master the knowledge and tactical actions necessary for successful performance in specific competitions and against a specific opponent.

Specific means and methods of tactical training are tactical forms of performing specially preparatory and competitive exercises, the so-called tactical exercises. What distinguishes them from other training exercises is that:

The installation during the performance of these exercises is focused primarily on solving tactical problems;

In the exercises, individual tactical techniques and situations of wrestling are practically modeled;

In necessary cases, the external conditions of the competition are also simulated.

Depending on the stages of preparation, tactical exercises are used in light conditions; in difficult conditions; under conditions as close to competitive as possible.

It is usually necessary to facilitate the conditions for performing tactical exercises in training when developing new complex skills and habits or transforming previously formed ones. This is achieved by simplifying the forms of tactics being learned, if they are divided into less complex operations (with the allocation, for example, of attacking, defensive, contracting tactics in sports games and martial arts, positional struggle at a distance, etc.). The purpose of using tactical exercises of increased difficulty is to ensure the reliability of the learned forms of tactics and to stylize the development of tactical abilities. Among the relatively general methodological approaches embodied in such exercises are: a) approaches associated with the introduction of additional tactical countermeasures on the part of the enemy. At the same time, the athlete (team) is faced with the need to solve tactical problems, to overcome more significant opposition, in a competitive environment. For example: to implement the intended tactical plan in a training bout with several opponents who change in turn during the bout; in game exercises and training games "One against two", three against five", etc.; overcome the resistance of the opponent with the given technical and tactical techniques, who is allowed to use a wider arsenal of techniques; b) approaches related to the limitation of spatial and temporal conditions of actions; c) approaches associated with the mandatory expansion of the tactical options used; d) approaches related to limiting the number of attempts provided to achieve the competitive goal.

In the process of improving tactical thinking, an athlete needs to develop the following abilities: to quickly perceive, adequately realize, analyze, evaluate the competitive situation and make a decision in accordance with the situation and the level of his preparedness and his operational state; anticipate the actions of the enemy; build their actions in accordance with the goals of the competition and the task of a particular competitive situation.

The main specific method of improving tactical thinking is the method of training with both real and conditional opponents.

Along with training and improving the basics of sports tactics, it is necessary to:

Constant replenishment and deepening of knowledge about the patterns of sports tactics, its effective forms;

Systematic "reconnaissance" (collection of information) about sports rivals, development of tactical plans;

Renewal and deepening of sports and tactical skills, schemes, etc.;

Education of tactical thinking.

As a practical section of the content of sports training, tactical training is most fully represented at the stages immediately preceding the main competitions, and at the stages between the main competitions.

At the stage of direct preparation for a responsible competition, the tactical training methodology should provide, first of all, the most complete modeling of those integral forms of tactics that will be used in this competition. The purpose of modeling is to test the developed tactical concept and plan under conditions that coincide as much as possible with the conditions of the upcoming competition.

Physical training

Physical training is a pedagogical process aimed at educating physical qualities and the development of functional capabilities that create favorable conditions for the improvement of all aspects of training. It is divided into general and special.

general physical preparation involves the versatile development of physical qualities, functional capabilities and systems of the athlete's body, the coherence of their manifestation in the process of muscular activity. In modern sports training, general physical fitness is associated not with versatile physical perfection in general, but with the level of development of qualities and abilities that have an indirect impact on sports achivments and the effectiveness of the training process in a particular sport. Common physical training are physical exercises that have a general effect on the body and personality of the athlete. These include various movements - running, skiing, swimming, outdoor and sports games, weight training, etc.

General physical training should be carried out during the entire annual training cycle.

Special physical training characterized by the level of development physical abilities, capabilities of organs and functional systems that directly determine achievements in the chosen sport. The main means of special physical training are competitive exercises and specially preparatory exercises.

Physical fitness an athlete is closely related to his sports specialization. In some sports and their individual disciplines, the sports result is determined primarily by speed-strength capabilities, the level of development of anaerobic productivity; in others - aerobic performance, endurance to long work; in the third - speed-strength coordination abilities; fourthly, by the uniform development of various physical qualities.

Methods of education of physical qualities are described in detail in Chapter 7 "Theoretical and practical foundations for the development of physical qualities."

mental preparation

mental preparation- this is a system of psychological and pedagogical influences used to form and improve athletes' personality traits and mental qualities necessary for the successful implementation of training activities, preparation for competitions and reliable performance in them.

Mental preparation helps to create a mental state that contributes, on the one hand, to greatest use physical and technical readiness, and on the other hand, it allows you to resist pre-competitive and competitive knocking down factors (uncertainty in your abilities, fear of a possible defeat, stiffness, overexcitation, etc.).

It is customary to single out general mental preparation and mental preparation for a specific competition.

General training resolved in two ways:

1) training an athlete in universal techniques that ensure mental readiness for activities in extreme conditions: ways of self-regulation of emotional states, activation level, concentration and distribution of attention; ways of self-organization and mobilization for maximum volitional and physical efforts;

2) teaching the methods of modeling in the training activity of the conditions of competitive struggle through verbal and natural models. Preparation for a specific competition involves the formation of a setting to achieve the planned result against the background of a certain emotional excitement, depending on the motivation, the magnitude of the athlete's need to achieve the goal and the subjective assessment of the likelihood of achieving it. By changing the emotional arousal, adjusting the magnitude of the need, the social and personal significance of the goal, as well as the subjective probability of success, it is possible to form the necessary state of the athlete's mental readiness for the upcoming competition.

In the daily training process, mental training is, as it were, included in other types of training (physical, technical, tactical), although it has its own goals and objectives. If the goal of mental training is the realization of the potential capabilities of a given athlete, ensuring effective activity, then the variety of particular tasks (the formation of motivational attitudes, the development of volitional qualities, the improvement of motor skills, the development of intelligence, the achievement of mental resistance to training and competitive loads) leads to the fact that any training tool in one way or another contributes to solving the problems of mental preparation.

By goals applications

1) mobilizing;

2) corrective (correcting);

3) relaxing (relaxing).

1) psychological and pedagogical (persuasive, guiding, motor, behavioral-organizing, socially organizing, combined);

2) predominantly psychological (suggestive, i.e. inspiring; mental, combining the impact of word and image; social-game, combined);

3) mainly psychophysiological (hardware, psychopharmacological, respiratory, combined).

By sphere of influence means and methods of mental preparation are divided into:

1) means aimed at correcting the perceptual-psychomotor sphere (i.e., on the qualities associated with the perception of the situation and motor actions);

2) means of influencing the intellectual sphere;

3) means of influencing the volitional sphere;

4) means of influencing the emotional sphere;

5) means of influencing the moral sphere.

By addressee means and methods of mental preparation are divided into:

1) funds aimed at the mental training of the coach;

2) controls directly by the athlete or team.

By application time these means and methods are divided into:

1) warning;

2) precompetitive;

3) competitive;

4) post-competitive.

By nature of application they are divided into self-regulation (auto-influences) and hetero-regulation (influences of other participants in the pedagogical process - a trainer, psychologist, doctor, massage therapist, etc.).

The choice of specific means and methods is significantly influenced by the time factor, the place of the competition, the socio-psychological climate in the team, the individual characteristics of the athlete.

Mobilizing means and methods are aimed at increasing the mental tone, the formation of an orientation towards the active intellectual and motor activity of an athlete. This includes such verbal means as self-orders, persuasion; such psycho-regulatory exercises as “psycho-regulatory training” (“mobilization” option), concentration exercises; such physiological effects, as an exciting version of acupuncture, exciting massage.

Corrective means usually belong to the category of verbal and are in the form of heteroinfluence. There can be various options for sublimation (the athlete’s thoughts about the possible outcome of the competition are forced out in the direction of evaluating their own technical and tactical actions), ways to change goal-setting, the “rationalization” technique (when the athlete is explained the mechanism of the onset of stress, which makes him less dangerous), “gymnastics of feelings” according to the system of K. S. Stanislavsky (when an athlete is deliberately asked to portray anger, rage, joy, doubt, etc.).

Relaxing agents are aimed at reducing the level of excitation and facilitate the process of mental and physical recovery. Examples include options for psychoregulatory training "sedation", "progressive relaxation" (consecutive tension and relaxation of muscles), "pauses of psychoregulation", soothing massage.

Psychological and pedagogical means are within the competence of not only a psychologist, but also a coach, based on verbal (verbal) influence and aimed primarily at the moral and moral sphere of the athlete. Skillful use of the word - essential tool mental preparation.

Psychophysiological means are conditionally called physiological means according to technology, but bearing a mental effect, mostly indirect. Such means are acupuncture, massage, warm-up, especially if it is psychologically competently built and aims to form the necessary mood in an athlete.

A significant section of the means of mental preparation are methods of arbitrary self-regulation. According to the method of application, such techniques can be persuasion, self-hypnosis (self-order), motor and breathing exercises, the use of the mechanisms of representation and imagination (for example, using the means of ideomotor training),

Mental preparation is carried out throughout many years of preparation at training sessions, training camps, competitions.

18.6. Training and competitive loads

is the impact exercise on the body of an athlete, causing an active reaction of his functional systems (V.N. Platonov, 1987).

is intense, often maximum load associated with the performance of competitive activities.

Training load does not exist on its own. It is a function of muscle work inherent in training and competitive activities. It is muscular work that contains the training potential, which causes the corresponding functional restructuring on the part of the body.

In my own way character loads used in sports are divided into training and competitive, specific and non-specific; By size- for small, medium, significant (near-marginal) and large (marginal); By orientation - on those contributing to the improvement of individual motor qualities (speed, strength, coordination, endurance, flexibility) or their components (for example, alactate or lactate anaerobic capabilities, aerobic capabilities), improving the coordination structure of movements, components of mental preparedness or tactical skill, etc .; By coordination complexity

- to those performed under stereotyped conditions that do not require significant mobilization coordination abilities, and associated with the performance of movements of high coordination complexity; By mental tension- for more intense and less intense, depending on the requirements for the mental capabilities of athletes.

All loads according to the magnitude of the impact on the athlete's body can be divided into developing, supporting (stabilizing) and restorative.

Developmental loads include large and significant loads, which are characterized by high impacts on the main functional systems of the body and cause a significant level of fatigue. Such loads according to the integral effect on the body can be expressed in terms of 100 and 80%. After such loads, a recovery period is required for the most involved functional systems, respectively, 48-96 and 24-48 hours.

Supporting (stabilizing) loads include medium loads that affect the athlete's body at a level of 50-60% in relation to large loads and require the restoration of the most tired systems from 12 to 24 hours.

Recovery loads include small loads on the athlete's body at the level of 25-30% in relation to large ones and requiring recovery no more than 6 hours.

The choice of this or that load should be justified, first of all, from the standpoint of efficiency. Among the most significant signs of the effectiveness of training loads are (M. A. Godik, 1980):

1) specialized, i.e. a measure of similarity with a competitive exercise;

2) tension, which manifests itself in the predominant effect on one or another motor quality, when certain mechanisms of energy supply are involved;

3) the value as a quantitative measure of the impact of the exercise on the athlete's body.

The specialization of the load implies their distribution into groups depending on the degree of their similarity with the competitive ones. On this basis, all training loads divided into specific and non-specific. Specific loads include loads that are essentially similar to competitive ones in terms of the nature of the displayed abilities and reactions of functional systems.

In the modern classification of training and competitive loads There are five zones that have certain physiological boundaries and pedagogical criteria that are widespread in the practice of training. In addition, in some cases, the third zone is divided into two more subzones, and the fourth - into three in accordance with the duration of the competitive activity and the power of work (Table 30). For qualified athletes, these zones have the following characteristics.

tactical training- a pedagogical process aimed at mastering the rational forms of wrestling in the process of specific competitive activity.

It includes: the study of the general provisions of the tactics of the chosen sport, refereeing techniques and competition regulations, the tactical experience of the strongest athletes; mastering the skills to build your tactics in the upcoming competitions; modeling the necessary conditions in training and control competitions for the practical mastery of tactical formations. Its result is to provide a certain level of tactical readiness of an athlete or a team. Tactical preparedness is closely related to the use of a variety of techniques, methods of their implementation, the choice of offensive, defensive, counterattacking tactics and its forms (individual, group or team).

The practical implementation of tactical preparedness involves the solution of the following tasks:

Creation of a holistic view of the fight;

Formation of an individual style of competitive wrestling;

Decisive and timely implementation of the decisions made due to rational techniques and actions, taking into account the characteristics of the opponent, environmental conditions, refereeing, competitive situation, own condition, etc.

Under tactical knowledge athlete means information about the principles and rational forms of tactics developed in the chosen sport. Tactical knowledge finds practical application in the form of tactical skills and abilities. In unity with the formation of tactical knowledge, skills and abilities, tactical thinking develops. It is characterized by the ability of an athlete to quickly perceive, evaluate, isolate and process information that is essential for solving tactical problems in a competition, to foresee the actions of an opponent and the outcome of competitive situations, and most importantly, to find in the shortest possible way among several possible solutions the one that would most likely lead to success.

There are two types of tactical training: general and special.

General tactical training is aimed at mastering the knowledge and tactical skills necessary for success in sports competitions in the chosen sport.

Special tactical training- to master the knowledge and tactical actions necessary for successful performance in specific competitions and against a specific opponent.

specific means and methods tactical training are tactical forms of performing specially preparatory and competitive exercises, the so-called tactical exercises. What distinguishes them from other training exercises is that:

The installation during the performance of these exercises is focused primarily on solving tactical problems;

In the exercises, individual tactical techniques and situations of wrestling are practically modeled;

In necessary cases, the external conditions of the competition are also simulated.

Depending on the stages of preparation, tactical exercises are used in light conditions; in difficult conditions; under conditions as close to competitive as possible.

The purpose of using tactical exercises of increased difficulty is to ensure the reliability of the learned forms of tactics and stimulate the development of tactical abilities. Relatively general methodological approaches embodied in such exercises include:

a) approaches associated with the introduction of additional tactical countermeasures on the part of the enemy. In this case, the athlete (team) is faced with the need, solving tactical problems, to overcome more significant opposition than in competition conditions. For example: to implement the planned tactical plan in a training bout with several opponents (alternately changing during the bout), in game exercises and training games "One against two", "Three against five", etc.; overcome the resistance of the opponent with the given technical and tactical techniques, who is allowed to use a wider arsenal of techniques;

b) approaches related to the limitation of spatial and temporal conditions of actions;

c) approaches associated with the mandatory expansion of the tactical options used;

d) approaches related to limiting the number of attempts provided to achieve the competitive goal.