General physical training is understood as general physical training. Catalog of articles about sports and a healthy lifestyle

Nearing the end academic year. Will ring soon last call and final exams will begin in schools. For the first time ten years have passed since the program of final elective exams included for the first time an exam in physical culture, which involves assessing not only physical, but also theoretical and methodological preparedness of students. In addition, the All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren is held annually in the subject of "physical culture", one of the tasks of which is to determine the level of knowledge of students in the field of physical culture.

One of the most popular forms of control in education at present is testing, the basis of which is a test, which is a standard task that meets the requirements of unambiguity, brevity and simplicity. Its implementation allows you to assess the level of knowledge of each student and determine the degree of assimilation of theoretical material.

To assess the knowledge of students, test tasks are usually used, which, in the form of answers, are open and closed:

A) open form has no answer options - to complete such a task, you must continue or insert the missing part of the statement. The subject is required to give an arbitrary answer to the question;

b) the closed form assumes the presence of options with one or more correct answers, which the subject must choose. Varieties of the closed form include tests for conformity and tests for establishing the correct sequence that are presented in a certain way.

The logical basis of the task form with the choice of one correct answer from several proposed ones is the law of the excluded middle. Choosing the right answer gives a true judgment, and choosing an incorrect answer gives a false judgment. There is no third. A methodological rule follows from this: in each task with a choice of one answer, there must be a correct answer, which gives unambiguity to the intent of the task itself and does not allow conflicting interpretations among the subjects.

Test tasks are built from tasks in a test form, which meet the requirements of the task's compliance with the purpose of its application, multiplicity, adequacy of the form to the content of the tasks. Test tasks must also meet the following requirements: content-pedagogical correctness of tasks; logical accuracy and consistency of statements; the need for empirical verification of the statistical properties of tasks.

The test task should be formulated from exact terms and not contain metaphors, superfluous words. An incorrectly formulated task can produce both correct and incorrect answers, and even cause bewilderment.

An example of a terminologically incorrectly formulated task of the Moscow School Olympiad in the subject of "physical culture":

The distinguishing feature of a motor skill is:

a) automatism of motor action, stereotype of action parameters;
b) reduction of execution time;
c) conscious performance of a motor action.

Or, for example, some tasks All-Russian Olympiad schoolchildren in the subject "physical culture":

Physical fitness acquired in the process of physical preparation for labor or other activity is characterized by:

a) a margin of reliability, efficiency and economy of the body systems;
b) level of development respiratory systems, blood circulation, energy supply;
c) the level of working capacity and versatility of motor experience.

Comments, as they say, are unnecessary.

The most important component of a healthy lifestyle is:

a) hardening of the body;
b) rational nutrition;
c) motor mode;
d) personal and public hygiene.

All of these factors, without exception, are the basis of a healthy lifestyle. In this case, it will be very difficult for a poor student to choose the right option.

The idea of test content validity is closely intertwined with the principle of substantive correctness. test task. Inaccurately or ambiguously worded tasks that generate several correct or conditionally correct answers should not be included in the test at all.

In addition, test tasks should be presented in a language understandable to all students and correspond to the level of preparedness of students. In this regard, let us once again return to the test task at the Olympiad for schoolchildren in Moscow in the subject "physical culture":

Overrun long distances refer to work in a physiological background:

a) maximum power;
b) submaximal power;
c) high power;
d) moderate power

One gets the impression that the compilers of this assignment never looked at the school curriculum in physical education. Some of these questions can cause difficulties even for students of a physical education university, not to mention schoolchildren, who hardly received such information at physical education lessons at all.

The approximate number of tasks should be no more than 30 to ensure sufficient accuracy. pedagogical measurements, and the total testing time is no more than 40 minutes. Increasing the time, as well as decreasing it, reduces the variance test results, and consequently, worsens the differentiating ability of the entire test.

One of the modern requirements for test tasks is manufacturability, which allows you to conduct the testing process using technical means and do it accurately, quickly, economically and objectively. Tests become technological if the subjects correctly and quickly understand their content and if the form of tasks contributes to the process of computerization of testing.

It should be noted that, being the result of many pedagogical innovations, test tasks allow not only to obtain an objective assessment of the level of theoretical and methodological knowledge of students in physical culture, but also to identify problems that arise in the assimilation of this academic subject.

The subject test control of students' theoretical and methodological knowledge, which we conducted, showed that testing can be successfully used in the current check of students' progress, preparation for an elective exam in the final grades and for admission to physical education universities.

To control and assess the level of theoretical and methodological knowledge of graduate students in the subject of "physical culture", we offer closed-form test tasks. To do this, using the test designer in the Adobe Flash program, a test task storage was created, which is a database of a special structure used to store information about the form and content of test tasks, test generation parameters and methods for evaluating test results.

An example of setting a closed form (view on the monitor screen):

If your school does not have such a computer program or you have not yet created it, you can use the paper version of the test. To do this, we offer sample test tasks and a sample form for answering questions.

At your own discretion, depending on the level of preparedness of students, you can complicate or simplify some tasks or create thematic tasks, for example, on the history of physical culture and the Olympic movement, sections school curriculum on physical culture, the basics of a healthy lifestyle, etc.

Students can be tested in an organized manner at a physical education lesson by preparing answer sheets in advance.

We give an example of test tasks.

Grade "5" is given for the correct execution of 25 or more tasks;

grade "4" - for the correct execution of 20 or more tasks;

grade "3" - for the correct execution of 15 or more tasks;

grade "2" - for the correct execution of less than 15 tasks.

Test tasks for monitoring and evaluating the theoretical and methodological knowledge of students in the subject "physical culture"

You are asked to answer 30 questions. Each question has 4 possible answers. You need to choose one correct answer. Mark the answers you have chosen in the corresponding column of the form for answering the questions of the test task. To do this, you need to choose the correct option (in your opinion) and circle the corresponding letter.

Be careful when marking the correct answers on the form. Corrections and erasures are scored as an incorrect answer.

Fill in the answer sheet with your last name, first name and the class you are in.

1. For the first time in the history of mankind, the Olympic Games were held:

a) in the 5th century BC.;
b) in 776 BC;
c) in the 1st century. AD;
d) in 394 AD

2. Olympians in Ancient Greece called:

a) the inhabitants of Olympia;
b) participants in the Olympic Games;
c) winners of the Olympic Games;
d) judges of the Olympic Games.

3. The first modern Olympic Games were held:

a) in 1894;
b) in 1896;
c) in 1900;
d) in 1904

4. The founder of the modern Olympic Games is:

a) Demetrius Vikelas;
b) A.D. Butovsky;
c) Pierre de Coubertin;
d) Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

5. The motto of the Olympic Games:

a) "Sport, sport, sport!";
b) “Oh sport! You are the world!”;
c) Faster! Higher! Stronger!";
d) Faster! Higher! Further!"

6. The Olympic Charter is:

a) the provision on Olympic Games;
b) the program of the Olympic Games;
c) a set of laws on Olympic Movement;
d) competition rules Olympic sports sports.

7. First time Soviet athletes took part in the Olympic Games:

a) in 1948;
b) in 1952;
c) in 1956;
d) in 1960

8. The founder of the national system of physical education is:

a) M.V. Lomonosov;
b) K.D. Ushinsky;
c) P.F. Lesgaft;
d) N.A. Semashko.

9. One of the main means of physical education is:

A) exercise stress;
b) exercise;
V) physical training
d) physical education lesson.

10. Under the general physical training(OFP) understand the training process aimed at:

a) to form correct posture;
b) the harmonious development of a person;
c) for the comprehensive development of physical qualities;
d) to achieve high sports results.

11. Indicators of physical fitness include:

a) strength, speed, endurance;
b) height, weight, circumference chest;
V) arterial pressure, pulse;
d) heart rate, respiratory rate.

12. The individual development of the human body throughout his life is called:

a) genesis;
b) histogenesis;
c) ontogeny;
d) phylogenesis.

13. Indicators of physical development include:

a) strength and flexibility;
b) speed and endurance;
c) height and weight;
d) agility and jumping ability.

14. Physical inactivity is a consequence of:

a) downgrades motor activity person;
b) increasing human motor activity;
c) lack of vitamins in the body;
d) overeating.

15. Lack of vitamins in the human body is called:

a) avitaminosis;
b) hypovitaminosis;
c) hypervitaminosis;
d) bacteriosis.

16. The pulse of an adult untrained person at rest is:

a) 60–90 bpm;
b) 90–150 bpm;
c) 150–170 bpm;
d) 170–200 bpm.

17. The dynamometer is used to measure indicators:

a) growth;
b) vital capacity of the lungs;
c) willpower;
d) hand strength.

18. Exercises that combine speed and strength are called:

a) general developmental;
b) self-power;
c) speed-strength;
d) group.

19. Learning a complex motor action should begin with mastering:

a) starting position;
b) the basics of technology;
c) lead-up exercises;
d) preparatory exercises.

20. Run from a low start:

a) on short distances;
b) at medium distances;
c) for long distances;
d) crosses.

21. Long-distance running develops:

a) flexibility;
b) dexterity;
c) speed;
d) endurance.

22. Cross country running is called:

a) steeplechase;
b) forced march;
c) cross;
d) show jumping.

23. Running shoes are called:

a) sneakers;
b) pointe shoes;
c) Czechs;
d) spikes.

24. One way to jump high is called:

a) stepping over;
b) rolling;
c) stepping over;
d) flipping.

25. The dimensions of the volleyball court are:

a) 6x9 m;
b) 9x12 m;
c) 8x16 m;
d) 9x18 m.

26. Duration of one quarter in basketball:

a) 10 minutes;
b) 15 minutes;
c) 20 minutes;
d) 25 min.

27. The following are prohibited in basketball:

a) hand play
b) kicking;
c) playing under the ring;
d) throws into the ring.

28. Pioneerball - a lead-in game:

a) for basketball
b) to volleyball;
VC table tennis;
d) football.

29. The main way of skiing is:

a) alternating stepless move;
b) alternate one-step move;
c) alternating two-step move;
d) simultaneously-alternate course.

30. A rest stop on a hike is called:

a) parking
b) overnight stay;
c) a berth;
d) halt.

Right answers

1 - b; 2 - in; 3 - b; 4 - in; 5 - in; 6 - in; 7 - b; 8 - in; 9 - in; 10 - in; 11 - a; 12 - in; 13 - in; 14 - a; 15 - a; 16 - a; 17 - d; 18 - in; 19 - in; 20 - a; 21 - d; 22 - in; 23 - d; 24 - a; 25 - d; 26 - a; 27 - b; 28 - b; 29 - in; 30 - g

Form for answering the questions of the test task on subject"Physical Culture"

Last name, first name _________________________________ Class ____

Question number	Answer	Question number	Answer	Question number	Answer

Number of correct answers: ____ Score: _______________

Ildar LATYPOV,
Ph.D.,
Associate Professor of the Pedagogical Institute of Physical Culture,
Moscow

1. Olympionics in Ancient Greece were called:

a) the inhabitants of Olympia;

b) participants in the Olympic Games;

c) winners of the Olympic Games;

d) judges of the Olympic Games.

2. The motto of the Olympic Games:

a) "Sport, sport, sport!";

b) “Oh sport! You are the world!”;

c) Faster! Higher! Stronger!";

3. One of the main means of physical education is:

b) exercise;

c) physical training

d) physical education lesson.

4. General physical training (GPP) is understood as a training process, directed:

a) the formation of correct posture;

b) the harmonious development of a person;

c) for the comprehensive development of physical qualities;

d) to achieve high sports results.

5. Indicators of physical fitness include:

a) strength, speed, endurance;

b) height, weight, chest circumference;

c) blood pressure, pulse;

d) heart rate, respiratory rate.

6. Indicators of physical development include:

a) strength and flexibility;

b) speed and endurance;

c) height and weight;

d) agility and jumping ability.

7. Physical inactivity is a consequence of:

a) decrease in human motor activity;

b) increasing human motor activity;

d) football.

15. A rest stop on a hike is called:

a) parking

b) overnight stay;

c) a berth;

d) halt.

16.The Olympic Games (summer or winter) are held every:

17. Which country is the home of the Olympic Games:

b - China;

c - Greece;

Mr. Egypt.

18.Where were the ancient Greek Olympic Games held?

a - in Olympia;

b - in Sparta;

in - in Athens.

19.A healthy lifestyle (HLS) involves:

a - an orderly regime of work and rest, the rejection of bad habits;

b - regular visits to the doctor;

c - physical and intellectual activity;

d - rational nutrition and hardening.

20. Name the incorrectly named physical qualities from the proposed list (several answers):

a - resistance;

b - flexibility;

c - dexterity;

g - cheerfulness;

d - endurance;

e - speed;

21. Long distance running refers to:

b - sports games;

22.When running long distances according to the rules of the competition, the following applies:

a - low start;

b - high start;

c - type of start at the request of the runner.

23.Name the ways of human movement (several answers):

a - crawling;

b - climbing;

in - jumps;

g - throwing

d - grouping;

24. Olympic symbol consists of five interlaced rings, arranged from left to right in the following order:

a - above - red, blue, black, below - yellow and green;

b - above - green, black, red, below - blue and yellow;

c - above - blue, black and red, below - yellow and green;

g - above - blue, black, red, below - green and yellow.

25.Five Olympic rings symbolize:

a - five principles of the Olympic movement;

b - the main colors of the flags of the countries participating in the Games of the Olympiad;

c - the union of continents and the meeting of athletes at the Olympic Games;

d - the universal formation of sports at the service of the harmonious development of man.

6th grade

1. For the first time in the history of mankind, the Olympic Games were held:

a) in the 5th century BC.; b) in 776 BC; c) in the 1st century. AD; d) in 394 AD

2. Olympionics in Ancient Greece were called:

a) the inhabitants of Olympia; b) participants in the Olympic Games;
c) winners of the Olympic Games; d) judges of the Olympic Games.

3. The first modern Olympic Games were held:

a) in 1894; b) in 1896; c) in 1900; d) in 1904

4. The founder of the modern Olympic Games is:

a) Demetrius Vikelas; b) A.D. Butovsky;
c) Pierre de Coubertin; d) Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

5. The motto of the Olympic Games:

a) "Sport, sport, sport!"; b) “Oh sport! You- world!";
c) Faster! Higher! Stronger!"; d) Faster! Higher! Further!"

6. The Olympic Charter is:

a) regulations on the Olympic Games;

b) the program of the Olympic Games;
c) a set of laws on the Olympic Movement;
d) rules for competitions in Olympic sports.

7. For the first time, Soviet athletes took part in the Olympic Games:

a) in 1948; b) in 1952;
c) in 1956; d) in 1960

8. The founder of the national system of physical education is:

a) M.V. Lomonosov; b) K.D. Ushinsky;
c) P.F. Lesgaft; d) N.A. Semashko.

9. One of the main means of physical education is:

c) physical training d) physical education lesson.

10. General physical training (GPP) is understood as a training process aimed at:

a) the formation of correct posture;
b) the harmonious development of a person;
c) for the comprehensive development of physical qualities;
d) to achieve high sports results.

11. Indicators of physical fitness include:

a) strength, speed, endurance;
b) height, weight, chest circumference;
c) blood pressure, pulse;
d) heart rate, respiratory rate.

12. The individual development of the human body throughout his life is called:

a) genesis; b) histogenesis;
c) ontogeny; d) phylogenesis.

13. Indicators of physical development include:

a) strength and flexibility; b) speed and endurance;
c) height and weight; d) agility and jumping ability.

14. Hypodynamiais the consequence:

a) decrease in human motor activity;
b) increasing human motor activity;
c) lack of vitamins in the body;
d) overeating.

15. Lack of vitamins in the human body is called:

a) avitaminosis; b) hypovitaminosis;
c) hypervitaminosis; d) bacteriosis.

16. The pulse of an adult untrained person at rest is:

a) 60–90 bpm; b) 90–150 bpm; c) 150–170 bpm; d) 170–200 bpm.

17. The dynamometer is used to measure indicators:

a) growth; b) vital capacity of the lungs;
c) willpower; d) hand strength.

18. Exercises that combine speed and strength are called:

a) general developmental; b) self-power;
c) speed-strength; d) group.

19. Learning a complex motor action should begin with mastering:

a) starting position; b) the basics of technology;
c) lead-up exercises; d) preparatory exercises.

20. Run from a low start:

a) short distances b) at medium distances;
c) for long distances; d) crosses.

21. Long-distance running develops:

a) flexibility; b) dexterity;
c) speed; d) endurance.

22. Cross country running is called:

a) steeplechase; b) forced march;
c) cross; d) show jumping.

23. Running shoes are called:

a) sneakers; b) pointe shoes; c) Czechs; d) spikes.

24. One way to jump high is called:

a) stepping over; b) rolling;
c) stepping over; d) flipping.

25. The dimensions of the volleyball court are:

a) 6x9 m; b) 9x12 m; c) 8x16 m; d) 9x18 m.

26. Duration of one quarter in basketball:

a) 10 minutes; b) 15 minutes; c) 20 minutes; d) 25 min.

27. The following are prohibited in basketball:

a) hand play b) kicking; c) playing under the ring; d) throws into the ring.

28. Pioneerball- leading game:

a) for basketball b) to volleyball; c) table tennis d) football.

Right answers

Form for answering the questions of the test task on the subject "Physical Education"

Last name, first name _________________________________ Class ____

2. What are physical culture minutes and physical culture pauses for, and what exercises are used?

1 .General physical training (GPP) is understood as a training

a process aimed at the comprehensive development of physical qualities

person. Unlike other types of training in general physical education, the development of physical

qualities are carried out in order to achieve and maintain optimal

the level of general performance, maintaining a high functional

activity and social activities. However, based on the OFP

carry out special professional-applied physical

training that ensures the person is ready to actively engage

into specific professional activities. The main tasks that are solved in the process of general physical education, including independent forms of organizing classes, are to increase:

Functionality of the main vital systems

organism: respiration, blood circulation, energy supply;

The level of development of basic physical qualities (strength, speed,

endurance, flexibility, agility, coordination);

Adaptive (adaptive) properties of the organism to, socio-ecological

and climatic conditions of the human habitat;

Protective functions of the body, resistance to diseases, mental

tension and stress;

Professional level, special working capacity, as well as in

ensuring the functional readiness of a person for professionally applied

physical training, including the development of new

forms of movements and types of professional activity.

Organizational planning is very important in OFP training process.

Planning includes:

The choice of physical exercises based on their impact on

functional activity of organs and systems of the body;

Determining the magnitude of the load, its volume and duration as in

separately taken occupation, and in the system of occupations;

Development of the content of each lesson and the system of lessons on

weekly, monthly, semi-annual and annual periods.

PPP planning is necessarily carried out based on the results

control of the physical fitness of those involved, and first of all

according to the results of the development of basic physical qualities.

Starting to plan self-study, you need to

determine your level of physical fitness. For this you need

test the development of physical qualities and received

compare the results with the regulatory requirements that are specified in

school program. Comparing your data with the requirements of the program,

reveal either a lag or an advance in the development of physical qualities

and accordingly determine the direction of the training

process (for example, if there is a backlog in terms of indicators

endurance, then, naturally, the content of classes includes enough

a large amount of exercises to develop this particular quality and, conversely,

if there is a lag in terms of strength, then they are set mainly

strength exercises).

Having determined the orientation of the OFP and selecting the appropriate physical

exercises, start planning the training Process.

First, the number of lessons in the weekly cycle is determined (for example; 3

classes) and set their duration (for example, / 60 min). After

For this, for each lesson of the first weekly cycle, a plan outline is developed.

At the end of the first cycle, the content of the lessons is determined for

second cycle, etc. Developing the content of each subsequent

cycle, it is necessary to take into account the load tolerance in the previous cycle.

If the reaction of the body to the load was normal (peppy and cheerful

mood, good and sound sleep, high performance during

all day), then the magnitude of the loads is increased; if there are negative

symptoms (sleep disturbance, poor appetite, lethargy, fatigue, pain in

muscles), then the load does not change or even slightly reduces. the value

loads are selected and adjusted according to heart rate

abbreviations, focusing on scientifically established modes:

health-improving (up to 120 beats / min); supporting (up to 140 beats / min);

developing (up to 160 beats / min); training (over 160 beats / min).

2 .Relatively successfully regulate the dynamics of performance can be

the help of physical education, using, in particular,

physical education minutes, physical education breaks, outdoor and sports games, etc.

Physical education minutes and physical education breaks are carried out for 1-2 minutes. It enhances metabolism in the body, increases attention, improves posture. In the selection of exercises for physical education, one should be guided by the following: exercises should mainly cover large muscle groups and be simple to implement. It is most expedient to carry them out when the first signs of fatigue appear: activity decreases, attention is disturbed, etc. Exercises are performed while sitting and standing. Each complex consists, as a rule, of 3-5 exercises, repeated 4-6 times. In the complexes, it is recommended to use sipping, bending the torso, half-tilts and tilts, half-squats and squats with various hand movements.

Introduction

1. Basics of physical training

2. Physical preparation of the athlete

3. The structure of physical training

4. General physical training

5. Special physical training

Bibliography

Introduction.

Modern physical training should be considered as a multilevel system. Each level of which has its own structure and its own specific features.

The lowest level is characterized by a health-improving orientation and is built on the basis of general (conditional) physical fitness. As the level of physical fitness increases, its complexity increases and sports orientation, and the most high level build on the principles sports training in order to increase the functional reserves of the body, necessary for professional activity. One of the most important conditions for the implementation of physical training is its rational construction over sufficiently long periods of time. Because neither in a day, nor in a week, a month, and sometimes even a year, it is impossible to prepare for work. This is a long process of formation of motor skills and abilities, systematic improvement of physical (motor) qualities, mental preparation, maintenance of the level of working capacity, preservation and strengthening of health. The construction of physical training classes is based on the laws of physical education and sports training.

General physical training creates the basis for mastering the exercises, promotes the development of motor abilities, and increases overall performance. For representatives of many sports, it is the same and contributes to the development of the qualities necessary for an athlete to successfully perform in competitions.

1. Fundamentals of physical training.

Basic sports are characterized by relatively low sports results and significant mass character. At this level of achievement, training of athletes is carried out in their free time from their main activity. It takes place under the guidance of trainers of various qualifications, including trainers-instructors working on voluntary. Loads are small.

Sport highest achievements associated with the desire to achieve the highest results (world records, victories at the Olympic Games, World Championships, Europe, Russia, etc.). However, the higher the achievement, the smaller the number of athletes able to reach this level (3% of the country's population aged 16-25).

High performance sport can dominate in certain periods athlete's life. Training is carried out under the guidance of highly qualified coaches, it uses the latest achievements of science and technology, uses large amounts of training and competitive loads, and athletes undergo a thorough multi-stage selection. An expert assessment shows that only 1 out of 65 people who started to study continues to study in a children's and youth sports school(DYUSSH), the standard of the master of sports in swimming is able to fulfill one person out of 34,000 trained.

Analyzing the specifics of directions sports movement, scientists talk about the following main mechanism of interdependence between the mass nature of sports and the level of achievements of athletes of the highest qualification. Sports results demonstrated by high-class athletes, especially in popular types sports, serve effective tool propaganda active classes physical education and sports.

Thanks to this, in practice sports activities more and more participants are involved and, consequently, the chances of identifying new talented athletes among them are increasing, who in the future will be able to raise the highest sports achivments on new level. Therefore, they conclude, the progress of each sport is based, along with other aspects, on the inseparable connection of all aspects of the sports movement.

In defining the concept of sport, we used the term " competitive activity". To explain it, we will have to specify a few more concepts.

All sports competitions are held according to certain rules, which regulate the activities of the participants. In addition, each participant sports competitions trying to reach a certain sports result(success). To be successful, competitors must realize their abilities or competitive potential. Therefore, competitive activity in sports is a process regulated by the rules of realizing the competitive potentials of participants, each of which strives to achieve the planned result.

The general goal of sports training is the development of spiritual and physical abilities athletes.

The specific goal is to achieve high sports results.

Sports training is understood as a specialized pedagogical process of physical education aimed at achieving high sports results by an athlete.

Particular tasks of sports training are: strengthening the health and comprehensive physical development of an athlete, educating his moral-volitional and physical qualities, developing the necessary skills, consolidating and improving the necessary skills of the chosen sport, acquiring special knowledge in hygiene, self-control, etc.

At the moment, there are several most common classifications of sports: Matveev L.P., 1977; Keller B.C., 1986; and others. The most widely used classification of sports included in the program of the summer and winter Olympic Games:

1 - cyclic (rowing, swimming, skiing, cycling, skating, cross-country types of light athletics);

2 - speed-strength (jumping, throwing, weightlifting);

3 - coordination-complex sports (sports and artistic gymnastics, figure skating skating, diving, etc.);

4 - martial arts (wrestling, boxing, etc.)

5 - sport games(football, hockey, volleyball, basketball, water polo, etc.);

6 - all-around (athletics decathlon, modern pentathlon, Nordic combined, etc.).

2. Physical preparation of the athlete.

It is aimed at the development of physical qualities and is the basis for improving technology, is divided into general and special.

OFP - creates the basis for mastering the exercises, contributes to the development of motor abilities, increasing overall performance. For representatives of many sports, it is the same and contributes to the development of the qualities necessary for an athlete to successfully perform in competitions and good physical fitness.

SFP - the basis of maintenance sportswear, quickly mastering the technique of exercises of a sport, achieving a high level of the athlete's functional capabilities and the ability to endure large training, as well as competitive loads. The means of special physical training are exercises of "their" kind of sport, similar in structure to competitive actions.

Modern physical training should be considered as a multilevel system. Each level, which has its own structure and its own specific features.

The lowest level is characterized by a health-improving orientation and is built on the basis of general (conditional) physical fitness. As the level of physical training increases, its complexity and sports orientation increase, and the highest level is built on the basis of the principles of sports training in order to increase the functional reserves of the body necessary for professional activity. One of the most important conditions for the implementation of physical training is its rational construction over sufficiently long periods of time. Because neither in a day, nor in a week, a month, and sometimes even a year, it is impossible to prepare for work. This is a long process of formation of motor skills and abilities, systematic improvement of physical (motor) qualities, mental preparation, maintenance of the level of working capacity, preservation and strengthening of health. The construction of physical training classes is based on the laws of physical education and sports training.

3. The structure of physical training.

One of the leading experts in the theory sports training V.N. Platonov (1986) notes that modern system training of an athlete is a complex, multifactorial phenomenon, including goals, objectives, means, methods, organizational forms, material and technical conditions, etc., ensuring the athlete achieves the highest sports performance, as well as the organizational and pedagogical process of preparing an athlete for competitions.

In the system of training an athlete, there are: sports training, competitions, out-of-training and out-of-competition factors that increase the effectiveness of training and competitions.

The main aspects of an athlete's training are physical, technical, tactical, mental and integrative training.

Physical training is aimed at strengthening health, achieving a high level of physical development, and educating the physical qualities necessary for an athlete. It is customary to subdivide it into general physical training (GPP) and special physical training (SFP).

The purpose of the OFP is to achieve high performance. Its means are a variety of physical exercises (walking, running, skiing, swimming, rowing, outdoor and sports games, gymnastics, weight training, etc.).

SFP is aimed at educating individual physical qualities, skills and abilities necessary in the chosen sport. It is carried out systematically and helps the athlete to prepare for the competition.

Its means are special exercises and elements of the chosen sport. The ratio of OFP and SFP in the process of sports training changes as sportsmanship grows, the proportion of SFP gradually increases. Depending on the qualifications of the athletes, physical training is allocated from 70% (in the initial period of preparation) to 30% (for athletes higher ranks) training time.

Technical training is aimed at teaching the athlete a system of movements corresponding to the characteristics of this sport.

Technical readiness (or in other words technical mastery) of athletes is characterized by what an athlete can do and how he can master the mastered actions. The first group of indicators includes: volume, versatility, rationality technical actions that an athlete can perform. Secondly, efficiency, mastery of execution (D.D. Donskoy, V.M. Zatsiorsky, 1979).

In structure technical readiness It is very important for an athlete to distinguish between basic and additional movements. The basic ones include movements and actions that form the basis of the technical equipment of this sport, without which it is impossible to effectively conduct a competitive struggle in compliance with existing rules. Development basic movements is mandatory for the athlete. Additional movements and actions are secondary movements and actions that are characteristic of individual athletes and are associated with their individual characteristics. (Platonov V.N., 1986).

tactical training. Tactical preparedness in the theory and practice of sports training, - writes Platonov V.N., - is understood as the ability of an athlete to competently build the course of the struggle, taking into account the characteristics of the sport, his individual characteristics, the capabilities of his opponents and the created external conditions.

Level tactical readiness of an athlete depends on his mastery of the means, forms and types of tactics of this sport. The means of sports tactics are all techniques and methods of their implementation, forms - individual, group and team actions, types - offensive, defensive and contracting tactics.

Tactics relies on strategy, so A.Ya. Gomelsky in the book "Bible of Basketball" writes that the strategy is the main theoretical focus of the entire work of the team, which determines the means and methods of preparing for the main competitions. The four-year plan for preparing the USSR national team for the Seoul Olympics is the team's strategy in 1985-1988. The strategy provides for the management of the team in competitions.

Tactics is a part of the strategy that solves the main tasks of training, taking into account specific capabilities - the resources of the team, the characteristics of opponents, the conditions of the competition. All this determines the tactical and combination baggage of the team.

Mental training - is associated with the education of athletes in the process of training moral, strong-willed and special mental qualities.

Classes in various sports contribute to the formation of a specific structure of mental qualities, so A.Ts. Puni (1984) found that representatives of each sport have their own leading volitional qualities.

4. General physical training.

General physical training (GPP) is a process of improving motor physical qualities aimed at the comprehensive and harmonious physical development of a person.

Physical fitness contributes to an increase in functionality, overall performance, is the basis (base) for special training and achievement of high results in a chosen field of activity or sport. The following tasks can be assigned to the OFP:

to achieve a harmonious development of the muscles of the body and the corresponding strength of the muscles;
acquire general, endurance;
increase the speed of performing various movements, general speed abilities;
increase the mobility of the main joints, muscle elasticity; improve dexterity in a wide variety of (domestic, labor, sports) activities, the ability to coordinate simple and complex movements;
learn to perform movements without undue stress, master the ability to relax.

The achievement of physical perfection is associated with general physical training - the level of health and the comprehensive development of physical abilities that meet the requirements of human activity in certain historically established conditions of production, military affairs and other areas of public life. Specific principles and indicators of physical perfection are always determined by the real demands and conditions of society at each historical stage. But they also always have a requirement for a high level of health and overall performance. At the same time, it should be remembered that even a fairly high total physical fitness often cannot ensure success in a particular sports discipline or in various types of professional work. And this means that in some cases an increased development of endurance is required, in others - strength, etc., i.e. necessary special training.

Modern physical training should be considered as a multilevel system. Each level of which has its own structure and its own specific features.

The lowest level is characterized by a health-improving orientation and is built on the basis of general (conditional) physical fitness. As the level of physical fitness increases, the complexity and sports orientation increase, and the highest level is built on the basis of the principles of sports training in order to increase the functional reserves of the body necessary for professional activity. One of the most important conditions for the implementation of physical training is its rational construction over sufficiently long periods of time. Because neither in a day, nor in a week, a month, and sometimes even a year it is impossible to prepare for work. This is a long process of forming motor skills and abilities, systematic improvement of physical (motor) qualities, mental preparation, maintaining the level of working capacity, maintaining and strengthening health. The construction of physical training classes is based on the laws of physical education and sports training.

5. Special physical training.

(SFP) is a process that ensures the development of physical qualities and the formation of motor skills and abilities that are specific only to specific sports or specific professions, provides selective development individual groups muscles that carry the main load when performing specialized exercises. The main means of special physical training are competitive exercises in "one's own" sport. The ratio of means and methods of general physical training and physical training depends on the individual characteristics of the athlete, his sports experience, the period of training and the tasks to be solved. The principle of unity is based on the fact that the body's adaptive reactions to loads are selective and cannot ensure the development of all the qualities necessary to show a high sports result. Each quality, depending on the biological structure of the movements used, on the intensity of the load, develops specifically. Deviation in one direction or another when using either specific means, or general developmental physical exercises, does not give the desired effect. The level of development of physical qualities is not the same for representatives various kinds sports .

The only correct solution to the issue of using general and special physical training is their reasonable combination at different stages of the training process.

On initial stage training, the basic general physical training should prevail, regardless of the sport. The use of general physical training means for versatile training is also necessary for high-class athletes. IN different types sports for OFP, various means specific to this sport are used. But at the same time, you can’t fall into another milking - use mainly specialized exercises, especially the same ones. This emotionally impoverishes the preparation process and, secondly, the body adapts to them - the result is the inefficiency of the training process.

Special physical training is very diverse in its focus, but all its types can be reduced to two main groups:

sports training;
professional-applied physical training.

Sports training (training) is the expedient use of knowledge, means, methods and conditions, which makes it possible to directly influence the development of an athlete and ensure the necessary degree of his readiness for sports achievements.

At present, sport is developing in two directions, which have a different target orientation - mass sport and sport of higher achievements. Their goals and objectives differ from each other, however, there is no clear boundary between them due to the natural transition of part of the trainees from mass sports to "big" and vice versa.

The purpose of sports training in the field of mass sports is to improve health, improve physical state And leisure.

The goal of training in the field of elite sports is to achieve the highest possible results in competitive activities.

However, as regards the means, methods, principles of sports training (training), they are similar both in mass sports and in sports of the highest achievements. Fundamentally common is the structure of the training of athletes who train and function in the field of mass sports and elite sports.

The structure of an athlete's preparedness includes technical, physical, tactical and mental elements.

Technical readiness should be understood as the degree of mastering by an athlete of the technique of the system of movements of a particular sport. It is closely related to the physical, mental and tactical capabilities of the athlete, as well as to the conditions of the external environment. Changes to competition rules, use of other sports equipment significantly affects the content of the technical preparedness of athletes.

The structure of technical readiness always contains the so-called basic and additional movements.

The basic ones include movements and actions that form the basis of the technical equipment of this sport. Mastering the basic movements is mandatory for an athlete specializing in this sport.

Additional include minor movements and actions, elements of individual movements that do not violate its rationality and at the same time are characteristic of the individual characteristics of this athlete.

Physical fitness is the ability of the functional systems of the body. It reflects the necessary level of development of those physical qualities on which competitive success in a particular sport depends.

The tactical readiness of an athlete depends on how much he masters the means of sports tactics (for example, techniques necessary for the implementation of the chosen tactics), its types (offensive, defensive, counterattacking) and forms (individual, group, team).

Mental preparedness is heterogeneous in its structure. Two relatively independent and at the same time interconnected aspects can be distinguished in it: volitional and special mental preparedness.

Volitional readiness is associated with such qualities as purposefulness (a clear vision of a long-term goal), determination and courage (a penchant for reasonable risk combined with thoughtfulness of decisions), perseverance and perseverance (the ability to mobilize functional reserves, activity in achieving a goal), endurance and self-control ( the ability to control one's thoughts and actions in conditions of emotional arousal), independence and initiative. Some of these qualities may be inherent in one or another athlete, but most of them are brought up and improved in the process of regular training work and sports competitions.

In the structure of the athlete's special mental readiness, it is necessary to single out those aspects that can be improved in the course of sports training:

resistance to stressful situations of training and competitive activity;
kinesthetic and visual perceptions motor actions and environment;
the ability to mental regulation of movements, ensuring effective muscle coordination;
the ability to perceive, organize and process information under time pressure;
the ability to form anticipatory reactions in the structures of the brain, programs that precede real action.

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