Exercises for 8 counts in gymnastics. Warm-up complex
It should not be forgotten that the warm-up has a great influence on the psyche, helps to eliminate excessive excitement before the meeting, especially in its first minutes, regulates your pre-start and starting state, especially if you have arranged a competition. What are general provisions doing a workout? First of all, it is important to choose the right exercises. And having picked them up, provide for a gradual increase in their intensity. Do each warm-up exercise 5-10 times. We recommend using 10-15 exercises in the warm-up complex. Start with walking or light running, then do some exercises for small " muscle groups, gradually moving on to heating larger ones. Gradually increase the range of motion as well. At first, it is better to give a load to the muscles of the upper body, and then to the lower one.
The signal for the end of the warm-up will be the beginning of sweating, slight reddening of the skin, and the appearance of heat in the muscles.
A warm-up is best done in the form of a set of exercises that you can compose based on your well-being and the focus of the upcoming lesson. Usually the complex begins with warming up and breathing exercises- various types of walking, running, running with jumps and hand movements. Then there are exercises for the development of the muscles of the body, shoulder girdle, arms and legs - tilts, squats, circular motions torso and pelvis, push-ups, etc. Swinging and jerking movements of the arms and legs with a large amplitude and flexibility exercises are advised to be performed after the muscles have warmed up. The complex is also recommended to include exercises that imitate the technique of strikes and movements individually or in combination. By the nature of the movements, they are close to the technique of the game, help to master and consolidate it in simplified conditions, gradually lead you to playing on the table, so the complex is usually completed with imitation exercises.
We bring to your attention a number of exercises, on the basis of which you can create a warm-up complex. The exercises are listed in order of increasing difficulty.
Running exercises.
(Fig. 38)
1. Snake running, running around racks or various objects.
2. Running with arbitrary acceleration of 3-5 m.
3. Running, "throwing" straight legs forward.
4. Running, "throwing" straight legs back.
5. Running with high hips.
6. Running with an overflowing movement of the lower leg back.
7. Running backwards.
8. Movement with side steps (right, left).
9. Moving with side steps in the tennis player's stance alternately with the right and left side (after two steps, after one step).
10. Moving with side steps in the rack of a tennis player facing forward with simultaneous movement to the right and left.
11. The same, but backwards.
12. Moving sideways (right, left) with cross steps (“lezginka”): for example, when moving with the right side, place the left leg alternately crosswise either in front or behind the right. The right leg is only moved to the right.
Jumping exercises.(Fig. 39)
1. Hands on the belt, jumps on one leg with a change of legs.
2. Hands on the belt, jumping on both legs in a triangle or square.
3. Jumping to the side from one foot to the other in place through the lines drawn on the floor.
4. Jumping out of the squat (half squat) up.
5. Jumping out of the squat (half squat) forward.
6. Hands on the belt, jumping on both legs with a turn of 180° (360°).
7. Jumping on one leg moving forward.
8. Jumping on one leg left and right.
9. Jumping on both legs, pulling the knees to the chest ("kangaroo").
10. Jumping with both feet over the bench.
Exercises for the muscles of the hands.(Fig. 40)
1. Standing in the main stance - arms forward, to the sides, up.
2. Hands to the shoulders - circular rotations of the hands.
3. Circular rotations with straight arms - 4 times forward, 4 times back, gradually increasing the amplitude.
4. Circular rotations with straight arms in different sides: right forward, left back and vice versa.
5. Circular rotations of the forearm in and out from the position of the hand to the sides.
6. Circular rotations with brushes clenched into a fist, in one
and the other side, with both hands simultaneously and alternately from the position of the hand to the sides or forward.
7. Squeezing and unclenching the hands into a fist from the position of the hand forward.
8. Legs apart, jerks with arms bent at the elbows in front of the chest with a turn of the torso.
9. Clutch the brushes “in the lock” - kneading.
10. Right hand at the top, left hand at the bottom jerking hands back.
11. Right hand above, left below - with jerks of hands back and
to the sides, a gradual (8 counts) change in the position of the hands: left at the top, right at the bottom.
12. Standing facing the wall - repulsion with both hands from the wall, gradually increasing the distance to it.
13. Lying emphasis - push-ups from the gymnastic bench or from the floor, push-ups of the legs on the gymnastic bench.
14. Pull-ups on the bar with an overhand or underhand grip.
Exercises for the muscles of the body.(Fig. 41)
1. Feet on shoulder width- tilts, reaching the floor with your hands.
2. Legs wider than shoulders - tilts, reaching the floor with your elbows.
3. Feet shoulder-width apart, bending over, arms to the sides - turning the torso, reaching out with the toes of the legs.
4. Feet shoulder width apart, hands on the belt - circular movements of the pelvis.
5. The same, feet shoulder-width apart, arms "locked" above the head - - rotation of the body, trying to describe a large circle with hands.
6. Tilt back, bending over, reaching for the heels with your hands.
7. Tilt back, bending over, taking out the left heel alternately with the right hand and vice versa.
8. Feet shoulder-width apart, hands on the belt - three springy tilts in one direction and the other.
9. The same as the exercise but the hands are clasped above the head.
10. The same as the exercise, but with two side steps in each direction and reaching the floor with clasped hands.
11. Feet shoulder-width apart, one hand at the top, the other at the bottom - for each count, tilt to the sides with an overflowing movement of the hands behind the back.
12. Lying on the stomach, hands behind the head - bending back.
13. Emphasis on the back - unbend and bend your arms, bending your torso.
14. From a supine position, arms along the body - tilt to straight legs with a return to the starting position.
15. The same, but hands behind the head.
16. The same, but hands up.
17. Lying on your back, arms to the sides - raise straight legs up and lower alternately to the left and right side.
18. Feet shoulder-width apart, standing with your back 30-50 cm from the table - without taking your feet off the floor, reach the far corner of the table with your hand.
Exercises for leg muscles.
(Fig. 42)
1. Squats with arms extended forward, do not take your heels off the floor.
2. Hands on the belt - lunge with the right foot, three springy swings. Same, lunge with the left leg.
3. The same, but change of legs in a jump.
4. The same, but lunge with the foot to the side.
5. Hands put forward - alternately swinging your legs forward, reaching your hands with your toes.
6. Hands to the sides - alternately swinging the legs to the sides, reaching out with the toes of the hands.
7. Emphasis crouching, right leg to the side - without taking your hands off the floor, change legs in a jump.
8. Jump position change - emphasis crouching, emphasis lying.
9. Slightly bend your knees, put your hands on your knees - circular rotations in the knee joints.
10. Hands on the belt, leg on the toe - circular rotations in the ankle joint.
11. Stepping back 60-80 cm from the wall and resting your hands on it - lifting on your toes.
12. Hands on the belt - from a deep squat, alternately "throwing" straight legs forward - squat dance.
II. Leading and conducting
General management is carried out by the education department of the administration of the Primorsky district of St. Petersburg. The direct holding of the competition is entrusted to the "Kitezh Plus Youth Creative Forum" (GOU DOD "Kitezh Plus"), assistance in conducting is provided by the Rising Star Arts Development Club. The main panel of judges is responsible for the preparation of sports facilities and the observance of security measures during the competition.
III. Time and place of the competition
IV. Competitors
Teams take part in the competition educational institutions, specialized military and cadet classes, pupils of military-patriotic, teenage and youth clubs, formations and associations.
Composition of the team - 6 people: (at least 2 girls). The presence of reserve students and additional leaders in the team is not allowed.
Teams are divided into age groups as follows:
Notes: A team's membership in a group is determined by the date of birth of the oldest student in the team. In teams of 2 and 3 age groups, no more than three students of younger age groups are allowed. The same student is not allowed to play for more than one team.
V.I Competition Program. "Rules traffic»
Competition "Connoisseurs of traffic rules" (1-3 groups, 6 people participate) (coefficient -1.5)
Theoretical exam for knowledge of the rules of the road of the Russian Federation, with changes approved by the Government Decree Russian Federation No. 316 dated May 10, 2010 (tickets category "B").
Group 1 - with special tickets (parts 1-5) (tickets are available on the website of the City Center for Civil and Patriotic Education of the State Educational Institution of St. Petersburg "Baltic Coast" - www.patriotcenter.spb.ru in the "guidelines" section).
Group 2 - from 1 to 10 tickets
Group 3 - from 1 to 15 tickets
sections of the SDA: "general provisions", "duties of pedestrians and passengers", "general duties of drivers".
The result of the team is determined by the sum of correctly answered questions. The control time for passing the stage is 10 minutes. In case of equal correct answers, preference is given to the team that spent the least time.
ABC of road signs (1-3 groups, 6 people participate)
A task for knowledge of road signs - name, belonging to a group.
The team receives test. Knowledge is tested on four types of signs:
Forbidding
prescriptive
Informational
Warning
The result of the team is determined by the sum of correctly named characters. The control time for passing the stage is 10 minutes. In case of equal correct answers, preference is given to the team that spent the least time.
3 Figured cycling relay (elements of the "Safe Wheel" competition) (1-3 groups, 4 people participate, 2 boys and 2 girls) (fine table - Appendix 3)
The competition is held on a site where obstacles are successively located at a distance of at least three meters from each other, the list of which is determined by panel of judges. A participant on a bicycle overcomes an obstacle course. The refusal of one of the team members to pass this stage of the competition leads to the disqualification of the team.
When determining the winners, the smallest number of penalty points is taken into account. In case of equal points, the advantage is given to the team that spent the least amount of time.
V.II Competition program.
HAND FIGHT
Fall insurance.
Only when passing self-insurance techniques, the participant is allowed to pass next steps competitions. If 3 or more team members fail to pass self-insurance, the team is not allowed to the next stages.
Self-insurance techniques protect against bruises on the ground during combat with the enemy.
1. Fall in sideways(1,2,3 age group) : from front rack
squat closer to the heels, press the chin tightly to the chest, exposing the leg diagonally forward, roll onto its side, controlling the fall of the arm of the same name extended at an angle of 45 degrees to the body with the leg extended. At the same time, with your free hand, you need to grab the collar of the clothes on the side opposite to this hand and press it tightly against the body body.
Mistakes: falling on a flat back, the chin is not pressed to the chest, the angle between the arms and the body is more than 90 °, the free arm is not pressed to the body.
2. Fall back(1,2,3 age group) : from the front stance, squat closer to the heels, press the chin tightly to the chest, group (hands forward, palms down), rolling back on the back, make a preemptive strike straight, slightly hands apart on the ground with palms down, the back is “round”, the legs are bent, the knees are apart (when the enemy attacks, kick him towards him), jump up and get ready for battle.
Mistakes: falling on a flat back, the chin is not pressed to the chest, the belay is made by jumping onto a flat back, knees together, the angle between the arms and the body is more than 90 °.
3. Somersault over the shoulder(1,2,3 age group): from the front (side) stand, lean forward and pass the left (right) hand between the legs with the palm down, press the chin to the chest; pushing off with your feet, roll over the left (right) shoulder and back in the direction of the left (right) leg (buttocks), jump up, get ready for battle.
Mistakes: stop on the side, touching the ground with the head.
2. Hand-to-hand combat techniques (exercise 29, RB-3):
1. Disarming the enemy when stabbing directly- beat off the enemy’s armed arm with the forearm inside and grab it with both hands by the wrist, strike with the foot, hold arm lever out, disarm. (2.3 age gr)
Mistakes:
1. leaving the line of attack was not completed;
2. a “relaxing” kick was not performed;
3. the retreat was not performed after the capture of the armed hand;
4. the lever of the arm outward (impact on the hand) is made only by the hands without simultaneous turning of the body;
5. disarmament was not performed;
6. loss of control over the enemy before the command "hang up".
2. Disarming the enemy when stabbed from above- defend yourself by placing the forearm of the arm up under the opponent’s armed arm when swinging, grab the opponent’s forearm with the other hand, kick, hold arm lever inside, disarm. (3 age groups)
Mistakes:
2. when doing upper block(“supports” by hand) elbow above the level of the wrist;
3. Disarming the enemy when hitting with a knife from below- with a step forward, meet the enemy’s armed hand with the forearm down, grab the clothes at the elbow with the other hand from above, kick in the groin or knee; conduct arm bend behind and disarm the enemy. (3 age groups)
Mistakes:
1. “entry” was not performed (approaching the enemy);
2. when performing the lower block (“stand” with the hand), the elbow is below the level of the wrist;
3. there is no grip on the forearm of the armed hand;
4. a “relaxing” kick was not performed;
5. lack of control of the opponent after the bend of the arm behind the back (possibly unhindered release);
6. disarmament was not performed;
7. loss of control over the enemy before the command "hang up";
4. Exemption from the capture of the neck by the enemy in front (clothes on the chest)- hit the enemy with the forearm from below on the arm, and grab it from above with the other hand; moving to a two-handed grip, kick and hold arm lever inside. (2.3 age gr)
Mistakes:
1. the impact on the forearm is made only by hands, without turning the body;
2. when performing an impact on the forearm, control over the opponent's hand was lost (the grip with the second hand was broken);
3. a “relaxing” kick was not performed;
4. the withdrawal was not performed after the kick;
5. when the lever of the hand is performed inward, there is no turn of the body;
6. Lost control over the enemy before the command "hang up";
5. Exemption from the capture of the enemy's neck from behind- while crouching, grab the opponent's hand(s) and turn your head to the side; strike with a heel on the shin, with a sharp movement of the hands upwards, release from the grip; while holding the opponent's hand(s), hold back throw(over the shoulder, over the shoulder from the knee), strike with the foot from below, take it for a painful hold. (3 age groups)
Mistakes:
2. stepping aside after a kick was not committed;
3. "Relaxing" kick and stepping aside is performed towards the opponent's elbow (strengthened grip on the neck);
4. the opponent's hand is not fixed before the throw;
5. when throwing, there is no work with the body (drawing with hands);
6. the painful hold was not performed;
7. loss of control over the enemy before the command "hang up".
6. Exemption from the opponent's grip on the torso with arms behind- hit the enemy with a heel on the shin (foot) or with the back of the head in the face; crouching, free yourself from the grip, grab his hand with one hand by the forearm, the other by the shoulder, hold back throw; strike with a foot, take on a painful hold. (2.3 age gr)
Mistakes:
1. a “relaxing” kick to the shin (foot) or the back of the head to the face was not performed;
2. performed a “relaxing” kick to the shin (foot) and the back of the head to the face;
3. stepping aside after a kick (back of the head) was not done;
4. simultaneous capture of the forearm and shoulder of the opponent's hand was not performed;
5. there is no breakdown of the grip when stepping off with the foot with the simultaneous departure of the body "down - to the side";
6. the opponent's hand is not fixed before the throw;
7. when throwing, there is no work with the body (drawing with hands);
8. the painful hold was not performed;
9. loss of control over the enemy before the command "retreat".
7. Exemption from the capture of the body by the enemy from behind- strike with a heel in the shin, grab the opponent’s hand by the wrist and elbow, turning, hold bending the arm behind the back. (3 age groups)
Mistakes:
1. a “relaxing” kick was not performed;
2. no capture of the opponent's hand and elbow;
3. for the reception selected lower hand, which is fixed by the attacker top hand;
4. the impact on the hand is made without turning the body;
5. the arm was not bent behind the back (escort);
6. lack of control of the opponent after the bend of the arm behind the back (unhindered release is possible);
7. loss of control over the enemy before the command "hang up".
8. Exemption from the capture of the body by the opponent with arms in front- strike with the knee or the edge of the palm in the groin, crouching, jerking the arms apart, seizing the arm and torso, holding rear footrest, take on painful reception. (2.3 age gr)
Mistakes:
1. a “relaxing” kick with the foot or the edge of the palm was not performed;
2. performed a “relaxing” kick with the foot and edge of the palm;
3. stepping aside after striking with the foot (with the edge of the palm) is not done;
4. there is no breakdown of the grip when stepping with the foot to the side with the simultaneous departure of the body “down”;
5. no divorce of hands when leaving the body "down";
6. when performing the back step: no stepping with the foot behind the opponent; there is no supply of the body (tilt) forward when setting the foot; straight legs after setting the foot behind the opponent; deviation of the body back after setting the foot and holding the back footboard; the rear footboard is made only with the help of hands (no work with the body);
7. the painful hold was not performed;
8. loss of control over the enemy before the command "hang up".
A complex of hand-to-hand combat without weapons for 8 accounts.
(exercise 30, 1,2,3 age group)
Starting position - combat stance.
1. With a step forward with the left foot, prepare for battle.
2. Run with the forearm with the left hand, beating up and fist right hand strike straight ahead.
3. Kick with the right foot forward straight.
4. With a step to the right, perform a backhand left blow with the edge of the palm of the right hand.
5. With a step with the right foot back, beat the forearm with the left hand inward.
6. With a step with the right foot forward, strike with the fist of the right hand forward from above.
7. Perform a strike with the left foot forward straight and, without lowering the leg down, with a step with the left foot forward, take the left-sided preparation for battle.
8. With a step with your left foot back, take a combat stance.
Mistakes are personal:
1. the movements of the arms and the withdrawal of the leg (step) forward during the preparation for battle are not synchronous;
2. when performing a rebound with the hand up, the elbow is above the level of the wrist; there is no return of the left hand (to the thigh) when performing a blow with the right hand (fist) forward; punch is not indicated;
3. loss of balance when performing a kick; kick is not indicated; “falling” forward upon impact, as well as setting the foot forward after the impact;
4. backhand blow (with the edge of the palm) is made with a straight hand; setting the foot to the side (to the right) and the punch are not performed synchronously; full turn of the body to the right;
5. kicking inward with the hand and stepping back with the foot are not performed synchronously;
6. punch from above and step forward with the foot are not performed synchronously; a punch is made with a straight hand;
7. loss of balance when performing a kick; kick not marked
“falling” forward upon impact, as well as setting the foot forward immediately after the impact; movements of the legs and arms during preparation for battle are not synchronous;
8. when taking a combat stance, the hands are not “at the seams”; combat stance is not completed.
Command errors:
Non-synchronous execution of the complex (“inconsistency”);
Loss of orientation when performing (actions in different directions);
Performing the complex with opposite hands (feet);
Gap of the initial distance (in width and depth of formation);
Team members leaving the site before the referee's command.
The mice cried, pricked, but continued to gnaw at the cactus.
folk wisdom
A samurai without a sword is like a samurai without a sword.
BushidoIf a person goes into battle unprepared, then it will be dishonorable in relation to the federation, in relation to brothers in arms, but worst of all - in relation to himself.
Robert Heinlein. Star Infantry
So, the official system of hand-to-hand combat of the Russian Army based on the Manual on Physical Training - 2009 (NFP-2009). Everything else is from the evil one.
Hand-to-hand combat (NFP-2009)
150. Classes on hand-to-hand combat aimed at developing the skills necessary to destroy, disable or capture the enemy, self-defense against his attack, as well as to cultivate courage, determination and confidence in own forces.
151. Classes in hand-to-hand combat are held in military (sports) uniforms, check only in military uniform clothes:
when training in combat techniques with weapons - on a special platform equipped with stationary and portable stuffed animals, targets (wickerwork), portable obstacles (walls, fences, front gardens, inconspicuous obstacles, etc.), trenches, communication passages, dugouts, landings, facades of houses with windows, in tactical fields, in guard towns and on obstacle courses;
when teaching unarmed combat techniques - on a flat grassy area, a specially prepared pit with sand and sawdust, equipped with drainage or in gym(on a carpet of mats).
152. The preparatory part of the lesson is carried out with and without weapons. When conducting the preparatory part of the lesson with weapons, it includes: marching techniques, walking and running at a different pace, running, crawling, performing techniques for combat and shooting offhand, actions on sudden commands and signals, hand-to-hand combat techniques with weapons, including targets (stuffed animals), complexes of hand-to-hand combat techniques with a machine gun for 8 or more accounts.
The preparatory part of the lesson, conducted without weapons, includes: combat techniques, walking and running at a different pace, actions on sudden signals and commands, special exercises in movement, hand-to-hand combat techniques for 8 or more counts, exercises together, hand-to-hand combat techniques and foot, self-insurance techniques, exercises in simple martial arts.
153. The content of the main part of the classes includes (table 2):
a set of techniques RB-N (initial) - for conscripted military personnel, during the period of improving the initial military training(for cadets of universities - during the period of combined arms training);
a set of techniques RB-1 (general) - for servicemen of all types and branches of the Armed Forces;
a set of techniques RB-2 (special) - for military units and military units of the airborne troops, marines, motorized rifle units and military units, cadets and students of military educational institutions who train specialists for these units;
a set of techniques RB-3 (special) - for military personnel of reconnaissance military units and subunits, cadets of military educational institutions that train specialists for these military units and subunits.
table 2
The content of hand-to-hand combat classes for various categories of military personnel
| Categories military personnel | RB-N | RB-1 | RB-2 | RB-3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Military personnel on conscription, during the period of improvement of initial military training (cadets of universities - during the period of combined arms training) | All types and types of troops of the Armed Forces | |||
| Conscripts who have served less than 6 months | All types and types of troops of the Armed Forces | |||
| Conscripts who served 6 months and more | All types and types of troops of the Armed Forces | |||
| Contracted servicemen who have served less than 6 months. | All types and types of troops of the Armed Forces | |||
| Contracted military personnel who served less than 1 year (cadets of the 1st year of universities *) | All types and types of troops of the Armed Forces | |||
| Contracted military personnel who served 1 year or more (cadets of the 2nd year of universities) | All types and types of troops of the Armed Forces | L / s recon. in / parts, etc. | ||
| Contract military personnel who have served 2 years or more (cadets of 3-5 courses of universities) | All types and types of troops of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation | Airborne Forces, Marines, Motorized Rifles | L / s recon. in / parts, etc. |
* Cadets of military educational institutions that train specialists for these units
154. Personnel of units and military units of the Airborne Forces, Marine Corps, reconnaissance units and units special purpose along with the techniques of RB-2 and RB-3, they additionally study hand-to-hand combat techniques in special programs.
155. The main part of the lesson is organized at one or more training places. At the end of the main part of the lesson, a comprehensive training is carried out, including in the form of training bouts.
156. The following exercises are included in the "Hand-to-hand combat" section:
Exercise 26 Initial Complex hand-to-hand combat techniques (RB-N).
It includes the following combat techniques with a machine gun:
"Stab with a bayonet (poke with a barrel) without a lunge"
- direct the machine gun with a bayonet (barrel) at the target and hit the enemy with a shock movement of the hands, pull out the bayonet and prepare for battle on the spot or continue moving (Fig. 26).
"Stab with a bayonet (poke with a barrel) with a lunge" - direct the machine with a bayonet (barrel) at the target with a simultaneous push with the right foot and a lunge with the left with a shock movement of the hands to hit the enemy; pull out the bayonet and push with the left foot to prepare for battle on the spot or continue moving (Fig. 27).
"Butt kick from the side" - by moving the weapon with the right hand to the left, and with the left hand - towards yourself with a simultaneous turn of the body to the left, strike with the corner of the butt. The blow can be applied from a place or with a short step behind the standing leg (Fig. 28).
"Blow butt from below" - by moving the weapon with the right hand forward, and with the left hand - towards yourself while simultaneously turning the body to the left, strike with the corner of the butt. The blow can be applied from a place or with a short step (Fig. 29).
"Blow with the recoil pad" - with a swing of the barrel back over the shoulder, the magazine from oneself upwards, with a lunge with the right foot forward (backward), with a quick movement of the hands, hit the target with the butt plate (Fig. 30).
"Shop Hit" - strike forward with the magazine, with a quick movement of the arms away from you while simultaneously feeding the body forward and straightening from behind standing foot, or a short step (Fig. 31).
"Protection by the machine stand" performed to the left, right, up and down under the blows of the enemy (Fig. 32).
"Automatic rebounds" - hit the end of the barrel or bayonet on the enemy's weapon (to the right, left or down-right); following the rebound, carry out a retaliatory attack (Fig. 33).
"Liberation from the capture of the machine gun by the enemy" - kick the enemy in the groin, turn left side to the enemy and, with a simultaneous blow to the knee with the left foot, pull out the weapon (Fig. 34).
Exercise 27. General complex of hand-to-hand combat techniques (RB-1).
Includes techniques provided by the RB-N complex and additionally the following techniques:
"Punches"
- from the ready for battle, with a push of the foot, transfer the weight of the body to the front standing leg, and with a turn of the body, strike with a fist, elbow or the base of the palm. Blows are delivered directly, from the side, from below, or from above (Fig. 35).
"Punch protection" - perform by repulsing the forearm (inward, outward), by supporting the blow of the palm, one or two forearms, diving under the blow, leaning or stepping back. After defending, immediately retaliate to the enemy with a hand or foot in a vulnerable place (Fig. 36).
"Kicks" - from the ready for battle, transfer the weight of the body to the front leg and, with a short swing of the other leg, strike with the toe of the shoe or knee from below, with the foot straight, with the heel on top, lifting the foot from the side, with the foot back, with the edge of the sole of the shoe to the side (Fig. 37).
"Kick Defense" - perform a stand under the blow of the foot (heel, thigh), stand under the blow of two forearms, beating the forearm down outward. After defending, immediately retaliate to the enemy with a hand or foot in a vulnerable place (Fig. 38).
"Strikes with an infantry shovel" - apply from the right-handed position to the battle from above, from the side and backhand. Poke with a shovel to perform with a lunge with the right foot (Fig. 39).
"Chippings with an infantry shovel" - execute by hitting the enemy's weapon with a shovel to the right, left, down-right, up. Following the rebound, strike back with a shovel (Fig. 40).
"Disarming the enemy when stabbed with a bayonet with a move to the left" - with a step to the left and a turn of the torso to the right, beat off with the forearm and grab the weapon, with a step forward, grab the weapon with the other hand, while pulling out the weapon with the left foot on the knee (Fig. 41).
- with a step to the right and a turn of the body to the left, beat off with the forearm and grab the weapon, with a step forward, grab the weapon with the other hand, with a simultaneous blow to the knee with the right foot to pull out the weapon (Fig. 42).
"Disarming the enemy when hit by an infantry shovel from above or from the right" - with a step forward, defend yourself by placing the forearm up under the enemy’s armed hand on the backswing, with the other hand grab the handle of the shovel from the outside, strike with the foot, disarm the enemy, twisting the shovel to the side thumb, and hit the enemy with a shovel on the head (Fig. 43).
"Disarming the enemy when hit by an infantry shovel backhand or poke" - with a step forward to the side and turning towards the enemy, defend yourself by placing both forearms under the enemy’s armed hand on the backswing and grab it, strike with the foot, grab the shovel handle from above with the right hand, disarm the enemy, twisting the shovel towards the thumb, and strike the enemy with a shovel on the head (Fig. 44).
Exercise 28. Special set of hand-to-hand combat techniques (RB-2).
Includes techniques provided by the RB-1 complex, and additionally the following techniques:
"Knife Stab"
- are applied from the ready for battle with a quick shock movement of the armed hand from above, below, from the side, straight, backhand (Fig. 45).
"Cutting Knife" - are applied from the ready for battle with a quick movement of the armed hand horizontally, vertically and diagonally (Fig. 46).
"Disarming the enemy when stabbed from below or directly" - with a step forward and to the side, defend yourself by supporting the forearm with the left (right) hand down, stop the blow and grab the armed hand by the wrist, pull it to the right (left) away from you and hit the base of the right (left) palm on the back of the opponent’s hand to knock out the knife ( Fig. 47).
"Exemption from captures by the enemy of the neck from behind" - while crouching, grab the opponent’s hand (hands) and turn the head to the side, strike the shin with the heel, release the grip with a sharp upward movement of the hands, strike with the hand (foot) (Fig. 48).
"Exemption from captures by the enemy of the neck (clothes) in front" - strike with the foot (knee), connecting the fists together and spreading the elbows to the side, strike from the bottom up between the opponent's hands and free from the grip, strike with the hand (foot) (Fig. 49).
The personnel of the reconnaissance units of the Airborne Forces, along with the techniques of the RB-2, additionally study the techniques from the RB-3 complex and the techniques of hand-to-hand combat according to special programs.
Exercise 29. Special set of hand-to-hand combat techniques (RB-3).
Includes techniques provided by the RB-2 complex and additionally the following techniques:
"Bend the arm behind the back"
- grab the opponent’s hand with one hand, with the other hand - on top of the clothes at the elbow and strike with the foot; unbalance the opponent with a jerk towards you, bend his arm at the elbow joint, and then move it behind his back; strike with the edge of the palm on the neck, grab the collar (near the shoulder), hair or helmet, and holding it with pain, escort the enemy. To bind, throw the opponent to the ground, sit on him, strike on the head, firmly press the captured hand and bend the other hand (Fig. 50).
"Hand lever out" - grab the opponent's hand with two hands from below, strike with the foot; raising the captured arm up, bend the hand to the forearm, and twisting the arm outward, with a jerk to the side, knock the opponent to the ground; strike with the foot, move the hand to the bend behind the back and sit on top of the enemy, hold the bend of the other hand, tie (Fig. 51).
"Hand lever inside" - grab the forearm of the opponent’s hand with two hands from above-outside, kick in the shin or groin; twisting the arm inward with a jerk, unbalance the opponent, bring his shoulder under his shoulder and, pressing him, knock the opponent down; hand pressing on elbow joint, move your hand to the bend behind your back and sit on top of the enemy, hold the bend of the other hand; tie (Fig. 52).
"Choke from behind" - sneak up on the enemy from behind, grab his head with his hand and, with a simultaneous kick in the popliteal crease, pull his head towards himself; with the forearm of the other hand, grab the neck with a grip on the forearm from above, join hands and, turning to the left (right), pile the enemy on his back, choke (Fig. 53).
"Front kickstand" - from the starting position (right-handed preparation for battle), grab the opponent’s right arm by the clothes above the elbow with the left hand, and grab the opponent’s left arm by the waist belt or clothes on the back with the right hand; turning to the left with your back to the enemy, stand in a position so that the right leg overlaps his right leg, and the left leg is outside his left leg, transfer the weight of the body to the half-bent left leg; with a jerk of the hands, simultaneously straightening the left leg, throw the enemy to the ground, strike with the foot (Fig. 54).
"Back Throw" - with a step forward, grab the enemy by the hand, with a jerk towards yourself, turn your back to him on bent legs and bring your shoulder under the opponent’s arm, grab it with the other hand; straightening the legs and leaning forward, knock the opponent with the pelvis under the hips, throw the hands down to the ground with a jerk, strike with the foot (Fig. 55).
"Leg Throw and Choke" - sneak up on the enemy from behind and grab his legs below the knees with your hands; pushing him with his shoulder under the buttocks, jerk his legs upwards, throw the enemy to the ground and, without releasing his legs, strike him with the toe of his shoe in the groin or stomach. Jump to sit on the lower back of the enemy, placing the left leg on the knee, and the right foot on the ground in front of you (under the shoulder of the enemy), strike at the head, take the head back with one hand and put the forearm of the other hand on the neck in front; join hands, choke. When the opponent resists, roll onto his back, clasping his body with his legs at waist level, connect them and, straightening his legs, continue strangling with his arms and legs (Fig. 56).
"Disarming the enemy when stabbed with a bayonet with a move to the right" - with a step or a jump, get away from the injection to the right, turning the body to the left, beat off the barrel of the enemy’s weapon with the left hand and grab it; inflict a backhand blow on the face (throat) at the same time, and with the right foot - under the foot of the opponent's front leg, pull out the weapon with a kick and strike the opponent with a butt (Fig. 57).
"Disarming the enemy when stabbed"
:
directly- beat off the enemy’s armed arm with the forearm inside and grab it with both hands by the wrist, strike with the foot, hold the lever of the arm outward, disarm (Fig. 58);
above- defend by standing the forearm of the left hand up under the enemy’s armed hand on the backswing, grab the enemy’s forearm from above with the other hand, strike with the foot, hold the lever of the hand inward, disarm (Fig. 59);
from below- with a step forward, meet the enemy’s armed hand with the forearm down, grabbing the clothes at the elbow with the other hand, kick in the groin or knee; hold the bend of the arm behind the back and disarm the enemy (Fig. 60);
backhand- with a step forward - to the side and turning towards the enemy, defend yourself by placing the forearms under the armed arm, grab the forearm from above with your hands and strike with your foot; hold the lever of the hand inside, disarm (Fig. 61).
"Disarming the enemy when threatened with a gun":
when trying to get a gun out of a holster (pocket)
- with a step (lunge) forward, insert the hand between the forearm and the body of the enemy, with the other hand grab it from the outside (join hands in the lock), strike with the knee, bend the arm behind the back, disarm (Fig. 62);
when trying to get a pistol from behind the belt of trousers (holsters in front) - with a step (lunge) with the foot forward, grab the opponent's hand, strike with the foot, hold the arm lever out and disarm (Fig. 63);
point-blank in front - with a step forward to the side (leaning to the left), with the left forearm, beat off the enemy’s armed hand inward, and with a turn of the body, leave the direction of fire, grab the enemy’s armed hand, strike with the foot, hold the arm lever outward, disarm (Fig. 64);
point-blank behind - with a turn to the right in a circle, beat off the enemy’s armed arm with the forearm and grab it with two hands from the front from above, strike with the foot, hold the lever of the arm inward, disarm (Fig. 65).
"Liberation from captures by the enemy"
:
neck front (clothes on the chest)
- strike the enemy with the right forearm from below on the arm, grab his arm with both hands (with the right hand on the wrist from above, with the left hand the forearm of the opponent’s right hand from below), strike with the foot and hold the lever of the arm inward, tie (Fig. 66);
back neck- while crouching, grab the opponent's hand(s) and turn your head to the side; strike with a heel on the shin, with a sharp movement of the hands upwards, release from the grip; while holding the opponent's hand (arms), throw through the back, strike with the foot (Fig. 67);
torso with arms behind - hit the enemy with a heel on the shin (foot) or with the back of the head in the face; crouching, release from the grip, grab his hand with one hand by the forearm, strike with the elbow in the stomach, grab the shoulder with the other hand, throw through the back; strike with the foot (Fig. 68);
torso from behind - strike with a heel in the shin, grab the opponent’s hand by the wrist and elbow, turning, hold the bend of the arm behind the back (Fig. 69);
torso front - grab the enemy by the clothes from above, kick in the groin or head in the face; with a step with the left foot back to break the grip; turning to the left with your back to the enemy, perform the front step; strike with a foot (Fig. 70);
torso with arms in front - grab the opponent with both hands by the clothes on the back, kick in the groin or head in the face; with a step with the left foot back to break the grip; turning to the left with your back to the enemy, perform the front step; strike with a foot (Fig. 71);
legs in front- strike from above with a hand on the head, grab the back of the head from above with one hand, and the chin from below with the other, turn the head with a step back and jerk, knock down the enemy (Fig. 72);
legs behind- falling forward on your hands, pull one leg out of the grip and strike it at the enemy (Fig. 73).
"Binding the Enemy"
:
rope- knock the enemy to the ground and bend your arms behind your back; put the rope on the wrist of his left hand, pass it under the neck (or the right shoulder under the chest, passing it into the elbow bend of the left hand) and tie the wrists of both hands (Fig. 74);
trouser and waist belts - knock the enemy to the ground and bend your arms behind your back; tie the brushes with a trouser belt, pass the waist belt under the neck and tie it to the trouser belt (Fig. 75);
trouser belt or rope - dump the enemy on the ground face down, bend and cross your legs, put your hands behind your back; connect the right hand with the left foot, and the left hand with the right foot (Fig. 76);
stick- knock the opponent to the ground, put the stick into the sleeves of the jacket behind the back and tie the wrists to it or tie the opponent's arms and legs in front and stick the stick into the elbow and popliteal folds of the bound arms and legs (Fig. 77).
close-up search against the wall - force the enemy to spread his legs wide, lean forward and lean against the wall or the ground with straight arms and, threatening with a weapon, conduct a search (Fig. 78).
search at point-blank range - force the enemy to take the “bending emphasis” position (legs apart, hands together) and, threatening with a weapon, conduct a search (Fig. 79).
search lying on the ground - force the enemy to lie face down on the ground, arms to the sides, legs together and, threatening with a weapon, (turning over on his back) to search (Fig. 80).
"Convoy on pain hold" - make a bend of the arm behind the back, grab the helmet (hair, clothes on the opposite shoulder of the enemy), pull it towards you and, holding it, force it to follow in the right direction (Fig. 81).
"Convoy under the threat of weapons" - threatening with firearms and, being at a distance of 2 - 5 m from the enemy, thereby depriving him of the opportunity to apply disarmament techniques, accompany him in the right direction (Fig. 82).
"Knife throwing with a grip on the blade" - from the ready for battle, holding the knife by the blade with the edge of the blade outward from the palm, take it to swing back and up (through the bottom); feeding the weight of the body forward (with a lunge with the left foot or with a step with the right), send the knife to the target with a quick movement of the hand. Throwing a knife (bayonet-knife) at a target to produce from a distance of 1.5-3 m (Fig. 83).
"Throwing a knife with a grip on the handle" - perform similarly - holding the knife (bayonet-knife) by the handle (blade point inward), swing the armed hand up and back over the shoulder (from below), take it back; feeding the weight of the body forward (with a lunge with the left foot or with a step with the right forward), send the knife to the target with a quick movement of the hand. Throwing a knife (bayonet-knife) at a target from a distance of 2 - 3.5 m (Fig. 84).
"Infantry Shovel Throwing" - from the ready for battle, holding the shovel by the far third of the handle with the blade forward and upward, the handle along the axis of the forearm, after swinging, releasing the handle from the palm, send the shovel to the target (Fig. 85).
Exercise 30
(Fig. 86).
"Two" - Execute with the left hand hitting up and hitting with the right hand forward straight.
"Three" - Execute a kick with the right foot forward straight or from below.
"Four" - With a turn of 90. and with a step of the right foot, perform a blow to the side on the left backhand with the edge of the palm of the right hand.
"Five" - With a step with the right foot back, beat the left hand inward.
"Six" - With a step with the right foot forward, perform a blow with the fist of the right hand forward from above.
"Seven" - Execute a straight forward kick with the left foot and take a left-sided preparation for battle.
"Eight" - With a step with your left foot and turn to the left, take a combat stance.
Exercise 31
(Fig. 87)
Starting position - combat stance.
"One" - With a step with your left foot forward, get ready for battle.
"Two" - To execute with the barrel of the machine gun, repulsing to the right and stabbing with a bayonet (poke with a barrel) with a lunge with the left foot.
"Three" - With a step with the right foot back, strike with the butt plate back straight.
"Four" - Turning on the left foot to the right, with a step of the right back, beat the barrel of the machine gun to the left.
"Five" - With a short step with the right foot forward, perform a side kick with the butt.
"Six" - With a turn in a circle over the left shoulder, putting the right leg back, protect yourself from a blow from below with the machine stand.
"Seven" - With a step with the right foot forward, perform a strike with the store forward straight and - a chopping blow with a bayonet (barrel) from the left - to the right down.
"Eight" - With a step with the right foot back and turn to the right, take a combat stance.
157. Injury prevention in hand-to-hand combat classes is provided by:
observance of the established sequence of performing techniques, actions and exercises, optimal intervals and distances between those involved in the performance of combat techniques with weapons;
correct application of insurance and self-insurance techniques;
the use of knives (bayonets) with scabbards put on them or models of knives, infantry shovels, machine guns;
holding tricks and throws with the support of a partner by the hand and performing them from the middle of the carpet (pit with sand) to the edge;
smooth execution of painful holds, strangulation and disarmament, without the use of great force (at the partner’s signal with the voice “IS”, immediately stop the execution of the reception);
strict adherence to the rules for the use of simulation tools.
Strikes when performing techniques with a partner in the absence of protective equipment need only be indicated.
Such an exclusively state-owned system of hand-to-hand combat based on the techniques and techniques of probably a hundred years ago - is the official system of hand-to-hand combat of the Russian Army - but that would be half the trouble - it’s clear that - and that’s all. The most interesting thing is that this system was developed in the depths - which has already turned 83 this year. (Moreover, I don’t think that this is exclusively a feature of the Russian Army - surely the same is true in other armies of the world?)
And now serious people give out this - a similar “hand-to-hand combat system” in two hours will be given out not only by any coach or instructor of some kind in hand-to-hand combat - just an amateur with two years of experience - it will also turn out ten times better. (Or just a book could be handed out - "Self-Defense for Women" and then there is more benefit)
So - and so those suffering from many and many shortcomings seem against the background of the RB-1, RB-2, RB-3 complexes, just the height of perfection.
But meanwhile, strange as it may seem, people quite sincerely work out these so-called "RB complexes" for themselves - in various variations. Why this happens and what attracts people to these complexes is not entirely clear. It is possible that in the army they are simply ordered to learn and perform these techniques and these complexes - for example, I don’t see any other reason for learning them.
Moreover, these complexes apparently got from Soviet army- and as you can see, this is such a "creative processing" of the initial Karate kata - extremely popular in the 70-80s. And apparently it occurred to someone to do something similar. But before, of course, it was better - or just the actors tried.
Yes, they left it to this day without any special changes, and as a result, such State Army Karate came out
But here's how these complexes look in reality - performed by adults and quite sane people.
A complex for 16 accounts without weapons - well, why, as they say, such an execution is simply bureaucratic and formal. Just nothing.
A complex for 8 accounts without weapons - what a funny uncle - it feels like believing in these techniques. Such a serious look. Military instructor probably some kind of school.
Or maybe some kind of physical training instructor - he looks like that - serious. Who learned all these complexes. And hammering - too serious look.
Complex without weapons.
Complex with weapons.
The RB-2 complex with weapons - it's funny that there are clearly not enough equipment in the complexes - and therefore people on demonstration performances show theirs. In fact, abandoning the technology worked out in these complexes. And it looks more convincing. (The deep meaning in these complexes is the Russian meaning - people knowing much more are forced to learn some crap anyway - simply because it is written in some kind of NFP-91. As always - in fact one thing - in words another. They don’t believe they know - crap - but they do it. Order because.)
"1st Complex special exercises hand-to-hand combat” performed by the “maroon” beret - are they still forced or is there some kind of secret? What's the point? Might be worth a try.
Obvious - just the same standard, the most that neither eat basic technique Karate - just performed in different directions, and even somehow sluggishly or something - with some kind of reluctance.
I read in some book - that probably the soldiers of any armies are specially taught such simple and obvious tricks - which actually do not work - just to develop confidence - that they can defend themselves. And so plus, minus one soldier. But confidence. (deep meaning)
It is clear that knowledge, for example, may well turn out to be a revelation. And such a person turns out to be very necessary - to teach the soldier how to really do it.
Or, for example, a person clearly knows what he is talking about. What complexes are there ... For example, they would invite such a senior lieutenant - Maxim Rodionov - and I'm sure in two hours they would create a hundred times more effective system hand-to-hand combat for the army than the entire Department of Overcoming Obstacles and Hand-to-Hand Combat in eighty years of work.
Knowing the terminology, it is easier to compose and record exercises. To record a SPECIFIC EXERCISE, you must:
Determine the starting position - for example, stand, legs apart, arms to the sides.
Designate the actual movement - turn, tilt, etc.
Indicate the direction of movement - right, left, back, etc.
Set a score for movements (as a rule, exercises are performed at a multiple of 4: 4, 8, 16 counts to enable the exercise to be performed to music).
Specify end position. As a rule, the starting and ending positions are the same, otherwise it will be inconvenient to perform the exercises several times in a row.
An example of a recording of a specific exercise.
I.P. - main stand.
1-2 tilt to the right, arms up.
However, the exercise makes sense when used in a set of exercises. The ORU complex is a logically thought-out sequence of exercises of a general developmental nature. Before proceeding with the selection of exercises, it is necessary to determine its PURPOSE purpose. It can be designed for morning hygienic exercises, for the complex or directed development of physical qualities, for the formation of posture, etc.
Knowing the direction of the complex, it is necessary to decide which exercises and in what sequence should be included in the complex. Specialists of St. Petersburg State University of Physical Culture im. P.F. Lesgaft offer the following typical outdoor switchgear sequence diagram in the complex.
Stretching exercises (to straighten the spine, activate breathing).
Exercises for leg muscles (squats).
Exercises for the muscles of the body in the anteroposterior direction (tilts forward and backward).
Exercises for the muscles of the hands.
Exercises for the oblique muscles of the body (tilts to the sides, turns, rotations).
Complex exercises in sitting (lying) positions with the inclusion of the muscles of the abdomen and back.
Stretching exercises.
Jumping with the transition to walking.
It should be noted that a certain dosage of exercises has been adopted for outdoor switchgear - at least 2-3 exercises for each of the indicated points.
The following exemplary ORU complex without objects for morning hygienic gymnastics can become the basis for compiling other sets of exercises. Subject to the rules for compiling a separate exercise, the order of including exercises in the complex, the selected dosage, counting, as well as well-placed accents on the dominance of certain exercises, depending on the task of the complex being solved, its use will be effective.
Table 1
An approximate set of oru without items for ugg (morning hygienic gymnastics)
|
№ p / p. |
Dosage |
Guidelines |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
I.p. – o.s. 1 - arms to the sides 2 - hands up, rise on toes 3 - arms to the sides |
The pace is calm balance |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
1-4 - circular movements of the head to the right 5-8 - the same to the left |
The pace is slow perform without harsh movements |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
I.p. - stand, legs apart, hands on the belt 1-3 - three spring forward tilts |
Tilt to perform with a straight back, look forward |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
I.p. - stand, legs apart, hands on the belt 1 - tilt to the right, arms up 3-4 - the same to the left |
Tilt to perform exactly to the side, arms straight |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
I.p. – o.s. 1 - half squat, arms forward 3 - squat, arms to the sides |
Back straight, breath do not delay |
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|
I.p. - stand, hands up 1 - swing right forward, arms down 3-4 - the same with the left |
Legs during the swing bend, back straight |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
I.p. - stand, hands on the belt 1 - jump, legs apart, arms to the sides 2 - jump, legs crossed, arms up 3 - jump, legs apart, arms forward |
With every execution try to pick up the pace |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
I.p. – o.s. 1-2 - stand on toes, arms up, inhale 3 - half-tilt forward, arms down, exhale |
Regain your breath On count 3 - relax Complexes of hand-to-hand combat techniques are designed to improve skills in striking with a hand, foot, in performing defense techniques, movements, spatial orientation in hand-to-hand combat, as well as to improve skills in combat with a machine gun. They are performed in the preparatory part of complex classes, classes on overcoming obstacles and hand-to-hand combat in the morning. physical exercise, during physical training and in the preparation of military personnel for service on guard. Complexes are performed on 8 accounts. Hand-to-hand combat complexes with a machine gun(fig.54) Starting position - combat stance, weapon to the leg 1. With a step with the left foot forward, take the ready for battle and beat the barrel of the machine gun to the right. 2. Perform an injection with a bayonet (poke with a barrel) with a lunge with the left foot. 3. With a step with the right foot back, strike with the butt plate straight back. 4. Turning on the left foot to the right, with a step of the right back, beat off the barrel of the machine gun to the left. 5. With a short step forward with the right foot, strike with the butt from the side. 6. With a turn in a circle over the left shoulder, putting the right leg back, protect yourself from a blow from above with the support of the machine gun. 7. With a step with the right foot forward, perform a straight forward magazine kick. 8. With a turn to the right, take a combat stance.
Fig.54 A complex of hand-to-hand combat without weapons(fig.55) Starting position - combat stance. 1. With a step forward with your left foot, get ready for battle and beat it up with your left hand. 2. Strike with the right hand forward straight. 3. Kick with the right foot forward straight or from below. 4. With a step to the right, perform a backhand blow to the side with the edge of the palm of the right hand. 5. With a step with the right foot back, beat the left hand inward. 6. With a step with the right foot forward, strike with the fist of the right hand forward from above. 7. Kick with the left foot forward straight, take the left-handed position for the fight. 8. With a step with your left foot back, take a combat stance.
Rice. 55 Chapter III. PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES OF PRACTICAL EXERCISES ON HAND-TO-TO-HAND FIGHTING Training sessions in hand-to-hand combat are the main form of training military personnel for hand-to-hand combat. They are organized and conducted with all personnel of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The main type of hand-to-hand combat training is practical training. They are held with the aim of mastering the applied skills of successful hand-to-hand combat in single combat with the enemy, the development and improvement of physical, special and psychological qualities. In accordance with the requirements of the NFP, practical classes are held in sections physical training and complex. On complex lessons conducted for the purpose of general and special physical training of personnel, military personnel are also trained for hand-to-hand combat with the enemy. Their content includes training in the implementation of hand-to-hand combat techniques and actions in combination with exercises from other sections of physical training. The effectiveness of practical exercises depends on the organization and methodology of their conduct, which involves the creative application of the principles and methods of training and education of military personnel. This is expressed in increasing the interest of students in classes, in creating conditions for the effective manifestation of their physical and psychological capabilities and ensuring optimal density and physical activity in the classroom. 1. Teaching techniques and tactics of hand-to-hand combat with the enemy. 3. Education of courage and determination, resourcefulness and initiative, self-confidence. 4. Increasing the body's resistance to adverse factors of combat activity. 5. Raising the ability to apply the acquired skills of hand-to-hand combat in difficult conditions. |
