What constitutes the structure of an athlete's preparedness. Technical training: concept, types, tasks, means and methods

The structure of an athlete's preparedness includes technical, physical, tactical and mental elements.

Technical readiness should be understood as the degree of mastering by an athlete of the technique of the system of movements of a particular sport. It is closely related to the physical, mental and tactical capabilities of the athlete, as well as to the conditions of the external environment. Changes to competition rules, use of other sports equipment significantly affects the content of the technical preparedness of athletes.

The structure of technical readiness always contains the so-called basic and additional movements.

The basic ones include movements and actions that form the basis of the technical equipment of this sport. Development basic movements is mandatory for an athlete specializing in this sport.

Additional include minor movements and actions, elements of individual movements that do not violate its rationality and at the same time are characteristic of the individual characteristics of this athlete.

Physical fitness is the ability of the functional systems of the body. It reflects the required level of development of those physical qualities on which competitive success in a particular sport depends.

The tactical readiness of an athlete depends on how much he masters the means of sports tactics (for example, the technical methods necessary to implement the chosen tactics), its types (offensive, defensive, counterattacking) and forms (individual, group, team).

Tactical tasks can be of a prospective nature (for example, participation in a series of competitions, where one of them is the main thing in the season) and local, i.e. associated with participation in a separate competition, a specific fight, fight, race, swim, game. When developing a tactical plan, not only one's own technical and tactical capabilities are taken into account, but also the capabilities of teammates and opponents.

Selected options for tactical actions in a number of cases can be worked out specifically in training sessions. The specificity of a sport is a decisive factor that determines the structure of an athlete's tactical readiness. So, when running at medium distances (800, 1500 m), a runner with a higher level of sprinting qualities will strive to slow down the entire distance in order to achieve victory with a short (100-150 m) quick finishing spurt. A runner with a higher level of endurance, on the contrary, is more profitable to run at a high even pace over the entire distance and win the race thanks to a long (sometimes a third of the distance) finishing spurt. Among equal runners, the one who can impose his tactics on overcoming the distance will win.

The situation is more complicated with tactical training in games and martial arts. The complexity of an athlete's tactical actions here is determined not only by technical, functional readiness, the number of tactical actions worked out in advance, but also by the speed of decision-making and their implementation with frequent changes in competitive situations. The ability to make quick and effective decisions in conditions of time pressure, limited space, lack of information due to the fact that the opponent masks his possible actions distinguishes the master from the beginner.

The effectiveness of tactical preparedness in the competition of equal opponents in many sports is determined by the ability of the athlete to anticipate the competitive situation before it unfolds. The ability to do this develops in training sessions, as well as with a constant analysis of competitive experience.

The activity of tactical actions during the competition is an important indicator of sportsmanship. A highly qualified athlete must be able to impose his will on the opponent during the competition.

Mental preparedness is heterogeneous in its structure. Two relatively independent and at the same time interconnected aspects can be distinguished in it: volitional and special mental preparedness.

Volitional readiness is associated with such qualities as purposefulness (a clear vision of a long-term goal), determination and courage (a penchant for reasonable risk combined with thoughtfulness of decisions), perseverance and perseverance (the ability to mobilize functional reserves, activity in achieving a goal), endurance and self-control ( the ability to control one's thoughts and actions in conditions of emotional arousal), independence and initiative. Some of these qualities may initially be inherent in one or another athlete, but most of them are brought up and improved in the process of regular training work and sports competitions.

The specificity of some sports leaves an imprint on the nature and degree of development of individual mental qualities in athletes. However, certain methodological techniques are also used to educate volitional preparedness. In practice, the following requirements serve as the basis for the methodology of volitional training.

1. Regularly and be sure to follow the training program and competitive settings. This requirement is connected with the education of sports industriousness, the habit of systematic efforts and perseverance in overcoming difficulties, with a clear understanding of the impossibility of reaching sports peaks without the appropriate mobilization of spiritual and physical strength. On this basis, the upbringing of purposefulness, perseverance and perseverance in achieving the goal, self-discipline and resilience is realized.
2. Systemically introduce additional difficulties. This means constantly including additional complicated motor tasks, training sessions in difficult conditions, increase the degree of risk, introduce disturbing sensory-emotional factors, complicate competitive programs.
3. Use competition and the competitive method. The very spirit of competition in competitions increases the degree of mental tension of the athlete, which means that additional requirements are imposed on him: to show activity, initiative, self-control, determination, stamina and courage.

In the structure of the athlete's special mental readiness, it is necessary to single out those aspects that can be improved in the course of sports training:

resistance to stressful situations of training and competitive activity;
kinesthetic and visual perception motor actions and environment;
ability to mental regulation of movements, ensuring effective muscle coordination;
the ability to perceive, organize and process information under time pressure;
· the ability to form in the structures of the brain anticipatory reactions, programs that precede the actual action.

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1. Tasks and content

2.1 Preliminary remarks

Bibliography

1. Tasks and content

"technical training" an athlete is called teaching him the basics of the technique of actions performed in competitions or serving as means of training, and improving selected forms of sports technique. Like any expedient training, the technical training of an athlete is a process of managing the formation of knowledge, skills and abilities (in this case, knowledge, skills and abilities related to the technique of motor actions).

Speaking of "sports equipment", it is necessary to distinguish between two meanings of this term. Firstly, the ideal "model" of competitive action (a mental or described in words, in graphic, mathematical or other form) developed on the basis of practical experience or theoretically ("sports technique model"). Secondly, the athlete’s way of performing a competitive action, which is actually forming (or already formed), which is characterized by one degree or another of the athlete’s effective use of his abilities to achieve sports result. Sports technique as a way of performing individual competitive actions is directly related to sports tactics as in a general way combining the entire set of these actions in order to achieve a competitive goal (ie, the form of organization of competitive activity in general). The differences between these concepts are not absolute. In the process of competition, sports equipment is practically inseparable from tactics, which is expressed in the concept of "technical and tactical actions".

The existing views on sports and technical mastery are associated with the assumption that in the process of sports improvement, an athlete's technique should approach some ideal that reflects the most effective ways of performing sports actions. True, the search for a standard of ideal technique has so far led to the identification of only some of the biomechanical patterns of sports action. Practically, a coach and an athlete always face the problem of developing and correcting specific models of sports equipment that would correspond to his individual morpho - functional features and expected achievements. Moreover, the real forms of actions mastered by an athlete at the beginning of a sports path cannot completely coincide with the models of technique suitable for subsequent stages, since the technique of movements is decisively determined by the degree of development of the athlete’s physical and mental qualities, which naturally change in the process of sports improvement. In accordance with their change, the forms of individual technique should also change. And this means that the technical training of an athlete does not have a “final point”: it is carried out throughout the entire sports activities.

The most common criterion for the effectiveness of sports technology is determined by the difference between the actual sports result and the calculated result that the athlete could show if he used his physical capabilities to the fullest. To quantify the degree - the perfection of technology according to this criterion, a number of measuring and calculation procedures have been developed, which are used in cases where a sports result can be objectively measured. Calculate, for example, the coefficient technical efficiency-- CHP (V.M. Dyachkov) according to the formula:

Where W-- the athlete's motor potential, revealed through special tests and calculations, h-- settlement sports indicator. Obviously, the more fully an athlete uses his motor potential, the more perfect his technique.

Quite a lot of private indicators of the effectiveness of technology in certain sports are also used, for example:

in weightlifting - the height of the bar at the time of the squat (ceteris paribus, the lower this height, the more “technically” the athlete performs this phase of the exercise - (A.V. Chernyak);

on the run long distances-- the ratio of the duration of the flight and support phases of a running step or the ratio between the frequency and length of steps (Yu. Tyurin);

in acrobatics - the difference in the time spent in flight when performing simple and complex acrobatic jumps (the smaller it is, the better the technique is - L.M. Raitsin, B.A. Burakov).

It is more difficult to determine the overall effectiveness of technique in sports, the results of which are not yet measured by objective quantitative measures. To judge it, here they use expert assessments (for example, in points), calculated assessments entered according to particular indicators of the effectiveness of actions in competitions (for example, attacking actions in games, martial arts), as well as biomechanical analysis based on a comparison of individual parameters of movement technique with reference values, and other methods.

The criteria for sports and technical mastery are, along with this, indicators of the reliability of equipment, the volume (quantity) and variety of mastered techniques. The simplest indicator of the reliability of technique can be the percentage of successful and unsuccessful attempts in the total number of attempts used by an athlete in competitions or in estimates to achieve the intended result (V. M. Dyachkov). The volume and variety of the athlete's technical fund are of different importance in various types sports - the largest in sports games, martial arts and all-around, the least in monostructural sports, but in any case, these are important factors in sports and technical readiness.

Tasks and sections of technical training of an athlete. The central task in sports and technical training is to form such skills for performing competitive actions that would allow an athlete to use his abilities in competitions with the greatest efficiency, and to ensure the steady improvement of technical skills in the process of many years of playing sports. This formulation, in fact, contains a number of tasks: knowledge of the theoretical foundations of sports equipment (which is one of the main tasks of theoretical training); modeling of individual forms of movement technique corresponding to the capabilities of the athlete; formation of skills and abilities necessary for successful participation in current competitions; subsequent transformation and renewal of the forms of technology (to the extent that this is dictated by the laws of sports improvement), the creation at a fairly high level of sportsmanship of fundamentally new variants of sports equipment that have not been used by anyone before, etc. All this relates mainly to the content of special sports and technical training.

The main features of the formulation and implementation of technical training tasks in various sports follow from the specific requirements for the composition of the necessary skills and abilities, their properties (stability, variability, etc.) and the ratio of technical preparedness with other aspects of the athlete's preparedness.

So, when specializing in a monostructural sport, the subject of in-depth technical improvement over many years is the same (basically) competitive exercise (jump, shot put, running (on given distance and so on.). One of the most difficult tasks here is the periodic transformation and renewal of extremely firmly established forms of movement in order to bring them into line with the increasing level of physical fitness athlete. In all polystructural sports (not counting biathlon and all-around with a constant competitive program), the technical arsenal of an athlete is in principle unlimited: it is updated either under the conditions of a periodic change in the mandatory competition program (in gymnastics and similar sports), or on the own initiative of the coach and athlete . In this regard, there are problems of optimal distribution in time of an extremely extensive educational material and other specific issues. The particularly close relationship between technique and tactics in these sports requires that in the process of training, technical skills be presented mainly in the form of unified structures - technical and tactical actions. Therefore, technical training in polystructural sports, not only at the stage of improving skills, but also at the stage of their formation, directly passes into tactical training.

2. Fundamentals of the technique of technical training in the process of training

2.1 Preliminary remarks

Composition of means and methods. The main practical means of technical training of an athlete are preparatory exercises that have a significant structural commonality with competitive actions, training forms of competitive exercises and competitive exercises themselves with all their inherent features, and additional - general preparatory exercises. In the course of learning the technique of competitive actions, consolidating and improving the formed skills, many varieties of exercise methods are used (methods of divided - constructive and holistic exercises with selective isolation of parts, standard-repeated and variable exercises, etc.), which are combined in a certain order, depending on the characteristics of the technique of the chosen sport and the stages of technical training.

Stages of technical preparation. In the very general view The long-term process of an athlete's technical training can be divided into two main stages: the first stage of "basic" technical training and the second stage of in-depth technical improvement and mastering the heights of sports and technical skills.

First stage. It basically coincides with the first half of the preparatory period of large training cycles, when the entire preparation of an athlete is subject to the need to create (expand, improve) the prerequisites for the formation sportswear. In technical training, this is the stage of “constructing” a model of a new technique of competitive actions (or its updated version), improving its prerequisites, practical mastering, learning (or relearning) individual movements that are part of competitive actions, and forming their general coordination basis.

Second phase. At this stage, technical training is aimed at in-depth development and consolidation of integral skills of competitive actions as components of a sports form. It covers, as a rule, a significant part of the second half of the preparatory period of large training cycles (special preparatory stage).

Third stage. Technical training at this stage is built within the framework of direct pre-competitive training aimed at improving the acquired skills, increasing the range of their expedient variability and the degree of "reliability" in relation to the conditions of the main competitions. This stage usually begins with the final part of the preparatory period of training and extends to the competition period (main competition period). In the case of a long duration of the latter, technical training basically retains the features that characterize it at the third stage, and only partially changes depending on the characteristics of the structure of the competitive period.

It should also be taken into account that these stages are singled out only in relation to the main object of the athlete's technical training - the technique of competitive actions. In fact, the process of technical training is always “multi-layered”: simultaneously with the formation of some new skills (or their elements), there is a destruction, transformation, stabilization and improvement of others.

2.2 Features of the methodology for the formation of skills in the formation of new sports equipment (or its partial renewal)

The transformation of skills that cease to contribute to the growth of achievements, and the formation of new skills corresponding to the target achievement, are the main tasks in the technical training of a progressing athlete, which should be addressed in the first half of the training cycle.

The largest number of new skills have to be mastered, as is known, in polystructural sports. In monostructural sports, where the competitive exercise remains basically the same over a number of large training cycles, the complexity of technical training tasks is largely determined by the difficulties of restructuring firmly fixed skills and transitioning to new techniques that correspond to the increasing level of the athlete’s physical fitness. The most difficult tasks arise when reaching the highest levels of sports improvement, when the coach and the athlete strive to create new forms of technique that have no direct analogy in existing practice. In such cases, the modeling of technology and the search for ways of practical implementation of the model acquire the character of a truly creative problem. The more complex the task, the clearer the more solid prerequisites are required for its solution.

Therefore, regardless of the athlete's qualification in each large training cycle, before forming or consolidating the technique of competitive actions as a whole, it is necessary to create possibly favorable prerequisites for its progressive changes.

The most important of these prerequisites are to increase the level of physical and mental fitness of an athlete, to develop his coordination and related abilities, as well as to replenish the fund of motor skills that contribute to the formation of new forms (variants) of competitive actions.

Formation of the orienting basis of a new competitive action. In modern psychological studies of the learning process, the primary role in the formation of the action of its indicative basis (initial images, ideas that the student develops about the content, methods and conditions for performing the action) is emphasized.

The peculiarities of the formation of the orienting basis of competitive actions in a qualified athlete are due, firstly, to the fact that the image he creates - a model of a new (or updated) technique of action from the very beginning is based on the previously acquired motor experience. Secondly, if the form of action is really new (has no direct analogies in the existing practice of sports), it cannot initially be observed in its natural form (as an external object of observation), and therefore it has to be presented only in the form of a model (mental, graphic and etc.).

Such methods and techniques are currently being developed in several directions. Along with the methods of theoretical development of the action model, different ways graphic representation of movements, methods of modeling the spatial parameters of movements on dummies and mechanical models (for example, on the model of the “gymnast’s body - gymnastic apparatus”), speed, tempo and rhythm of movements using electronic equipment (tape recorder, light leaders, sound leaders, rhythm leaders, etc. .), etc. But the orienting basis of a motor action remains extremely incomplete until real muscular-motor sensations and representations arise. At the first stage, well-chosen lead-up exercises help to form them, directed "feeling" of movements on special simulators and other devices with the introduction of objective landmarks into the action environment, and then - after the formation of initial ideas - and ideomotor exercises.

Ways of practical learning. At the first stage in the technical training of an athlete in the formation of a new (or updated) technique of competitive actions, as a rule, the methods of a divided-constructive exercise prevail. A holistic competitive action is performed, as it were, in a divided form, highlighting its phases, with the subsequent unification of the parts into a whole.

Exceptions most often occur in sports of a cyclic nature, where the natural fusion of movements encourages preference for holistic exercise methods. However, in these sports, an approach associated with the use of imitation and other special preparatory exercises.

For specification general rules learning motor consequences in relation to the technical training of an athlete, the following provisions are important.

1. Exercises aimed at the formation (transformation) of competitive actions “in parts” should not differ significantly from the reproduced “parts” of the competitive exercise in terms of the main structural features (to make sure of this, a sufficiently qualified analysis is needed).

2. The order of formation or restructuring of the phases (operations) of a competitive exercise depends both on the features of its structure and on the preparedness of the athlete, including the motor experience acquired by him. Within the limits of the phases performed, it is advisable to first form or clarify specific motor tasks, boundary - "input" and "output" - positions (initial and final postures in the support position of the body, the relative position of the links of the motor apparatus), and then - the method of transition from the initial to the final position (X. X. Gross).

3. Regardless of whether the action is learned mainly in parts or at once as a whole, the athlete must at the first stage learn to control and correct movements “operationally” (at first visually, then kinesthetically, without the participation of vision), for which it is necessary to know exactly the main “control points" in each phase (positions and relative positions of the links of the motor apparatus, etc.). The phase-by-phase formation of an action makes it possible to overcome the difficulties of self-control of fast-flowing sports movements, especially when the methods of objective "urgent information" are used in parallel.

4. It is advisable to consolidate the skills of divided performance of a competitive exercise only if there are no serious obstacles to combining parts into a whole.

5. Successful implementation of the tasks of forming a new technique of competitive actions to transforming old skills at the first stage is largely determined by the use of methodological approaches and techniques that facilitate the technically correct performance of exercises, especially when they differ in coordination complexity and are associated with limiting efforts of a speed-strength nature.

The main methodological question of relief is its optimal formation, because excessive relief leads to the formation of a skill that does not correspond to the characteristics of a competitive exercise. This explains the ever-increasing attention to the development of "training" simulators and other devices with a dosed application of external mechanical forces and restrictive conditions that help the athlete to comply with the specified movement parameters (simulators for learning and refining rotational movements in gymnastics, final efforts in throwing, repulsions in jumps, spatial parameters and coordination of movements in swimming, rowing, skiing, skating, etc.).

Rhythm formation as a core line in technical training. The most important complex characteristic of the technique of a holistic sports action is, as you know, its rhythm, which expresses the regular order of connection of all its components. The formation and optimization of the rhythm of competitive actions are, in essence, the central problem of the entire technical training of an athlete, which is simultaneously associated with the tasks of education. coordination abilities, improving the accuracy of movements in time and space, the ability to optimally regulate muscle tension and relaxation.

Since the rhythmic structure of the newly formed complex sports actions does not initially exist in the finished form for the athlete, on the way to its formation, the task is first of all to create an idea of the reference rhythm. When the technique of actions is not fundamentally new, this problem is solved by such methods and techniques as demonstrating examples of a technically perfect performance of an action with a focus on its rhythm, film and videotape demonstration at a normal and slow pace with sound accompaniment that recreates the dimension of movements, rhythm reproduction according to a given pattern by voice (rhythmic counting), imitative movements (rhythm tapping), ideomotor representations, etc. The reference rhythm of new movements is created by analogy with the rhythmic structure of known forms, modifying it on the basis of approximate outlines or analytically - by calculation.

As noted, the rationalization of the means and methods of sports and technical training was also expressed in the development of new approaches to the formation of the rhythm of movements on a modern hardware basis. A number of experimental variants of rhythm leaders (automatic devices that set the generated rhythm of movements with sound and light signals according to a certain standard) and rhythm informers (comparing the actual rhythm of movements with a given one and signaling a mismatch) have already been created. For example, a tape recorder is used as a rhythm leader, on which a reference rhythm is reproduced in the form of musical-like phrases or rhythmic signals compiled on the basis of an analysis of examples of exemplary exercise performance (rhythmic signals of multi-tone sound are perceived and reproduced by the athlete, as the experiment showed, better than monotonous ones, - - R.V. Galstyan).

The problem of individualization of the rhythm of movements arises immediately, as soon as the idea of the reference rhythm is created, since the latter cannot fully correspond to the individual dimension of the athlete's movements. Rhythm is individualized by controlled reproduction of it by an athlete (at first mentally in combination with speech and motor imitation, then in the process of holistic performance of the formed actions with an objective assessment of the parameters of movements and their overall effectiveness).

Practice mode. Technical training at the first stage of a large training cycle takes place in conditions of a particularly voluminous physical training. Determining in these conditions the appropriate frequency of classes aimed at the formation of new forms of coordination of movements and the amount of work, they are usually guided by the rule "better more often, but little by little." Sufficiently high efficiency of work on the formation and restructuring of complex sports and technical skills, apparently, in most cases is provided with daily exercises, each of which includes such work in a relatively small amount. Its effectiveness decreases significantly with an increase in the intervals between classes, and even if it is a one-time amount of work.

The effectiveness of exercises "on technique" is determined not by the magnitude of functional shifts that lead to fatigue, but by the accuracy and accuracy of the developed forms of movement coordination.

On the combination of technical and physical training. At the beginning of the preparatory period of the training cycle, physical training in its direction and efficiency, as it were, outstrips the course of formation (or transformation) of movement technique: * the general level of physical fitness increases at an especially high rate, and the level of technical are still being formed. At the same time, a large amount of physical activity, typical for this stage, can temporarily impede the formation of skills.

To exclude excessive "divergence" of the effects of technical and physical training, it is necessary, firstly, to ensure the optimal distribution of loads associated with these aspects of training (both in the structure of individual training sessions, and in general by stages); secondly, to use special methodological approaches that contribute to the organic combination of physical and technical training. The general idea of the approaches is expressed by the “principle of directed conjugation” (V. M. Dyachkov and others). It provides, in particular:

approximation of the method of performing preparatory exercises that serve as means of education physical ability, to the peculiarities of the technique of the formed competitive actions;

performance of exercises that include previously formed competitive actions (or their elements), with additional dosed weights.

technical training athlete

2.3 Features of the methodology for stabilizing and improving the formed skills

Determining direction and particular tasks. As the preparatory period is completed and in the competitive period of a long training cycle, the technical training of an athlete consistently increases the tendencies leading to the stabilization of the skills of competitive actions and the achievement of an expedient degree of their variability. These tendencies imply opposite and at the same time interrelated methodological approaches. First, the tasks of clarifying and relative fixing the technical characteristics of competitive actions in relation to the achieved level of special fitness are solved, then - the tasks of providing the necessary variability and high "reliability" of the technique of actions in relation to the specific conditions of the competition.

Ways and conditions for the initial stabilization of skills.

The rules for an expedient methodology for stabilizing sports skills are determined, in particular, by the following provisions.

1. Stabilization of a skill is the easier, the more standard in the process of repeated performance of an action its fixed features are reproduced.

2. Efforts aimed at the stabilization of skills, understandably, lose their meaning if errors and imperfections are reinforced.

3. It is advisable to consolidate the skills of competitive actions to the extent that it gives them the necessary stability but does not turn them into stereotypes and is consistent with the general trend in the development of fitness at this stage of training. In various sports, as is known, the degree of stabilization of skills and their components is not the same.

4. In the process of fixing the formed skills of competitive actions, all parameters of the exercises that provide stabilization should gradually approach the target ones (adequate to the sports achievement planned in this training cycle.

Methodological approaches and techniques aimed at expandingnierangeskill variability. The reliability of sports equipment also depends on the ability to change the formed skills in accordance with the changing conditions of the competition, and, consequently, on the range of skill variability.

The expedient variability of the technique of competitive actions is characterized by their justified variability, which is adequate to the conditions of the competition and contributes to the wounding of the effectiveness of actions. It allows deviation from the fixed forms of movements, but no more than is necessary to achieve the competitive goal.

The widest range of justified variations in operational settings is characteristic of sports with a non-standard composition of actions that continuously change as competitive situations change (sports games and martial arts).

In methodological terms, it is necessary to distinguish between two types of approaches and corresponding private techniques aimed at expanding the range of variability of fixed skills:

a) strictly regulated variation, when its direction and degree are strictly prescribed training task, are reflected in the corresponding installation of the athlete and are provided with precise regulation of external influences;

b) not strictly regulated variation, when the setting for variation, although set, but its implementation depends on uncertain variations in external conditions.

Variation tasks performed without external regulatory influences place increased demands on the ability to accurately regulate one’s movements, actions, which can help improve specialized sensations, perceptions, and ideas (“muscle sense”, “speed sense”, “tempo sense”, “feeling rhythm” to others), fostering coordination abilities, and, consequently, ensuring the reliability of the formed technique of movements.

Techniques of variation associated with a deliberate change in external conditions, which, as it were, "forcibly" give the variations of actions a strictly directed character (introduction of a precisely conditioned counteraction of a partner in martial arts and sports games, a dosed change in external weights, the use of simulators, devices and equipment that allow you to directionally vary the exercise , etc.) are used to both facilitate and complicate the task of managing actions. In the first case, they provide the greatest accuracy of the task, but free the athlete from the need to overcome coordination and other difficulties. At the stage of improving the formed skills, such methodological techniques should be purely additional in relation to the techniques that require significant mobilization of the athlete's mental and physical capabilities.

Techniques of not strictly regulated variation are associated with several methodological approaches that differ in the specific meaning, methods and conditions of variation. In particular, you need to keep in mind:

a) variation associated with the solution of tactical tasks in conditions of strictly regulated interactions between opponents or partners. This is, so to speak, a free tactical variation (free-style fights and bouts in units, working out techniques as part of game combinations that overlap during training games, etc.);

b) game variation associated with the use of elements of game and competitive methods in training (“running game” - fartlek, game rivalry in the art of building new movements and connections among gymnasts, acrobats, divers, etc.);

c) variation associated with the use in training of unusual conditions of the natural environment and unusual projectiles, inventory, equipment for the purpose of special mental preparation and increasing the stability of the skills to perform exercises of a cyclic nature on rugged terrain, in adverse weather conditions, periodic transfer of classes from familiar conditions gym into unusual ones, performing exercises on an unusual supporting surface with sports equipment of different quality, etc.

Ways and conditions for increasing the “noise immunity” of skills. It is not difficult to conclude that most of the methodological techniques that ensure the appropriate stability and variability of sports skills can also be considered as ways to ensure the reliability of the technique of competitive actions. The "reliability" of an athlete's actions in competitions is a complex result of improving his skills and abilities, which guarantees high efficiency of actions, despite the emerging external and internal interference ("noise immunity"). Along with the stability and variability of skills, it is determined by mental stability, special endurance, a high degree of development of coordination and other abilities of an athlete. The main ways and conditions for increasing their "noise immunity" (other than those mentioned earlier) are:

Adaptation of skills to the conditions of extreme manifestations of physical qualities in training. The technical training of an athlete in these conditions organically merges with his special physical training. The main adapting factor in this case is the volume and intensity of specific training loads, close to the competitive ones and exceeding them (according to certain parameters).

Modeling of mentally stressful situations and the introduction of additional difficulties. As the newly formed (or transformed) skills of competitive actions stabilize, one of the necessary conditions for further increasing their reliability becomes overcoming discoordinating obstacles that arise in technically intense situations typical for sports. With the approaching period of the main competitions, it is necessary to more fully simulate in training competitive situations that introduce mental tension, this helps to increase the degree of reliability of the formed skills, if, of course, sufficiently effective methods of objective control and correction of penetrating errors are used simultaneously, as well as methods of volitional and special mental training that mobilize the athlete to overcome difficulties.

competitive practice. It is advisable to use systematic participation in training and official competitions of various ranks as a factor in consolidating and improving new updated forms of sports equipment after the initial stabilization of the formed skills has been ensured (as long as they are unstable, there is no point in testing their strength in competitions: this will contribute to the restoration of old ones). skills.

Bibliography

1. Theory and methods of physical education. Textbook for institutes of physics. culture under the total. ed. L. P. Matveeva and A. D. Novikov. M., FiS, 1976. Volume II, ch. 2.2.

2. On the structure of many years of training. Sat. scientific works under total ed. L. P. Matveeva. M., GTSOLIFK, 1974.

3. The doctrine of training (introduction to general methodology workout). Under total ed. D. Harre. M., FiS, 1971. Sec. 2.2.

4. Training of young athletes. Sat. under General ed. V. P. Filin. M., FiS, 1965.

5. Fundamentals of sports training. Textbook for institutes of physical culture. M., "Physical culture and sport", 1977. Under the general. ed. L.P. Matveev.

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federal state autonomous educational institution higher professional education

"Siberian Federal University"

Institute of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism

Department of Theoretical Foundations and Management of Physical Culture and Tourism

Course work

discipline: "Theory of physical culture and sports"

Athlete preparedness structure

Krasnoyarsk 2013

Introduction

sports fitness fitness

Relevance Sports training (training) is the expedient use of knowledge, means, methods and conditions, which allows to influence the development of an athlete and provide the necessary degree of readiness for sports achievements.

At present, sport is developing in two directions, which have a different target orientation - mass sport and sport of higher achievements. Their goals and objectives differ from each other, however, there is no clear boundary between them due to the natural transition of part of the trainees from mass sports to "big" and vice versa.

The purpose of sports training in the field of mass sports is to improve health, improve physical state and active recreation

The goal of training in the field of elite sports is to achieve the maximum high results in competitive activities.

However, as regards the means, methods, principles of sports training (training), they are similar both in mass sports and in sports of the highest achievements. Fundamentally common is the structure of the training of athletes who train and function in the field of mass sports and elite sports.

Presenting the general structure of the preparedness of athletes or those involved in one of the systems exercise(SFU) in the form of separate elements, it is possible to systematize the means and methods for their improvement. All aspects of sports readiness are closely interconnected. So, technical improvement directly depends on the level of development of physical qualities - strength, speed, flexibility, dexterity, and endurance is closely related to the efficiency of technology. sports movement, the level of mental stability in overcoming fatigue. Tactical readiness is based on functional readiness and the level of technical skill, on the mental qualities of an athlete (courage, determination).

Based on the above facts, we formulated the topic of our study "The structure of the preparedness of an athlete."

The object of our study is the preparedness of an athlete.

The subject of the study is the types of sports preparedness of an athlete.

The goal is to study the structure of the preparedness of an athlete.

Expand the concept of sports preparedness

To study the types of sports preparedness

Consider monitoring the state of preparedness of an athlete.

When writing a term paper, the method of studying and analyzing literary sources was used.

Chapter 1

1.1 The concept of sports preparedness

"Sports preparedness" is a pedagogical concept that means the directed use of the entire set of factors affecting the body (means, methods, conditions), with the help of which the physical, technical, psychological, tactical, moral and volitional readiness of an athlete for competitions is ensured. After the well-known Minsk conference (1973) on the problem of "fitness" there was a shift in the emphasis in the interpretation of terms, which was reflected in their formulation. Trainedness began to be interpreted as sports training, which, of course, is not entirely correct. The merging of two concepts into one was reflected in the tactics of training. Sports readiness is a three-dimensional concept, including fitness. And yet, it is impossible to simplify the system of training an athlete, it is necessary to focus on the methodology for developing fitness. The coaching staff is understandable. This makes it easier to practice. However, from the point of view of specialists, this is hardly correct.

Trainedness and preparedness change directionally with a general upward trend physical activity. In the process of formation of fitness in each individual cycle, there may be a phase of the highest functional readiness - a sports form. However, it is better to have a sports uniform on the eve of the competition. Sports training in this respect is the process of expedient management of the development of sports form. "Sports form" and "fitness" are still not synonymous, although both conditions are the result of adaptive processes in the body to the load with different periods of manifestation and performance. If the state of fitness is characterized by a stable high performance, then the state of sports form is characterized by the maximum possible performance.

The methodology of formed fitness and sports form has its own nuances. So, with the development of fitness, mainly (in percentage terms) physical activity of an aerobic nature with a heart rate (HR) of up to 160-170 beats / min is used. The percentage of anaerobic work is negligible.

Forming a sports form (against the background of stable training), an anaerobic load is selected with a heart rate above 170 beats / min.

In terms of time, the state of fitness manifests itself for an infinitely long time. It is important that the athlete trains regularly, performing the optimal load. Sports form - a maximum of 7-10 days, rarely up to 2 weeks, and then - this is the lot of naturally gifted athletes. It is impossible to keep the functional potential (operability) at a high level. The natural phenomenon of "economization" (optimization) of functions should be remembered.

Methods, principles of training sessions (regularity, systematicity, repeatability of exercises, etc.), work to fatigue carry the biological basis for adaptation to muscle load of different volume and intensity.

1.2 Characteristics of the athlete's preparedness structure

The structure of an athlete's preparedness includes technical, physical, tactical and mental elements.

Technical readiness should be understood as the degree of mastering by an athlete of the technique of the system of movements of a particular sport. It is closely related to the physical, mental and tactical capabilities of the athlete, as well as to the conditions of the external environment. Changes in the rules of the competition, the use of other sports equipment significantly affects the content of the technical preparedness of athletes.

The structure of technical readiness always contains the so-called basic and additional movements.

The basic ones include movements and actions that form the basis of the technical equipment of this sport. Mastering the basic movements is mandatory for an athlete specializing in this sport.

Physical fitness is the ability of the body's functional systems. It reflects the necessary level of development of those physical qualities on which competitive success in a particular sport depends.

Selected options for tactical actions in a number of cases can be worked out specifically in training sessions. The specificity of a sport is a decisive factor that determines the structure of an athlete's tactical preparedness. So, when running at medium distances (800.1500 m), a runner with a higher level of sprinting qualities will strive to slow down the entire distance in order to achieve victory with a short (100-150 m) quick finishing spurt. A runner with a higher level of endurance, on the contrary, is more profitable to run at a high even pace over the entire distance and win the race thanks to a long (sometimes a third of the distance) finishing spurt. Among equal runners, the one who can impose his tactics on overcoming the distance will win.

The situation is more complicated with tactical training in games, martial arts. The complexity of an athlete’s tactical actions here is determined not only by technical, functional preparedness, the number of tactical actions worked out in advance, but also by the speed of decision-making and their implementation with frequent changes in competitive situations. The ability to make quick and effective decisions in conditions of time pressure, limited space, lack of information due to the fact that the opponent masks his possible actions distinguishes the master from the beginner.

The activity of tactical actions during the competition is an important indicator of sportsmanship. A highly qualified athlete must be able to impose his will on the opponent during the competition.

Mental preparedness. its structure is heterogeneous. Two relatively independent and at the same time interconnected aspects can be distinguished in it: volitional and special mental preparedness.

1. Regularly and be sure to follow the training program and competitive settings.

This requirement is connected with the education of sports industriousness, the habit of systematic efforts and perseverance in overcoming difficulties, with a clear understanding of the impossibility of reaching sports peaks without the appropriate mobilization of spiritual and physical strength. On this basis, the upbringing of purposefulness, perseverance and perseverance in achieving the goal, self-discipline and resilience is realized.

2. Systemically introduce additional difficulties.

This means constantly including additional complicated motor tasks, conducting training sessions in complicated conditions, increasing the degree of risk, introducing disturbing sensory-emotional factors, and complicating competitive programs.

3. Use competition and the competitive method. The very spirit of competition in competitions increases the degree of mental tension of the athlete, which means that additional requirements are imposed on him: to show activity, initiative, self-control, determination, stamina and courage.

In the structure of the special mental preparedness of an athlete, it is necessary to single out those aspects that can be improved in the course of sports training:

Resistance to stressful situations of training and competitive activities;

Kinesthetic and visual perceptions of motor actions and the environment;

The ability to mental regulation of movements, ensuring effective muscle coordination;

The ability to perceive, organize and process information under time pressure;

The ability to form anticipatory reactions in the brain structures, programs that precede real action.

Chapter 2. Features of sports preparedness of athletes

2.1 Types of sports fitness

By predominant influence on certain components of an athlete's readiness to achieve (technical, tactical, physical, psychological, intellectual (theoretical) training);

By the nature of the relationship with sports specialization (general and special training);

According to the degree of connection, combination and implementation in the conditions of training and competitive activity of various aspects of preparedness, qualities and abilities (integral training).

Technical readiness should be understood as the degree of mastering by an athlete of a system of movements (techniques of a sport), corresponding to the characteristics of a particular sport and aimed at achieving high sports results.

Technical readiness cannot be considered isolated, it is a component of a single whole, in which technical solutions are closely interconnected with the physical, mental, tactical capabilities of the athlete, as well as the specific environmental conditions in which the sports action is performed. It is quite natural that the more techniques and actions an athlete masters, the more prepared he is for solving complex tactical problems that arise in the process of competitive struggle. He can counter the opponent's attacking moves and put him in difficult positions at the same time.

In the structure of technical readiness, it is very important to single out basic and additional movements and actions.

The basic ones include movements and actions that form the basis of the technical equipment of this sport, without which it is impossible to carry out competitive wrestling in compliance with existing rules. The main basic movements are mandatory for an athlete specializing in a particular sport.

Additional movements and actions are secondary movements and actions, elements of individual movements that are characteristic of individual athletes and are associated with their individual characteristics. It is these additional movements and actions that largely form the individual technical manner, the style of the athlete.

At the initial stages of many years of preparation. In competitions of relatively low-skilled athletes, the level of technical skill and sports result are determined primarily by the degree of mastery of basic movements and actions.

At the level of higher sportsmanship, additional movements that determine the individuality of a particular athlete can be decisive means in achieving a sports result.

The effectiveness of a technique is determined by its efficiency, stability, variability, individuality, economy, and minimal tactical information content for the opponent.

The effectiveness of the technique is determined by its compliance with the tasks to be solved and the high final result, compliance with the level of physical, mental and other types of preparedness.

The stability of the technique is related to its noise immunity, its independence from the conditions of wrestling and the condition of the athlete himself. It should be taken into account that modern training and especially competitive activities take place in conditions of a large number of confounding factors. These include: active resistance from opponents, progressive fatigue, unusual refereeing style, unusual venue for competitions, equipment, atmospheric phenomena, unfriendly fans, etc.

Athlete's ability to perform effective techniques and actions in these conditions and is the main indicator of stability and largely determines the level of technical preparedness of an athlete.

Technique variability is determined by the athlete's ability to prompt correction of motor actions depending on the conditions of competitive struggle. Experience shows that the desire of athletes to preserve the temporal, dynamic and spatial characteristics of movements in any conditions of competitive struggle does not lead to success.

For example, in cyclic types sports, the desire to maintain stable characteristics of movements in the second half of the distance leads to a significant decrease in speed. At the same time, compensatory changes in technique caused by progressive fatigue allow athletes to maintain and even increase the speed of movement in the second half of the distance (swimming, rowing, running).

The variability of technique is even more important in sports with constantly changing conditions (situations), acute lack of time to perform a motor action, active opposition of rivals, etc. (martial arts, games, sailing and etc.).

Here we should talk about motor talent, motor competence and individuality of technique.

The key motor competence is the control of motor actions for motor tasks, the ways of solving which in a certain area are well known to the performer.

The economy of technology is characterized by the use of energy in the implementation of techniques and actions, the appropriate use of time and space.

Other things being equal, the best option is motor actions, which is accompanied by minimal energy consumption, the least stress of mental manifestations by the athlete.

The use of such variants of technique allows to intensify training and competitive activities. In sports games, martial arts and complex coordination sports, the indicators of the efficiency of technology is the ability of athletes to effective action with their small amplitude and the minimum time required for execution.

The minimum tactical information content of technique for an opponent is an important performance indicator in sports games and martial arts. Only that technique can be perfect here, which allows you to mask tactical plans and actions unexpectedly.

Therefore, a high level of technical readiness implies the ability of an athlete to perform such movements, which, on the one hand, are quite effective to achieve the goal, and on the other hand, do not have clearly expressed informational details that unmask the tactical plan of the athlete.

The tactical readiness of an athlete is largely determined by the ultimate goal, the achievement of which is directed by the corresponding motor action.

This end goal is not the same across sports. Thus, sports equipment in speed-strength sports is associated with the creation of prerequisites for the development of maximum power indicators (“force gradients”) and with the effective use of functional reserves, external forces and inertia forces for this.

Technical improvement in cyclic endurance sports requires high efficiency of standard, repetitive movements.

In complex coordination sports (gymnastics, figure skating, diving, synchronized swimming). Technical readiness is determined by the complexity and beauty of movements, their expressiveness, since these characteristics determine the level of sports results.

Technical equipment in sports games and martial arts is connected both with the breadth of the technical arsenal and with the ability of an athlete to choose and implement the most effective motor actions in variable situations with insufficient information and an acute shortage of time.

The level of tactical preparedness of athletes depends on their mastery of the means of sports equipment (techniques and methods of their implementation), its types (offensive, defensive, counterattacking) and forms (individual, group, team).

The structure of tactical readiness follows from the nature of the strategic tasks that determine the main directions wrestling. These tasks may be associated with the participation of an athlete in a series of starts in order to prepare and successfully participate in the main competitions of the season and thus be of a promising nature. They can also be local, associated with participation in individual competitions or in a specific fight, fight, race, swim, game, etc.

The tactical preparedness of individual athletes and teams is based on:

1) possession modern means, forms and types of tactics of a particular sport;

2) compliance of tactics with the level of development of this sport with the structure of competitive activity that is optimal for it;

3) compliance of the tactical plan with the specifics of a particular competition (the condition of the competition venues, the nature of refereeing, the behavior of fans, etc.);

4) linking tactics with the level of perfection of other aspects of preparedness - technical, physical, mental.

When developing a tactical plan, one should take into account the technical, tactical and functional capabilities of partners (in team sports), the experience of tactical actions of the strongest athletes - the main rivals, their technical and physical capabilities, mental preparedness, variability of tactics in various fights, the course of wrestling (in martial arts). ).

The specificity of a sport is a factor that determines the structure of an athlete's tactical readiness.

For example, in speed-strength, complex-coordination, cyclic types, the main component of tactical preparedness is the choice of a rational tactical scheme and its use regardless of the actions of the main rivals.

The situation is difficult with tactical preparedness in sports games and martial arts. The complexity of tactical actions here is determined by the emerging difficulties in perceiving the situation, making decisions and their implementation due to the wide variety and frequent changes in the competitive situation, lack of time, limited space, lack of information, disguise of the real intentions of rivals, etc.

The tactical skill of an athlete is closely related to the level of technical, physical, mental and other types of preparedness. So, athletes with a high level of sprinting qualities, specializing in cyclic sports, can quickly start passing the distance in order to exert psychological pressure on their opponents, or, conversely, keep a little behind until the last meters of the distance and quickly finish when the opponent does not expect.

Boxers and wrestlers, who have a high speed-strength potential, but with an insufficient level of endurance development, as a rule, rely on victory in the first minutes of a fight (bout).

The same athletes can choose an economical defensive variant of tactics in the first half of the fight in order to save strength for active actions at the end of it.

Modern sport makes high demands on the physical fitness of athletes. This is due to the following factors:

Height sports achievements always requires a new level of development of the athlete's physical abilities. For example, in order to push the shot over 20 meters, not only perfect technique is required, but also a very high level of development of strength and speed. Calculations show that an increase in the flight range of the core by 1 m requires an increase in the power of the pushing force by 5–7%.

A high level of physical fitness is one of the important conditions for increasing training and competitive loads. Over the past 20-25 years, the load indicators in the annual cycle of the strongest athletes in the world have increased by 3-4 times. As a result, the number of athletes with chronic myocardial overstrain has also increased dramatically. This disease is typical mainly for athletes who have deficiencies in physical development, in the activity of individual organs and systems.

Physical training is necessary for an athlete of any age, qualification and sport. However, each sport imposes its own specific requirements on the physical fitness of athletes - the level of development of individual qualities, functionality and physique. Therefore, there are certain differences in the content and methodology of physical training in a particular sport, among athletes of different ages and qualifications.

I would also like to dwell on the psychological preparation, which is also included in the preparedness of the athlete.

Psychological training is usually divided into general and special. The essence of general psychological training lies in the fact that it is aimed at developing and improving in athletes exactly those mental functions and qualities that are necessary for successful practice in the chosen sport, for each athlete to achieve the highest level of skill. This type of training also provides for teaching methods of active self-regulation of mental states in order to form emotional resistance to extreme conditions of wrestling, to develop the ability to quickly relieve the effects of nervous and physical overstrain, to arbitrarily control sleep patterns, etc.

General psychological preparation is carried out in the process of training. It is carried out in parallel with technical, tactical training. But it can also be carried out outside sports activities, when an athlete independently or with someone's help specifically performs certain tasks in order to improve their mental processes, states, and personality traits.

Psychological preparation for the training process

Considering the training of an athlete in the psychological and pedagogical aspect, it is advisable, first of all, to dwell on the formation of motives that determine the attitude to sports activities; education of volitional qualities necessary for success in sports; improvement of specific mental abilities.

The sports activity of an individual athlete or team in any sport is always conditioned by certain motives that have both personal and social value. They act as internal motivators of a person to activity. Unlike performance goals, which determine what an athlete wants to do or achieve, motives explain why he wants to do it and achieve it.

Various interests, aspirations, inclinations, attitudes, ideals, etc. can be used as motives for sports activities.

The success of the formation of motivation for a long-term training process is facilitated by: setting far-reaching goals, forming and maintaining a set for success, the optimal ratio of rewards and punishments, the emotionality of training sessions, the development of sports traditions, collective decision-making, the personality traits of a coach (G.D. Gorbunov).

In addition to ensuring the motivation of athletes, the coach must form a system of attitudes towards different sides training process, ensuring the success of sports activities. The elements of the system of attitudes of athletes to the training process are the attitude to sports training in general, the attitude to training and competitive loads, attitude to training sessions, attitude to sports regimen, etc.

Volitional training is an integral part of general psychological preparation.

Will is understood as the mental activity of a person to control his actions, thoughts, feelings, body in order to achieve consciously set goals while overcoming various difficulties in the name of certain motives. The will develops and tempers in the process of overcoming the difficulties that arise on the way to the goal.

Difficulties in sports are divided into subjective and objective. Subjective difficulties depend on the characteristics of the individual athlete (character, temperament, etc.). These difficulties are most often manifested in negative emotional experiences (fear of the enemy, fear of injury, embarrassment in front of the public). Objective difficulties are caused by the general and specific conditions of sports activities: strict observance of the established regimen, the public nature of competitive activities, intense training sessions, participation in a large number of competitions, adverse weather, coordination complexity of exercises, etc.

The main volitional qualities in sports are purposefulness, perseverance and perseverance, determination and courage, initiative and independence, endurance and self-control.

Purposefulness is expressed in the ability to clearly define the immediate and future tasks and goals of training, the means and methods for achieving them. In order to achieve the goals and objectives set for himself, the athlete, together with the coach, plans them. For the implementation of these plans, the evaluation of the results achieved, the control of the coach and self-control are of great importance.

Perseverance and perseverance mean the desire to achieve the intended goal, energetic and active overcoming of obstacles on the way to achieving the goal. These strong-willed qualities are associated with the obligatory fulfillment of the tasks of training and competition, the improvement of physical, technical and tactical training, and the observance of a constant strict regimen. An athlete must attend all training sessions, be hardworking, not reduce his activity due to fatigue and adverse conditions, and fight to the end in competitions.

Initiative and independence presuppose creativity, personal initiative, resourcefulness and ingenuity, the ability to resist bad influences. An athlete must be able to independently perform and evaluate physical exercises, prepare for the next training, analyze the work done, be critical of the judgments and actions of his comrades, and correct his behavior.

Decisiveness and courage is an expression of the athlete's activity, his readiness to act without hesitation. These qualities imply timeliness, thoughtfulness of the decisions made, although in some cases an athlete may take a certain risk.

Endurance and self-control mean the ability to think clearly, to be self-critical, to control one's actions and feelings in ordinary and adverse conditions, i.e. overcome confusion, fear, nervous excitement, be able to keep yourself and your comrades from erroneous actions and deeds.

All these qualities are interconnected, but the main, leading one is purposefulness, which largely determines the level of education and the manifestation of other qualities. Volitional qualities with rational pedagogical leadership become permanent personality traits. This allows athletes to show them in labor, educational, social and other activities. The education of volitional qualities in athletes requires, first of all, setting clear and specific goals and objectives for them. Achieving the achievement of goals, athletes strain their will, develop strong-willed efforts, learn to overcome difficulties and control their behavior. The main means of educating the volitional qualities of athletes is the systematic performance by them in the process of training of exercises that require the use of volitional efforts specific to this sport.

In any volitional action there is an intellectual, moral and emotional basis. That is why volitional training should be based on the formation of moral feelings in athletes and the improvement of intellectual abilities, such as the breadth, depth and flexibility of the mind, independent thinking, etc.

It is necessary to educate volitional qualities in athletes systematically, taking into account the age and gender of those involved, their physical and psychological capabilities. When educating volitional qualities in athletes, one should, first of all, take into account the features of the chosen sport. The education of the volitional qualities of athletes is associated with the constant overcoming of objective and subjective difficulties. The complication of the training process, the creation of surmountable, but requiring strong-willed difficulties, the fight against "hothouse" conditions, the creation of difficult situations in training sessions, the maximum approximation of training conditions to competitive ones - these are the main requirements that make it possible to cultivate volitional qualities in the training process. .

Integral training is aimed at combining and complex implementation of various components of an athlete's preparedness - technical, physical, tactical, psychological, intellectual in the process of training and competitive activities. The fact is that each of the sides of preparedness is formed by narrowly focused means and methods. This leads to the fact that individual qualities, abilities and skills manifested in training exercises, often cannot be shown in competitive exercises. Therefore, a special section of training is needed, which ensures the consistency and effectiveness of the complex manifestation of all aspects of preparedness in competitive activity.

As the main tool integral training are:

Competitive exercises of the chosen sport, performed in the conditions of competitions of various levels;

Special-preparatory exercises, as close as possible in the structure and nature of the displayed abilities to competitive ones. At the same time, it is important to comply with the conditions of the competition.

In any sport, integral training is one of the important factors in acquiring and improving sportsmanship that is close to competitive.

In the process of integral training, along with a general focus that provides for the comprehensive improvement of all aspects of preparedness, it is advisable to single out a number of private areas associated with the associated improvement of several components of an athlete’s readiness to achieve - physical and technical, technical and tactical, physical and tactical, physical and psychological, etc. .

2.2 Monitoring the state of preparedness of an athlete

An assessment of the state of preparedness of an athlete is carried out during testing or during the competition and provides for:

Evaluation of special physical fitness;

Assessment of technical and tactical readiness;

Estimate psychological state and conduct in competition.

Assessment of the state of health and the main functional systems is carried out, as a rule, by biomedical methods by specialists in the field of physiology, biochemistry and sports medicine.

The assessment of special physical fitness consists of individual assessments of the level of basic physical qualities: strength, speed, endurance and flexibility. At the same time, the main attention is paid to the leading physical qualities for a given sports discipline or individual abilities that make up these generalized concepts. Assessment of technical readiness.

A high level of modern sports results requires from an athlete, along with a high level of physical fitness, perfect possession of a rational technique of movements.

Control over technical readiness consists in assessing the skills of an athlete when performing competitive and training exercises.

Control of equipment is carried out visually and instrumentally. The volume of technique is determined by the total number of actions that an athlete performs in training sessions and competitions. Control it by counting these actions.

The versatility of technique is determined by the degree of variety of motor actions that an athlete owns and uses them in competitive activities.

They control the number of various actions, the ratio of techniques performed to the right and left sides (in games), attacking and defensive actions, etc.

The effectiveness of a technique is determined by the degree of its proximity to the individually optimal variant. Efficient technique- one that ensures the achievement of the maximum possible result within the framework of this movement.

Sports result is an important, but not the only criterion for the effectiveness of a technique. Methods for evaluating the effectiveness of technology are based on the implementation of motor potential.

In cyclic sports, the indicators of the efficiency of technology are especially important, because. quite a clear pattern is noted - an inversely proportional relationship between the level of technical skill and the amount of effort, physical costs per unit of the sports result indicator.

Control over tactical preparedness consists in assessing the expediency of the actions of an athlete (team) aimed at achieving success in competitions. They share a number of components: control over tactical thinking, over tactical actions (volume tactics, their versatility and efficiency of use).

Usually the control of tactical readiness coincides with the control of competitive activity.

Control over environmental factors

In order to make the right decision based on the results of complex control, it is necessary to take into account the conditions in which the competitive activity took place, as well as the fulfillment of control standards in the training activity.

Moreover, the execution itself training programs often depends on the state and conditions of the external environment. In practice, it often happens that the level of preparedness of athletes is quite high, and environmental factors did not allow him (the team) to show high results.

The following factors can be attributed:

The climate of a particular area and the degree of adaptation to these conditions (temperature and humidity of the environment, intensity of solar radiation, wind direction, atmospheric pressure);

State sports facility or competition tracks (their coverage, illumination, dimensions, microclimate, conditions of sliding on ice or snow); - quality of sports equipment and equipment, protective structures; - behavior of spectators (factor of own and foreign field);

Socio-psychological situation in the places of accommodation of athletes;

Objectivity of refereeing; - the duration of travel, conditions of accommodation, meals and rest for athletes.

Only by assessing the influence of these external factors on the course of competitive and training activities, one can get a complete picture of the level of preparedness of an athlete.

In the specialized literature, various types and varieties of training athletes are distinguished. A generalization of disparate and relatively well-established opinions allows us to propose the three most significant features for their general classification:

by predominant influence on certain components of an athlete's readiness to achieve (technical, tactical, physical, psychological, intellectual (theoretical) training);

by the nature of the relationship with sports specialization (general and special training);

according to the degree of connection, combination and implementation in the conditions of training and competitive activity of various aspects of readiness, qualities and abilities (integral training).

Control for sports readiness an athlete is carried out during testing or during competitions and provides for: assessment of special physical fitness; - assessment of technical and tactical readiness; - assessment of the psychological state and behavior at competitions. Assessment of the state of health and the main functional systems is carried out, as a rule, by biomedical methods by specialists in the field of physiology, biochemistry and sports medicine.

List of sources used

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STRUCTURE OF PREPAREDNESS OF ATHLETES

By predominant influence on certain components of an athlete's readiness to achieve (technical, tactical, physical, psychological, intellectual (theoretical) training);

By the nature of the relationship with sports specialization (general and special training);

Technical training and technical readiness

Technical training It is aimed at teaching the athlete the technique of movements and bringing them to perfection.

sports equipment- this is a way of performing a sports action, which is characterized by a certain degree of efficiency and rationality of the athlete's use of his psychophysical capabilities.

The role of sports equipment in different sports is not the same. There are four groups of sports with their characteristic sports equipment.

1. Speed-strength sports (sprinting, throwing, jumping, weightlifting, etc.). In these sports, the technique is aimed at ensuring that the athlete can develop the most powerful and fastest efforts in the main phases of the competitive exercise, for example, during repulsion in running or in long and high jumps, while performing the final effort in javelin throwing, discus throwing, etc. .d.

2. Sports that are characterized by a predominant manifestation of endurance (long-distance running, cross-country skiing, cycling, etc.). Here, the technique is aimed at economizing the consumption of energy resources in the body of an athlete.

3. Sports based on the art of movement (gymnastics, acrobatics, diving, etc.). Technique should provide the athlete with beauty, expressiveness and accuracy of movements.

4. Sports games and martial arts. Technique should provide high performance, stability and variability of the athlete's actions in constantly changing conditions of competitive struggle. (Kuramshin Yu.F., 2003, pp. 356-357)

Under technical readiness it is necessary to understand the degree of mastering by the athlete of the system of movements (techniques of the sport), corresponding to the characteristics of this sport and aimed at achieving high sports results

In the structure of technical readiness, it is important to highlight:

Basic movements, these include movements and actions that form the basis of the technical equipment of this sport, without which it is impossible to effectively implement competitive wrestling in compliance with existing rules. Mastering the basic movements is mandatory for an athlete specializing in a particular sport.

Additional moves and actions- these are secondary movements and actions, elements of individual movements that are characteristic of individual athletes and are associated with their individual characteristics. It is they who form the individual technical manner, the style of the athlete.

According to the degree of mastering the techniques and actions, technical readiness is characterized by three levels:

1 - the presence of motor ideas about techniques and actions, and attempts to perform them;

2 - the emergence of motor skills;

3 - the formation of a motor skill.

Motor skill are distinguished by unstable and not always adequate ways of solving a motor task, a significant concentration of attention when performing individual movements, and the lack of automated control over them.

The characteristic features of motor skills, on the contrary, are the stability of movements, their reliability and automation. (Platonov, Theory of Sports, p. 144)

A sufficiently high level of technical readiness is called technical skill. The criteria for technical excellence are:

Scope of technique- the total number of techniques that an athlete can perform.

Versatility of technology- the degree of variety of techniques. So, in sports games, this is the ratio of the frequency of using different game techniques.

Efficiency possession of sports equipment is characterized by the degree of closeness of the sports action technique to the individually optimal variant.

development movement techniques. This criterion shows how this technical action is memorized and fixed. For well-mastered movements are typical:

a) the stability of the sports result and a number of characteristics of the movement technique when it is performed under standard conditions;

b) stability (relatively low variability) of the result when performing an action (when the athlete’s state changes, the opponent’s actions in complicated conditions);

c) preservation of motor skills during breaks in training;

Topic: Technical training of an athlete

Plan:

1. Concept and technical background

The place and importance of sports equipment in various sports

2. Types, tasks of technical training

3. Characteristics of motor skill and motor skill

4. Stages of training in sports equipment

5. Methodology of technical training (means and methods)

6. Causes of technical errors and ways to correct them

Under sports equipment (sport equipment) should be understood as a set of techniques and actions that provide the most effective solution of motor tasks, due to the specifics of a particular sport, type of competition.

Technical training is the degree of mastering by an athlete of a system of movements (techniques of a sport), corresponding to the characteristics of a given sports discipline and aimed at achieving the highest sports results.

The role of sports equipment in different sports is not the same. There are four groups of sports with their characteristic sports technique.

1. Speed-strength sports (sprinting, throwing, jumping, weightlifting, etc.). In these sports, the technique is aimed at ensuring that the athlete can develop the most powerful and fastest efforts in the main phases of the competitive exercise, for example, during repulsion in running or long and high jumps, when performing the final effort in javelin throwing, discus throwing, etc. d.

2. Sports characterized by a predominant manifestation of endurance (long-distance running, cross-country skiing, cycling, etc.). Here, the technique should be aimed at economizing energy resources in the athlete's body.

3. Sports in which the art of movement lies (gymnastics, acrobatics, diving, etc.). Technique should provide the athlete with beauty, expressiveness and accuracy of movements.

4. Sports games and martial arts. Technique should provide high performance, stability and variability of the athlete's actions in constantly changing conditions of competitive struggle.

The technical readiness of an athlete is characterized by what in can and how he owns technique of mastered actions. A sufficiently high level of technical readiness is called technical skill.

The main characteristics of rational technology are:

v Scope of technique- the total number of techniques that an athlete can perform.

v Versatility of technology- the degree of variety of techniques (in sports games, this is the ratio of the frequency of using different game techniques).

v Mastering the technique of movements- this criterion shows how this technical action is memorized, fixed. For well-mastered movements are typical: stability, stability, automation;

v Technique efficiency- is determined by its compliance with the tasks we solve and the high end result.

v Economy of technology- characterized by the rational use of energy in the implementation of techniques and actions, the appropriate use of time and space. Minimum energy consumption, the least stress of the athlete's mental capabilities.

v The minimum information content of technology for rivals- the ability to disguise their plans and act unexpectedly. Therefore, a high level of technical readiness implies the ability of an athlete to perform such movements, which, on the one hand, are quite effective to achieve the goal, and on the other hand, do not have clearly expressed informational details that unmask the opponent's intention.

There are General and Special technical training:

General technical training is aimed at mastering the versatile DUiN necessary in sports activities.

The tasks in the process of general technical training are solved as follows:

Increase the volume (range) of DUiN, which is a prerequisite for the formation of skills in the chosen sport;

To master the technique of exercises used as means of physical training.

Special technical training aimed at mastering the technique of movements in the chosen sport. It provides the following tasks:

To form knowledge about the technique of sports actions;

Achieving high stability and rational variability of specialized movements that form the basis of the technique of the sport;

Diversify individual shapes technical actions, most fully corresponding to the capabilities of the athlete;

Improving motor actions for successful participation in competitions;

To increase the reliability and effectiveness of the athlete's technical actions in extreme competitive conditions;

To form new variants of sports equipment that have not been used before. (for example, the “fosbury flop” in high jumps, the technique of pushing the shots according to the principle of rotation, as in discus throwing, “skating” in skiing, etc.);

Improving the technical skills of athletes, based on the requirements of sports practice and the achievements of scientific and technological progress.

Characteristics of motor skill and motor skill

In the process of technical training of an athlete, a large, painstaking work is carried out on the assimilation of knowledge, the formation of motor skills and abilities. When mastering the technique of any motor action, the ability to perform it first arises, then, as further deepening and improvement, the skill gradually turns into a skill. Skill and skill differ from each other mainly in the degree of mastery.

MOTOR SKILL- this is such a degree of mastery of a motor action (MA), which is characterized by conscious control of movement, with the active role of thinking.

Characteristic features of motor skills are:

Ø Traffic control is not automated;

Ø The student's consciousness is loaded with the control of each movement;

Ø Low speed of execution;

Ø The action is not performed economically, with a significant degree of fatigue;

Ø There is a dismemberment of movements;

Ø Instability of action;

Ø Fragile memorization of the action;

Further improvement of DD with repeated repetition leads to its automated implementation, i.e. the skill turns into a skill.

MOTOR SKILLS - this is the optimal degree of mastery of the action, in which the control of movements occurs automatically, i.e., no special attention is required for them.

Characteristic signs of skills:

Ø Automated motion control;

Ø Consciousness is released from detailed control over each movement, however, the execution must be conscious;

Ø Unity of movements, i.e., the unification of a number of elementary movements into a single whole;

Ø No excessive muscle tension, unnecessary actions;

Ø Speed, ease, efficiency and accuracy of movements during its implementation;

Ø High stability of action under the influence of confounding factors (fatigue, bad external conditions, etc.);

Ø Strength of action memorization. A skill, if it is firmly fixed, does not disappear even with long breaks).

The formation of some motor skills can have a certain impact on the assimilation of other skills - this phenomenon is called transfer of skills. Distinguish:

§ Positive carry- the interaction of skills, in which a previously formed skill facilitates the process of forming a subsequent one. For example, the skill of throwing a small tennis ball helps to master the javelin throw.

§ Negative carry - such an interaction of skills, in which a previously formed skill makes it difficult to form a subsequent one. For example, while learning a back flip and a back flip.

In the construction of the learning process, one can single out STAGES OF TRAINING, both independent and interconnected:

First stage - initial learning (rough coordination) . In the course of it, a general idea of a motor action is created (by the methods of storytelling and demonstration) and an attitude is formed to master it, the main mechanism of movement is studied, the structure of execution is formed (by holistic, dissected methods), gross errors are prevented and eliminated. If the trainee, after creating a mental and visual representation of the physical exercise being studied, is able to independently reproduce the basis of his technique, then this completes the first stage of training. This is usually observed when learning many general preparatory and other simple exercises. It is necessary to achieve independent fulfillment by those involved in the basics of the DD technique as a whole by facilitating the conditions for fulfillment, while gradually reducing the assistance provided. Multiple repetition of the studied DD at each lesson.

Second phase - in-depth learning (fine coordination) . The learning is in-depth, the understanding of the patterns of DD is detailed, its coordination structure is improved by the elements of movement. The attention of those involved selectively focuses on individual details of the technique, awareness of its spatial characteristics, temporal and dynamic. At the same time, the mental activity of those involved is directed to understanding the meaning of the movements being learned and the causes of minor errors, appropriate conditions are created during execution (lightened, complicated), forcing them to consistently focus on the specified details.

Third stage - consolidation and further improvement (stable and variable fine coordination ) . A skill is created and the ability is formed to appropriately apply DD in real conditions of practical activity (both training and competitive actions). Consolidation occurs in the process of repeated repetition of the learned action in relatively constant external conditions. In the future, stabilization and improvement are carried out, the necessary strength and stability are achieved (using a holistic method). The duration of the third stage depends on the preparedness of the trainees and many other factors. On the whole, the improvement of technology must acquire an increasingly individualized character at this stage. This requires the coach to study the features of the physique, the level of development of physical qualities. At this stage, mobility and variability of the action are ensured, its adaptability to confounding factors of the external environment, changes in the physical and mental state of those involved - at the same time, the conditions for a real situation of practical application (competitive) are partially created. The number of repetitions increases from session to session. At this stage, the need for effective action is developed.

Basic provisions of the technical training methodology

(means, methods)

The use of means and methods depends on the characteristics of the technique of the chosen sport, the age and qualifications of the athlete, the stages of technical training in the annual and multi-year training cycles.

Means and methods of verbal, visual impact These include:

a) Conversations, explanations, story, description, etc.;

b) Demonstration of the technique of the studied movement;

c) Demonstration of posters, diagrams, films, videotapes, etc.;

d) Use of subject and other reference points;

e) Sound and light leading;

f) Various simulators, recording devices.

Means and methods, which are based on the performance of any physical exercises by an athlete in this case apply:

MEANS: The main means of learning are physical exercises.

Leading (gradually approaching the main)

Imitative (copying mainly the characteristics of the action being learned)

General preparatory exercises. They allow you to master a variety of skills that are the foundation for the growth of technical skills in your chosen sport;

Special preparatory and competitive exercises. They are aimed at mastering the technique of their sport;

- methods of holistic and dissected exercise, they are aimed at mastering, correcting, fixing and improving the technique of an integral motor action or its separate parts, phases, elements;

Uniform

Variable

Repeated

interval,

Game

Competitive and other methods that contribute to the improvement and stabilization of movement technique.

Additional material

Motor skill – is the ability to perform DD based on certain knowledge of his technique, starting from the relevant prerequisites with great concentration engaged in constructing a given scheme of movements. In the process of formation of motor skills, the search for the optimal variant of movement occurs with the leading role of consciousness. Repeated repetition of motor actions leads to gradual automation of movements and motor skill turns into a skill, characterized by such a degree of proficiency in technology, in which movement control is automated, and actions are highly reliable.

In the process of sports training, DPs have an auxiliary function. It can manifest itself in two cases: 1) when it is necessary to master lead-up exercises for the subsequent learning of more complex DDs; 2) when it is necessary to achieve a simple mastering of the technique of the corresponding DD, the formation of skills is a prerequisite for the subsequent formation of DN.

The formation of RP is stabilized when the system of necessary influences is reproduced frequently and relatively stereotypically.

The process of technical training is carried out during the entire long-term training of an athlete.

The long-term process of technical training of an athlete is divided into 3 stages:

1. Stage of basic technical training;

2. The stage of in-depth technical improvement and the achievement of the highest sports and technical skills;

3. The stage of preservation of sports and technical skills.

Each stage includes stages consisting of annual cycles. For example, the first stage usually consists of 4-6 annual cycles, the second 6-8, the third 4-6.

Therefore, the construction, specific content and methodology of the technical training of an athlete at each stage, as a rule, is subject to the periodization of the annual training cycle. Most often, this is most pronounced in the training of highly qualified athletes. The fact is that for beginner athletes, the annual cycle is not divided separately into preparatory, competitive and transitional periods. They have training sessions throughout the year that are preparatory in nature.

Hence it follows that the process of mastering and improving the technique of movements within the annual cycle of training in qualified athletes is largely depends on the patterns of acquisition, preservation and further development of sports form.

In this regard, in the annual cycle distinguish 3 stages of technical training:

1) search;

2) stabilization;

3) adaptive improvement (adaptive).

At the 1st stage technical training is aimed at the formation of a new technique of competitive actions (or its updated version), improvement of the prerequisites for its practical development, learning (or relearning) of individual movements that are part of competitive actions. This stage coincides with the first half of the preparatory period.

At the 2nd stage technical training is aimed at in-depth development and consolidation of integral skills of competitive actions. It covers a significant part of the second half of the preparatory period.

At the 3rd stage technical training is aimed at improving the formed skills, increasing the range of their expedient variability (variability), stability (stability), reliability in relation to the conditions of the main competitions. This stage usually begins with the final part of the preparation period and extends to the competition period as a whole.

The main tasks of each stage of technical training in improving technical skills are:

1. Achieving high stability and rational variability of motor skills, which form the basis of techniques in the chosen sport, increasing their effectiveness in competitive conditions;

2. Partial restructuring of motor skills, improvement of dynamics.

To solve the first problem, as a rule, the method of complicating the external situation, the method of exercising under various conditions of the organism, is used; to solve the second one - the method of facilitating the conditions of technical actions, the method of conjugate effects.

The method of complicating the external environment when performing technical methods, it is implemented in a number of methodological methods:
1. The methodical method of resistance of a conditional opponent is used mainly in sports games and martial arts. Elements of fighting with a conditional opponent helps the athlete to improve the structure and rhythm of performance technical reception. It provides a high load density in the lesson, is an effective psychological factor for raising confidence in own forces to instill courage and determination.

2. Methodical reception of difficult starting positions and preparatory actions. In diving, the height from the springboard decreases. Football players are invited to perform kicks and head kicks on the ball flying along a complex trajectory.

3. Methodical reception top speed and accuracy of performance. For example, in boxing, an athlete is given a high rate of punches for a certain period - 1 round. In the long jump, the run is performed along a slightly inclined track. In football, rapprochement between partners is used when performing a pass with constant force, etc.

4. The methodical technique of limiting space for performing actions makes it possible to complicate the conditions of orientation when improving a skill. In running and jumping, steps are performed according to pre-made marks. Boxing uses a reduced ring, etc.

5. The methodical method of performing actions in unusual conditions involves changing the training conditions (natural conditions, equipment, inventory), helps to improve one or more characteristics of the movement technique (spatial, temporal, dynamic, rhythmic, etc.) For example, in athletics, running or running in jumps against a strong wind, on wet ground, and in cross-country skiing- movement on the deprived ski track.

The method of exercises in the conditions of the athlete's body that make it difficult to perform technical actions.

1. A methodical technique for performing an action in a state of significant fatigue. In this case, the athlete is offered exercises for technique after physical activity of high volume and intensity. So, in gymnastics, at the end of a lesson, an athlete performs the most difficult combination “on technique”. This technique puts a great load on the central nervous system of the body and requires a high concentration of volitional efforts from it.

2. A methodical technique for performing actions in a state of significant emotional stress is carried out by introducing control, competitive and game methods into the performance of exercises for technique.

3. The methodical technique of periodically turning off or limiting visual control allows you to selectively influence the receptor-analyzer components of a motor skill. As a result, athletes increase their ability to perceive and carefully evaluate their own movements according to kinesthetic sensations. For example, rowing with your eyes closed allows you to better feel the movement of the boat and more easily control the stability of the skill with the help of “muscle feeling”.

4. The methodical method of forming a working environment sets up an athlete for the mandatory implementation of an improved technical technique in a competitive environment, stimulates his activity in the process of improving the skill. So, in a training fight, a fencer receives an instruction to focus mainly on technical techniques or, conversely, on attacking techniques.

Method of facilitating the conditions for performing technical actions consists of a number of methodological techniques.

1. Methodical example of isolating the action element. For example, in boxing, the following is distinguished: an accentuated impact movement of the hand, a push with the leg and pelvis, a rotational movement of the body and shoulder girdle, followed by the connection of these elements. In swimming, the work of the arms and legs stands out.

2. The methodical technique of reducing muscle tension allows the athlete to more subtly correct individual movements in the motor skill, control the coordination of movements (according to the mechanism feedback), which speeds up the process of improvement. So, in wrestling, an opponent of a lighter weight is selected, in boxing, athletes perform exercises in light training gloves.

3. The methodical reception of additional guidelines and urgent information contributes to the most rapid mastery of the necessary amplitude of movement, tempo, rhythm, activates the process of awareness of the action being performed. For example, a straight line is drawn for a javelin thrower, strictly along which he performs a run.

The method of conjugate effects implemented in sports training mainly with the help of the other two.

1. The methodical technique of specialized dynamic exercises is based on the mutual development of physical abilities and the improvement of motor skills. This is achieved through the selection of special exercises. So, in swimming, fins and shoulder blades are used to create additional resistance during rowing movements. IN athletics jumping exercises, long jumps and high jumps are performed with a weighted belt. In water polo, passes and throws are performed with a weighted ball, etc.

2. Methodical reception of specialized isometric exercises involves the use of isometric exercises in certain articular angles, characteristic of the technique. For example, in weightlifting, an athlete performs isometric tension in a low squat position with leg flexion angles of at least 90 degrees.