International Olympic Committee creation history briefly. What is an IOC? International Olympic Committee: flag, funding, commissions, committees and structures
60. International Olympic System (IOC, IOC Charter, principles of the Olympic Movement, the modern concept of Olympism, IOC President)
On June 23, 1894, at the International Sports Congress in Paris, a decision was made, which entered the history of mankind, to revive the modern Olympic Games. At the same time, the Olympic Charter was approved, the text of which was read by Pierre de Coubertin. The Olympic Charter spoke about the procedure for holding, about the regulations and the opening and closing ceremonies of the Olympic Games. And most importantly, the governing body was identified - the International Olympic Committee (IOC).
The IOC is an international non-governmental organization. Its duration is unlimited. The IOC Secretariat is permanently located in Lausanne (Switzerland). The role of the International Olympic Committee is to guide the Olympic Movement and develop Olympism in strict accordance with the Olympic Charter.
The supreme body of the IOC is the session, i.e. the general meeting of its members, held at least once a year. The IOC Session approves, amends and interprets the Olympic Charter, and, on the proposal of the IOC Executive Board, elects the members of the IOC. At the session, cities are elected in which the Olympic Games are held, Olympic sports are determined.
Between sessions, the activities of the IOC are managed by the Executive Committee (EXCOM), which consists of the president, four vice-presidents and six other most respected members of the IOC. The members of the Executive Board are elected at IOC sessions by secret ballot. The President of the IOC is elected at the session from among the members of the IOC by secret ballot for a period of eight years. The President may be re-elected for subsequent four-year periods.
The official languages of the IOC are French and English. In addition to them, there are several other "working" languages at the IOC Sessions, and Russian is among them.
The first version of the Olympic Charter stated that the IOC should be headed by a representative of the host country. Therefore, the Greek Demetrius Vikelas was elected the first president of the IOC.
For more than a century of history of the modern Olympic movement (from 1894 to the present), only eight people have been honored to head the International Olympic Committee: Dimitrios Vikelas, Pierre de Coubertin, Henri de Baie-Aatour, Johannes Siegfried Edström, Avery Brundage, Michael Morris Killanin, Juan Antonio Samaranch, Jacques Rogge.
The activities of the presidents of the International Olympic Committee took place in a variety of historical, political, social and economic conditions. Often, the leaders of the IOC had to deal with extraordinary critical situations both in Olympic sport and the Olympic Movement, and in the world as a whole. I ask you to keep the flame of renewed Olympism alive and uphold its inherent principles and institutions:
First of all, the equality of the main sports;
Competitions in the field of art, which add to the magnificent physical activity works of the mind, imbued with the ideas of sports;
The oath of athletes, which, relying on a sense of honor, contains the beginning of the only effective way effective solution of the problem of amateurism;
the Olympic banner, which reflects the colors of all peoples and symbolizes the five parts of the world united by sports;
The ceremonial and ritual of the opening and closing of the Games, with a final tribute to the Hellenism from which they originate;
^ 61. Main activities of the IOC: mid-70s. XX century to the present (the main task of the IOC, the main decisions, 119 session of the IOC).
IOC- is the highest governing body of the modern Olympic movement. By legal status, the IOC is an international non-governmental organization, not for profit, in the form of an association with the status of a legal entity, recognized by the Swiss Federal Council. The IOC is a permanent organization, the term of which is not limited. The IOC is permanently based in Lausanne (Switzerland).
The mission of the IOC is to lead the Olympic Movement in accordance with the Olympic Charter. Its role in OA is to develop high performance sport and sport for all in line with the OC. The IOC ensures the regular holding of the Olympics, takes measures in the development women's sports, sports ethics and the protection of athletes.
Decisions of the IOC based on the provisions of the Olympic Charter are final. Any dispute concerning their application or explanation may be resolved exclusively by the IOC Executive Board and, in certain cases, by arbitration before the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS).
^ IOC headquarters housed in Lausanne on the Place du Palais.
IOC– an organization exercising management and control in the OA:
· the president;
· The Executive Committee;
administration.
Under the supreme authority of the IOC, the Olympic Movement brings together organizations, athletes and others who agree to be bound by the Olympic Charter. The criterion for belonging to the Olympic Movement is recognition by the International Olympic Committee. The organization and management of sports must be carried out by independent sports organizations recognized as such.
1976 – 1984 Period of economic crisis in the Olympic movement;
Samaranch really wanted to be president. For this purpose, he made great efforts. Samaranch applied his abilities to help organize the Moscow Olympic Games. In return, he wanted to enlist the support of the sports bureaucracy of the USSR, Eastern Europe and the Third World. The alliance took place and Juan Antonio Samaranch was elected President of the IOC.
In 1980, with the arrival of José Antonio Samaranch as President of the IOC, things changed. Samaranch made a proposal to the Organizing Committee of the Los Angeles Olympics (1984) to look for sponsors to obtain new sources of funding. Not the last role in this circumstance was played by the fact that in the 70s. the last century came the crisis of the Olympic movement. Property of the IOC as of 1972 was estimated at $2 million including $200,000 of the reserve fund. For such a global organization as the IOC, this amount certainly seemed ridiculous.
Samaranch tried to look at the Olympic Games as major investment project with attractive economic parameters, both for the host city and for business.
The example was successful and contagious - the idea of Samaranch gradually spread among all more or less popular types sports.
^ Organizer's dividends from holding sports competitions- Solving many important issues, such as:
Ø Comprehensive development of infrastructure (construction of an airport, hotels, roads and sports facilities);
Ø creation of new jobs;
Ø establishing relationships with business;
Ø receiving political dividends for the country;
Ø formation of a positive image of the city;
Ø attraction of tourists;
Ø improvement of the economic situation in the region;
Ø attraction of additional large investments, including foreign ones;
Ø receiving direct income from sports commercial competitions.
There is a peculiar chain reaction(a spectacle is created that attracts fans and tourists who bring money with them and spend it on products from various sectors of the country's economy).
July 4th in Guatemala The 119th session of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) took place. The main issue at the IOC session was the choice of the host city for the 2014 Winter Olympics. A total of seven cities have applied to organize the games: Sochi (Russia), Salzburg (Federal Republic of Austria), Harkan (Spain), Sofia (Bulgaria), Borjomi (Georgia),
^ 62. Modern problems of the Olympic movement
The Olympic Movement is a social movement based on the principles, ideas and ideals of Olympism, uniting organizations and people in its ranks, regardless of their social status, political and religious views, racial origin, gender and age, contributing to the development of amateur sports.
Olympism is a set of philosophical, moral, ethical, pedagogical and organizational principles based on the universal, cultural, humanistic values of sports.
From the positions of humanism, the Olympic system of views in the content of education and upbringing considers the person himself to be the highest value. The most important, fundamental values are friendship and peace, mutual respect and understanding between peoples and countries.
Modern Olympism, the Olympic Movement and the Olympic Games represent difficult process. In the process of their development and improvement, various theories, views and concepts on the essence, their present and future collide.
These, first of all, include the problems of commercialization and professionalization in sports, denationalization and racial discrimination, doping and objective refereeing. One of the fundamental principles of the modern Olympic movement, developed by its creator, Baron Pierre de Coubertin, is a fundamental and rigid, under the threat of serious sanctions, delimitation of politics from Olympism.
A sharp struggle in the Olympic movement is also being waged on the issues of the Olympic program. Unreasonable attempts to reduce or increase the Olympic disciplines can lead to undermining the Olympic idea itself. The program of the summer and winter games should reflect the level of modern science and technology, the general social progress of society. It must preserve wrestling, beauty, aesthetics, and a friendly atmosphere. It is necessary that the program of the games always comply with the requirements of the Olympic Charter and be in constant development. It should not lag behind the achievements of modern civilization, the degree of development of a particular sport in countries and on continents.
The future of Olympism largely depends on how willingly all states, governments and the international community will help the development of the Olympic movement and strictly implement the basic principle of the Olympic Charter: not to allow Olympic Games no discrimination on racial, religious or political grounds in relation to countries or individuals.
November 4, 2011
The core of international sports life in modern world is the Olympic Movement, which rightfully occupies a leading place in the galaxy of various social and cultural phenomena of human civilization. In terms of its mass character, traditions, scale, the Olympic Movement has no equal among all other non-governmental movements and public organizations. The influence of the ideas of Olympism is currently unusually great, and the International Olympic Committee is now one of the most authoritative and respected sports organizations.
The Olympic movement originated in the earliest stages of ancient civilization - the first Olympic Games took place in 776 BC. e. V Ancient Greece. Since then, the Games have played an important role for many centuries, being the main sporting and cultural event in the life of various peoples.
The concept of modern Olympism belongs to Pierre de Coubertin, on whose initiative the International Athletic Congress was held in Paris in June 1894. On June 23, 1894, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) was formed, which became the central management and organizational structure of the world Olympic movement.
The revived Olympic Movement, according to the plan of P. Coubertin, was to become that positive force that opposed aggressiveness, militancy, racial and religious hatred. The Olympic Games were intended to be an instrument of peace and cooperation between peoples, where the winners were determined not on the battlefields, but on stadiums and sports tracks. At the same time, P. Coubertin and his associates proposed not only to revive the Olympics in their unchanged form, but also to modernize the Games and the Olympic movement in the spirit of modern times. All positive principles were borrowed from the ancient Olympics (fair play, the cessation of hostilities for the period of the Games, etc.) and the elements of discrimination were canceled (non-participation of women, persons of non-Greek origin). Thus, the Olympic Movement was originally conceived by its organizers as an international social movement with lofty goals and ideals - for the harmonious development of man, to combine sports with culture and education, to create a new way of life, to achieve peace and cultural prosperity.
For the practical implementation of the lofty goals of Olympism, Coubertin and his associates created a special management and organizational structure - the IOC, which initially concentrated the entirety of the supreme power of the Olympic movement.
The need to create the IOC as an organizational and management structure is obvious - without it, the entire international Olympic movement becomes an inefficient and unviable entity. Only a permanent management body with appropriate financial, organizational and human resources is capable of solving complex problems of an international scale.
But it is absolutely not enough to form a management body and give it the appropriate powers. It is necessary that the established committee be a representative and authoritative body. And this, in turn, is impossible without the election and turnover of its members on a democratic basis.
For the effective operation of the management structure, a necessary condition is a clear definition of the scope of its tasks and powers, rights and obligations, which are set out in a special legal document. For the Olympic Movement, such a document is called the Olympic Charter. This legal act is a document of a public law nature, that is, it is intended not only for the internal use of the Olympic Committee, but is available to all persons who wish to familiarize themselves with its contents.
Another important principle of the activity of the administrative structure of the Olympic Movement is its independence from the political influence of any states and political blocs. Obviously, if the Olympic Movement falls under someone's political influence or adheres to partisan positions, it will quickly lose its international authority and global significance. The same can be said about financial dependence on any commercial or government organizations. The understanding of this fact was embodied in the Olympic Charter, which states that the IOC "is a non-governmental organization not created for profit." This clause allows the IOC to maintain its political and commercial independence.
The principles listed above formed the basis for the practical activities of the IOC, which has been successfully fulfilling its assigned role for more than a century. In particular, the IOC should ensure that the Olympic Games are held regularly; determine their program and composition of participants (in cooperation with international sports federations and the host country of the Games); register Olympic records; to promote the development of sports throughout the world; promote the development and strengthening of friendship between athletes of all countries and continents, without allowing racial, religious and political discrimination against countries and individuals.
In organizational terms, the IOC is formed as follows. The total number of members of the committee should not exceed 115 members, which can only be individuals. The composition of the IOC is elected at a general meeting called the Session. Sessions are held at least once a year. If necessary, the IOC Session is also convened at the initiative of the President or at the written request of at least one third of the IOC members (see Fig. 1).
At the IOC Session, the President is elected for a term of 8 years with confirmation of his powers after four years. In addition, the Session elects the members of the IOC Executive Board for a 4-year term. The Executive Committee consists of the President, four vice-presidents and ten members. All members of the Executive Committee are elected at the Session by secret ballot by a majority of the votes cast for them.
Any citizen of their country aged 18 or over may become an IOC member, provided that their candidacy is presented in accordance with the requirements of the IOC and considered by the Commission on Nominations.
To propose candidates for election to the IOC have the right:
- IOC members: each member of the IOC is entitled to propose one or more candidates for election to the membership of the IOC;
- IOC Athletes' Commission has the right to propose one or more candidates;
- National Olympic Committees: Association of National Olympic Committees (ANOC), Association of African National Olympic Committees (ANOCA), European Olympic Committees (EOC), Olympic Council of Asia (OCA), Pan American Sports Organization (PASO), National Olympic Committees of Oceania (ONOC), jointly with any NOC recognized by the IOC, has the right to submit one or more candidates for election as a member of the IOC;
- International Olympic Sports Federations: The Association of International Summer Olympic Sports Federations (ASOIF), the Association of International Winter Olympic Sports Federations (AIOVF) and all International Federations that are members of ASOIF and AIOVF are eligible to submit one or two candidates for election to the IOC.
Day-to-day managerial functions to ensure the effective functioning of the Olympic Committee are carried out by the IOC Executive Board, headed by the President. The powers and duties of the Executive Board in the management of the affairs of the IOC are that it:
- oversees the observance of the Olympic Charter;
- is responsible for the administrative work of the IOC;
- approves the internal structure of the IOC and all internal regulations relating to its organization;
- Responsible for managing the finances of the IOC and preparing an annual report;
— submit a report to the Session on any proposed changes to the Rules and Bye-Laws;
- presents to the IOC Session the names of the persons whom the IOC recommends for election;
– monitors the procedure for the adoption and selection of city candidates for the organization of the Olympic Games;
- determines and assigns the insignia of the IOC;
- prepares the agenda of the IOC Sessions;
- performs any other duties assigned to it by the Session.
The President directs the activities of the IOC Executive Board, creates permanent commissions or commissions convened as necessary, forms working groups where necessary, determines the scope of their duties and personal composition. The President also decides to dissolve commissions and groups when he considers that they have fulfilled their mission. No meetings of commissions or working groups may be held without the prior consent of the President of the IOC. The President is a member of all commissions and working groups ex officio and has priority when present at their meetings.
It's obvious that effective work The IOC as a management structure is impossible without attracting the necessary financial resources that are needed to ensure the activities of both the IOC itself and to support the Olympic Movement as a whole.
Given the importance of creating a sound financial base for the proper development of the Olympic Movement, the IOC is developing special marketing programs to raise funds. Programs for the implementation of the rights to broadcast the Olympic Games to telecommunications companies, programs for working with corporate sponsors, and the minting of commemorative coins and medals are of priority importance.
The IOC funds received as a result of the implementation of marketing programs are redistributed between the National Olympic Committees, International Sports Federations and the Organizing Committees for the Olympic Games. As a rule, the IOC directs about 7% of the funds received to maintain its own activities.
The presidency of the IOC was attended by many prominent personalities, only ten people. The last of them, T. Bach, was elected in 2013 and currently holds this post. This article briefly introduces all the presidents of the IOC.
IOC as an organization
The IOC is the supreme body of the Olympic movement, which operates on a permanent basis at the present time. The International Olympic Committee is a non-profit, non-governmental organization. Its headquarters is located in Switzerland (Lausanne). The statutory document of this organization is the Charter of the Olympic Games, the modern version of which was adopted on July 14, 2001. English and French are the official languages of the IOC.
The International Olympic Committee was established in Paris on June 23, 1894. Pierre de Coubertin, a French teacher and public figure, who later became its president, took the initiative to create it. It was in 1894 that it was decided to revive the Olympic Games. The IOC was entrusted with the task of organizing them.
(summer and winter) are held once every 4 years. The IOC decides on the date and place of their holding, on their program. This organization owns the exclusive right to the symbol, anthem and motto. For the duration of the Games, the IOC transfers the right to control the technical side of the competition to international sports federations.
According to the current regulations, the IOC member is elected for a term of 8 years. Then he can be re-elected for the same term. The presidents of the IOC are elected by its members by secret ballot. Their term of office is also 8 years. Then every 4 years the powers can be renewed. Many IOC Presidents have taken advantage of this opportunity.
D. Vikelas
This man held a responsible post for a short time, from 1894 to 1896. Demetrius Vikelas is a famous writer from Greece. In 1894 he participated in the Constituent Congress held in Paris. Since the Games were to be held in Athens, the president, according to the 1st Olympic Charter, had to be from Greece. It should be noted that the first president of the IOC made a significant contribution to overcoming many difficulties of a political and economic nature. The first Olympics took place in Athens in 1896. After the end of the Games, D. Vikelas handed over the post to the next president, Pierre de Coubertin.
Pierre de Coubertin
This French baron, public figure and scientist, held a responsible post for a long time, from 1896 to 1925. The modern Olympic Games, as we have already said, were founded by him. In high office, Pierre de Coubertin did a lot for the formation and development of the Olympic movement. Idealism and romanticism are qualities inherent in this person. They did not prevent him with flexibility, patience, practicality and perseverance to lead the Olympic movement through the trials and turmoil of the first 30 years.
J. Lucas, an American scientist who wrote the book "Modern Olympic Games" (published in 1980), noted that if you combine everything written by Pierre de Coubertin, you get a 25-volume collected works. Coubertin headed the IOC for nearly 30 years. Baron Godefroy de Blonay was his closest confidant. This man served as president of the IOC from 1916-19 when Coubertin joined the French army during the First World War. The second President of the IOC died in 1937. The remains of Pierre are buried in Lausanne. In Olympia, at the request of Coubertin, his heart is buried.
Henri de Baie-Latour
This man served as president from 1925 to 1942. He was born in 1876 in Brussels. Comte de Baie-Latour went in for sports, graduated from the university, after which he served as ambassador to the Netherlands.
Henri became a member of the IOC in 1903, and in 1905 he held the Olympic Congress in Brussels. A year later, he organized the NOC in Belgium. Henri successfully held the seventh Olympic Games in Antwerp (1920). In 1925 he was elected President of the IOC. His predecessor, Coubertin, said of him that de Baillet-Latour's persistent activity ensured the considerable success and excellent organization of the Olympic Congress. For 17 years, Henri headed the IOC, until his death (in 1942). Five Olympic Games were held under his leadership. The number of participants increased from 2594 to 3980, and the number of states represented by them - from 29 to 49. The formation of the Olympic Games under him was basically completed.
It should be noted that some analysts see in the actions of de Baillet-Latour the extreme politicization of sports. This was expressed in the decision to hold the 11th Olympic Games in Berlin (in 1936). In addition, Henri refused to allow athletes from the USSR to participate in them. In the presidency, Henri was a supporter of Coubertin's principles. He said that in order to unite good intentions and fight disorderly ideas, a single doctrine should be adopted. It is necessary to issue laws common to all participants in the Games, while respecting the freedom of everyone.
Yu. Z. Edstrem
Over the next ten years (1942-1952), the IOC was headed by Yu. Z. Edstrem. He is considered a prominent figure in the Olympic movement, both Swedish and international. Unannes Siegfried Edström is a power engineer by profession. During his student years, Edstrem competed in sprint, was the Swedish record holder. In 1912, on his initiative, the International Amateur Athletics Federation was created.
Edstrom became a member of the IOC in 1920, and in 1931 he took the post of vice-president of this organization. Further, Unannes's career developed as follows: after Baillet-Latour died, he became acting president, and in September 1946 Edstrom was elected president of the IOC. He held this position for six years, until 1952. Edstrem's activities fell on the difficult post-war period. The President distinguished himself by his desire to develop the Olympic movement, to strengthen it. He tried to use it as a tool for developing cooperation and mutual understanding between peoples. J. Z. Edstrom stepped down as president in 1952. He gave it to Avery Brundage. Edstrom lived a long life. He died at the age of 94, in 1964.
E. Brundage
For the next 20 years, the management of the IOC was in the hands of Avery Brundage. He served as president from 1952 to 1972. This man was a civil engineer from America. He owned a large construction company. While studying at Avery University, Brundage was seriously involved in sports. In 1912 he participated in the Olympic Games held in Stockholm. Brundage is the US All-Around Champion. He was also a board member of the IAAF.
On Edström's recommendation, Avery was elected a member of the IOC in 1936. After 10 years, he took the position of first vice president. In 1952, Brundage was elected president on a competitive basis (there were five applicants in total). Avery Brundage led the IOC for the next 20 years.
During the Cold War between the USSR and the USA, Avery patiently, actively and persistently advocated the independence of sports from politics. When Soviet troops entered Hungary in 1956 to put down an uprising against the pro-Soviet regime, a number of states decided to boycott the Melbourne Games. Brundage responded by saying that if we stop the competition every time politicians break the law, we will simply lose them. In 1964, after the American authorities refused to grant visas to East German athletes to travel to hockey competitions, Avery warned the United States that they would lose their international ties if they decided to mix sports and politics.
Brundage in his post did a lot to preserve and strengthen international sports ties. He held idealistic views, sometimes even conservative ones. Brundage dogmatically followed the laws and regulations of the IOC. He shared the ideals of Coubertin, which, it should be noted, sometimes did not agree with the processes that arose at that time in public life. Avery Brundage opposed the playing of the anthem and the hoisting of the flag in honor of the winners of the Olympic Games. He believed that this was a manifestation of nationalism. He also did not like the scoring system by which the places of one or another national team in the overall standings at the Olympic Games were determined. Avery felt that this was contrary to the spirit and rules of the Games, which are competitions between athletes and not between nations. The sports community, expressing their comments, respectfully treated the hard-working and talented president of the IOC. In 1972, Avery turned his post over to Killanin. Brundage died at the age of 98 in 1985.
Michael Maurice Killanin
M. M. Killanin spent eight years as president. This Irish lord was engaged in rowing and boxing, and was also an excellent rider. He was educated at the famous Cambridge and Killanin worked as a journalist, and also participated in the Second World War. He was an officer in the British armed forces. After the war, Michael Killanin held various administrative positions in industrial firms.
In 1950 he became President of the Irish NOC. In 1952, Killanin became a member of the IOC. Lord Michael Morris was appointed to the position of a member of the Executive Committee in 1967, and a year later he became vice-president of the IOC. Killanin reached the pinnacle of his career in 1972. He held the post of IOC President until 1980.
Michael was able to find more rational types of relationships between the IOC, NOCs and IFs - the three main links in the Olympic movement. His work strengthened this movement. During Killanin's presidency, there were certain political tensions that were linked to the Soviet Union's war in Afghanistan. However, Michael's consistent line prevented the collapse of the 12th. Michael Killanin was a supporter of a realistic policy that took into account the changes taking place in the world. He believed that the Olympic movement would eventually become even more massive. For the feat accomplished during the Second World War, Michael was awarded the high rank of a member of the Order of the British Empire. They even wanted to elect him to the post of president of the republic in his native Ireland. Throughout the world, this IOC President was respected for his humanity and honesty.
Juan Antonio Samaranch
You probably know the name of this person. Marquis served as President of the IOC from 1980 to 2001. He was born in Barcelona in 1920. sports activities the future president of the IOC started as a sports advisor in his municipality. NOC he became in 1962. After 4 years, H. A. Samaranch was elected a member of the IOC. From 1974 to 1978, Huang became vice president. Then Samaranch worked for 3 years in the USSR, where he was the ambassador of Spain.
At the 83rd session of the IOC held in Moscow in 1980, Juan Antonio was elected president of the IOC. In such a responsible position, he focused his efforts mainly on improving the efficiency of the activities carried out by the IOC. Samaranch fought to strengthen the authority of the Olympic movement, to increase its stability. Faced with the confrontation between the USSR and the USA from the very beginning of his presidency, Juan Antonio did everything possible to prevent a boycott of the Games in Los Angeles. The flexible and skillful policy pursued by him made the Olympic movement of that time more authoritative, numerous and stable. The Olympic Games in Seoul in 1988 and in Barcelona in 1992 were a great success. Samaranch saved the Olympic movement from external shocks. He achieved its stability, significantly strengthened its financial position and authority. An important event in history was the resolution on the Olympic Truce, which was adopted at the 48th session of the UN General Assembly. 1994 was declared the year of the Olympic ideal and sport.
In Russia, the activities of Samaranch were highly appreciated. On July 14, 1994, a decree of the President of the Russian Federation was signed, according to which Juan Antonio was awarded the Order of Friendship for his significant contribution to the strengthening and development of the Olympic movement throughout the world, for increasing its role in the struggle to maintain peace between states.
Jacques Rogge
Jacques Rogge was the President of the IOC from 2001 to 2013. He was born in Belgium (Gante) on May 2, 1942. Rogge is a doctor of medical sciences, an orthopedic surgeon. He worked in the field of sports medicine. Count Jacques Rogge speaks French, Dutch, Spanish, German and English. He participated in the Olympic Games three times - in 1968, 1972 and 1976. Jacques Rogge represented his country in sailing. He is the winner of the World Championship, as well as his two-time silver medalist. Rogge became the champion of Belgium 16 times, speaking in sailing. He is also the Belgian rugby champion. Jacques spent ten matches for the national team of his country.
Since 1991 he has become a member of the IOC, and since 1998 - a member of the Executive Committee. Rogge was elected President of the IOC on July 16, 2001 in Moscow. The IOC, under his leadership, sought to create maximum opportunities for developing countries to participate in the nomination of their cities as candidates for the right to host the Games. In 2008, the Games were held in China for the first time.
Thomas Bach
This man has served as the President of the IOC from 2013 to the present. He was born in Würzburg on December 29, 1953. Bach has a higher education in the field of jurisprudence, is a Doctor of Law. From the age of five, Thomas was engaged in fencing with a rapier. In 1971, he won the World Junior Championship in this sport. In 1973, Bach won a silver medal as part of the foil team representing his country at the World Championships.
Thomas Bach, like other IOC presidents, has reached great heights in sports. He competed in many foil fencing competitions. In 1976, he became the Olympic champion in the team event at the Games in Montreal. Bach won the European Cup in 1978. In 1977-78, he became the German champion in the individual championship.
In 1982-91. Bach was a member of the NOC of Germany. He became a member of the IOC in 1991, and five years later he was elected to the IOC Executive Board. Thomas Bach was IOC vice-president three times: in 2000-04, 2006-10 and 2010-13. In 2013, at the age of 59, Thomas was elected President of the IOC. He became the first German, as well as the first Olympic champion, to hold this post.
FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION
STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
FAR EAST HUMANITARIAN STATE
UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT
Subject: International Olympic Committee (IOC). Olympic Charter
KHABAROVSK
Introduction
1. International Olympic Committee (IOC)
1.2 Organization and structure
2. Olympic Charter
2.1 General
2.2 Tasks and role of the IOC
Conclusion
Introduction
At the end of the XIX century. the rapid growth of economic and cultural international relations is also reflected in sports. The first international sports associations were created, competitions were held with the participation of athletes from different countries. With the entry of sports into the international arena, it became necessary to hold major complex competitions and create a center for the international sports movement.
For the consolidation of sports life and the coordination of competitions, it became necessary: a single organization standing above the international federations, and such competitions that would cover all sports, be periodically repeated and during which the results achieved would be recorded. Thanks to the achievements of the science of physical culture and undertakings in holding competitions, France at the end of the 19th century. became the center of international sports life.
On June 16, 1894, the International Olympic Committee was created by Pierre de Coubertin - international organization, created to revive the Olympic Games and promote the Olympic movement.
The relevance of the issue of the IOC and the Olympic Charter is undeniable, because The Olympic movement, which originated in the era of Antiquity, exists in the modern world, exerting an exceptional influence on the development of physical culture.
aim research work is the study of such an organization as the IOC and the content of the Olympic Charter. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were defined:
1. Consider the history of the creation and development of the IOC, its organization and structure.
2. To study the content of the Olympic Charter, to determine with its help the tasks and role of the IOC.
In the course of writing the work, methods such as analysis and study were used. scientific literature and Internet resources devoted to this topic, which allows you to reveal the topic of the research work.
1. International Olympic Committee
1.1 History of creation and development
On October 25, 1892, during the celebration of the fifth anniversary of the Union of French Societies of Athletic Sports in the great amphitheater of the Paris Sorbonne, Pierre de Coubertin officially announced for the first time that he was embarking on the direct implementation of the project to revive the Olympic Games "on principles corresponding to the needs of today." He convinced this authoritative Union to create an international forum for organizing the Olympic Games, as well as developing general requirements to their members. The preparation of such a world forum was entrusted to three commissioners, including Pierre de Coubertin. In the spring of 1893, he sent letters to many countries of the world in which he wrote: "The revival of the Olympic Games on principles and conditions that would meet the needs of modern society will make it possible for representatives of all the peoples of the world to meet every four years. We hope that these peaceful and noble competitions will be the best expression of the spirit of internationalism."
The International Athletic Congress opened on June 16, 1894, and a week later, having decided to revive the Olympic Games, the congress delegates formed a permanent committee that was supposed to organize and hold the Games. This is how the IOC was created. Coubertin was elected its general secretary and the representative of Greece, Vikelas Demetrius, as president. April 10, 1896 V. Demetrius resigned, and Pierre de Coubertin was elected President of the IOC. The Congress approved the Olympic Charter and decided to hold the Olympic Games once every four years, establishing that their goal is "to strengthen brotherhood and peace among peoples." It was decided to hold the first Olympic Games in 1896 in Athens, the capital of Greece.
In August 1894, the XII Olympic Centenary Congress took place in Paris, which was called the "Congress of Unity".
Hard work was carried out for two years, and now a significant date in world sports has come - on April 6, 1896, the opening of the first Olympic Games of our time was proclaimed at the Marble Stadium of the Greek capital in the presence of 80 thousand spectators. 295 athletes from 13 states came to the Games in Athens. The competition included nine sports. Athletes from 10 countries became champions, athletes from the USA were the most successful.
It is very important that from the first Games, the IOC members did everything possible to revive not only the complex of competitions, but also, in the spirit of the Olympic Charter, to revive Olympism as a synthesis of sports, culture and art, high spirituality and morality. They were extremely interested in the moral, ethical, socio-pedagogical and educational aspects of Olympism. They were passionate promoters of sports, physical culture and the ideas of Olympism. To this end, it was established that the Games be held in different cities and on different continents. So, exactly 1500 years later, the Olympic Games were restored.
More than 100 years have passed since then. During this time, the fire of the Summer Olympic Games was lit 24 times (three Olympics were not held during the World Wars). Most often, the Games were held on the European continent - 14, 6 - in the cities of America, 2 - in Asia and 2 - in Australia.
Since 1924, the Winter Olympic Games have been held, which have their own numbering. But the concept of "Olympiad" is reserved only for the Summer Games.
The venue for the Olympic Games is chosen democratically by the IOC. The right to organize them is granted to the city, not to the country. The duration of the Games is not more than 16 days ( Winter Games- no more than 10 days). The Olympic movement has its own emblem and flag, approved by the IOC at the suggestion of Coubertin in 1913. The emblem is five intertwined rings of blue, black, red (top row), yellow and green (bottom row) colors, which symbolize the 5 continents united in the Olympic Movement. The motto of the Olympic Movement is Citius, Altius, Fortius (faster, higher, stronger). The flag is a white canvas with the Olympic rings.
For a hundred years, the ritual of the Games has developed: lighting the Olympic flame at the opening ceremony (the fire is lit from the sun's rays in Olympia and delivered by the torch relay of athletes to the host city of the Olympic Games); pronunciation by one of outstanding athletes the country in which the Games are held, the Olympic oath on behalf of all participants in the Games; pronouncement on behalf of the judges of the oath of impartial refereeing; presentation of medals to the winners and prize-winners of competitions; the raising of the national flag of the country and the performance of the national anthem in honor of the winners. Since 1932, the organizer of the Olympic Games has been building the so-called Olympic village for the participants in the Games. According to the Olympic Charter, the Games are a competition between individual athletes and not between national teams. However, since 1908, the so-called unofficial team standings have become widespread - determining the place, occupied by teams, by the number of medals received. At the same time, priority in establishing a command place is given to gold medals, and if they are equal, to silver and bronze medals.
With the development of the Olympic Movement, more and more countries are included in its orbit. Teams from 199 countries participated in the Games in Sydney. Increasingly enriched and sport program. At almost every Olympics, new sports appear in its program, and the number of Olympic awards being played increases accordingly. At the games in Athens, 43 gold medals were awarded, and in Sydney there were already 300 sets of Olympic medals. The number of medals played has also increased due to the inclusion, starting from the second Olympic Games, of women in the Olympic starts. In total, over the past hundred years, about 140 and a half thousand athletes have taken part in the Olympic Games.
Today, the Olympic Games have become the world's largest sports festival.
1.2 Organization and structure
The modern structure of the IOC is as follows: 15 people should represent international sports federations or their associations, 15 - national Olympic committees or their regional associations, 15 - active athletes and 70 - the so-called individual members. At the same time, there cannot be more than one IOC member from the last category in the country, and the age limit for all IOC members is set from 18 to 70 years.
Representatives of Argentina, Belgium, Great Britain, Hungary, Greece, Italy, New Zealand, Russia, USA, France, Czech Republic and Sweden were elected to the IOC; the first members of the IOC became the organizers of the National Olympic Committees (NOCs) in their countries. The duties of the IOC include the regular holding of the Olympic Games (OI) and the Winter Olympic Games (WOG), their continuous improvement, and leadership in the development of Olympic sport throughout the world.
The supreme organization in solving the problems of the Olympic Movement is the IOC. The headquarters of the IOC is located in Lausanne (Switzerland). The permanent body of the IOC is the Executive Board, which solves current problems. The most important issues are resolved at congresses and sessions of the IOC. Sports play an important role today arbitration court(САС), which resolves all disputes during the Games. The Court of Arbitration for Sport has been legally completely independent of the IOC since 1994. It operates under the auspices of the International Arbitration Board. In promoting the ideas of Olympism, the Olympic Movement, the International Olympic Academy, functioning under the patronage of the IOC, and the Olympic Academies of the countries that are members of the Olympic Movement, play an increasingly important role. The promotion of the ideas of Olympism also involves its new organizational forms - Olympic museums. On June 23, 1993, in Lausanne, where the headquarters of the IOC is located, the Olympic Museum was opened, which in 1995, according to the results of the competition, won first place on the European continent. He was awarded the prize "Best Museum of the Year in Europe". The Olympic Museum in Lausanne is not only a "temple of history", but also an active information and propaganda center that unites the past and present of the Olympic Games. This museum has excellent conditions for visitors of all ages. Much attention is paid to art, especially the organization of art exhibitions, the level of which is always quite high and which organically fit into the overall concept of the museum. It rationally uses the latest achievements of scientific and technological progress.
In strengthening the Olympic movement, the role of the Association of National Olympic Committees (ANOC) recognized by the IOC in 1968, which regularly holds General Assemblies aimed at strengthening friendship between athletes from different countries, is increasing every year. One of its functions is to protect the interests of small countries. There are 45 such countries included in the Olympic Movement. The smallest of them is Mauru, an island in pacific ocean with a population of 10,000 people, the largest is Swaziland, with a population of 860,000 people. At the ANOC General Assembly in Atlanta (1994), they were given the right to send 6 athletes to the Olympic Games, regardless of the qualification standards set by individual international sports Federations. Qualification standards are needed to keep the number of Olympians under 10,000.
The third organizational form of the Olympic Movement is the General Assembly of International Sports Federations (GAISF), which has been functioning since 1967. The main goals of this organization are: to promote the strengthening of the international authority and independence of international sports associations in sports, to establish closer contacts between sports Federations and the IOC, to introduce proposals to the IOC and other international sports associations to improve the holding and organization of international sports forums.
international olympic committee game
2. Olympic Charter
The foundations of the Olympic Charter were developed by Pierre de Coubertin and approved by the Paris Congress of 1894, which decided to revive the Olympiads of our time. This is a collection of IOC statutory documents on the Olympic Movement: the main goals, principles, provisions, rules for organizing and holding the Olympic Games, etc. The charter consists of several sections. The first of them is devoted to the basic principles of the Olympic movement. The honor of hosting the Olympic Games is given by the IOC to the city, not to the country or territory. The entire responsibility for the preparation and holding of the Games lies with the NOC of the country where the chosen city is located. The proceeds from them are used only for the development of the Olympic movement and amateur sports. The same section talks about the Olympic symbols, emblems, flag, fire. The second section is devoted to the IOC, its structure, status, rights, financial resources. The third - explains the position on international sports federations. The fourth is about NOCs. The fifth is about the Olympic Games: this includes a code for the admission of athletes to them, a medical code, a list of international recognized by the IOC sports federations, questions of the program of the Games. It also talks about Olympic awards, about the procedure for covering the course of the Games by the media. The "Protocol of the Olympic Games" contains provisions on the procedure for calculating the Olympiads, the duration and timing of the Games, on the opening and closing ceremonies, awarding winners, etc. They emphasize the inadmissibility of the use of the Olympic Games for political and commercial purposes, establish the procedure for the work of the IOC sessions and special commissions of the committee. The Charter is a kind of constitution of the Olympic movement, a set of basic laws by which the whole vast world of modern Olympic sports lives.
2.1 General
1. Olympism is a philosophy of life that uplifts and unites in a balanced whole the dignity of the body, will and mind. Olympism, which combines sport with culture and education, seeks to create a way of life based on the joy of effort, on the educational value of good example, and on respect for universal basic ethical principles.
2. The goal of Olympism is to place sport everywhere at the service of the harmonious development of man in order to contribute to the creation of a peaceful society that cares about the preservation of human dignity. To achieve this, the Olympic Movement, alone or in cooperation with other organizations, carries out, within its capabilities, activities aimed at strengthening peace.
3. The Olympic movement, led by the IOC, originates in modern Olympism.
4.Under the supreme authority of the IOC, the Olympic Movement brings together organizations, athletes and others who agree to be bound by the Olympic Charter. The criterion for belonging to the Olympic Movement is recognition by the IOC. The organization and management of sports must be carried out by independent sports organizations recognized as such.
5. The purpose of the Olympic Movement is to contribute to building a better world by educating young people through sports without any discrimination and in the spirit of observing the principles of Olympism, which includes mutual understanding, friendship, an atmosphere of solidarity and fair play.
6. The activity of the Olympic Movement, which is symbolized by the five intertwined rings, is permanent and universal. It covers five continents. It reaches its climax by bringing together athletes from all over the world in a great sports festival- Olympic Games.
7. Going in for sports is one of the human rights. Everyone should be able to play sports according to his or her needs.
8. The Olympic Charter brings together in a single code the fundamental principles, rules and official clarifications adopted by the IOC. It governs the organization and functioning of the Olympic Movement and sets the conditions for the celebration of the Olympic Games.
The International Olympic Committee selects and elects its members from among suitably qualified persons. They must be citizens of the country in which they permanently reside or where their interests are concentrated and where there is a recognized NOC. In addition, they must be proficient in at least one of the languages used in IOC sessions, either French or English.
2.2 Tasks and role
The Olympic Charter has three main tasks:
1. The Olympic Charter, as the main instrument, having the character of a fundamental law, regulates the fundamental principles and inherent values of Olympism.
2. The Olympic Charter is also the charter of the International Olympic Committee.
3. The Olympic Charter defines the basic rights and obligations of the three main components of the Olympic Movement, namely the International Olympic Movement, the International Sports Federations and National Olympic Committees, and the Organizing Committees for the Olympic Games, which are obliged to comply with the provisions of the Olympic Charter.
In accordance with the Olympic Charter, the IOC is called upon to:
Encourage the coordination, organization and development of sports and sports organizations;
Cooperate with competent public and private organizations and authorities in an effort to put sport at the service of humanity;
To ensure the regular holding of the Olympic Games;
Combat any form of discrimination in the Olympic Movement;
Promote the observance of sports ethics;
Dedicate your efforts to ensure that the spirit of fair play prevails in sports grounds and that violence be expelled from them;
Lead the fight against doping in sport;
Take measures aimed at preventing the emergence of a threat to the health of athletes;
Resist any political and commercial abuse in sports;
Support the International Olympic Academy (IOA);
Support other institutions dedicated to Olympic education.
Conclusion
The question of the IOC and the Olympic Charter certainly requires careful study. During the research, a number of questions need to be answered. First, how was the IOC formed and what is its organization and structure. Secondly, what provisions does the Olympic Charter contain, what goals and objectives does it implement. Using methods such as analysis and study of scientific literature and Internet resources, I answered these questions and solved the tasks.
In the process of research, I found out that the IOC was created on June 16, 1894 by Pierre de Coubertin with the aim of reviving Olympism as a synthesis of sports, culture and art, high spirituality and morality. The IOC is one of the most important organizational forms of the Olympic Movement, along with the Association of National Olympic Committees (ANOC) and the General Assembly of International Sports Federations (GAISF).
I also established that the Olympic Charter is a collection of IOC statutory documents on the Olympic movement, which sets out the main goals, principles, regulations, rules for organizing and holding the Olympic Games. According to the Olympic Charter, the IOC manages the Olympic movement, unites organizations, athletes and other persons, regulates the fundamental principles and integral values of Olympism, and implements one of the important human rights - to play sports.
The activity of the Olympic Movement, which is symbolized by five intertwined rings, covers five continents, uniting athletes from all over the world at the great sports festival - the Olympic Games.
List of used literature
1. Kuhn L. General history of physical culture and sports. – M.: Raduga, 1982. – 399 p.
2. http://www.olympic.kz. Olympic movement.
3. http://www.olympic.ru. Russian Olympic Committee.
4. http://www.olympic-history.ru. History of the Olympic Movement.
5. http://www.ru.wikipedia.org. Wikipedia.
The Structure of the Modern Olympic Movement
The Olympic Movement is the activity of national and international sports organizations, which is aimed at holding the Olympic Games and developing sports.
Structure of the Olympic Movement
International Olympic Committee (IOC)
National Olympic Committees (NOCs)
· International sports federations
National sports federations
The International Olympic Committee (IOC) has the most significant significance as the governing body of the International Sports Movement.
Due to the fact that he has all the rules for the Olympic Games, his jurisprudence extends to amateur sports in general.
In its practical activities, the IOC is guided by the Olympic Charter, which contains official rules, as well as explanations and instructions.
The IOC was founded in 1894 at the International Congress in Paris on the initiative of the French educator and educator Pierre de Coubertin. The organization of the IOC is associated with the revival of the Olympic Games. The IOC adopted the Olympic Charter, defined its goals and objectives. In 1951 The IOC recognized the NOC of the USSR.
The supreme body of the IOC is the general meeting of its members - a session convened at least once a year. In the year of the Olympic Games, the session is held twice. At the session, all issues related to the Olympic movement are resolved. Resolutions other than those relating to amendments to the Olympic Charter shall be adopted by a simple majority of votes. A 2/3 vote is required to change it. In urgent cases, voting by mail is possible. Submission of proposals to the agenda of the session five months before its start may be made by members of the IOC, representatives of the National Olympic Committees and the leadership of international sports associations in the sports included in the program of the Olympic Games.
Attributes of the Olympic Movement are:
Olympic symbol (five intertwined rings - blue, black, red, yellow, green, symbolizing the unification of five continents);
motto "Faster, higher, stronger";
emblem (consists of the Olympic symbol and the motto);
· olympic flag(white cloth with the Olympic symbol in the center).
The International Olympic Committee has the right to choose a city to host the Olympic Games.
The IOC is completed by electing its members, which it recognizes as useful to the Olympic movement, provided that they speak English or French and live in the country, the national Olympic Committee is recognized by the committee. Members of the International Olympic Committee are its representatives in their countries, and not delegates of their country. This arrangement of the committee is an obstacle to the democratization of the movement, since the IOC (1983) had 89 members (18 countries have not one, but two members).
Between sessions, the Olympic Movement is governed by the IOC Executive Board. Composition of the IOC Executive Committee - 11 people and including the president(currently - Jacques Horn), three vice-presidents and members of the executive committee - representatives of several countries, are elected for a period of 8 years with the right of subsequent re-election for 4 years. Members of the IOC are elected without a term limit, upon reaching the age of 72, they must retire. The IOC Executive Board directs its work between sessions.
In the International Olympic Committee, commissions are created that develop recommendations on the issues of the Olympic movement and the activities of the committee. Commissions can be temporary or permanent. The latter can be mixed, that is, with representation not only from the committee, but also from national and international federations. Among the commissions: a commission for the admission of athletes to the Olympic Games, a cultural commission (in charge of the cultural aspects of the movement of the games), a financial commission (in charge of the budget, takes into account revenues to the Olympic Solidarity Fund, etc.
IOC funding sources consist of deductions from part of the funds received for television broadcasting from the Olympic Games, from funds from subscription to the IOC newsletter, from annual fees of IOC members of approximately 60 US dollars per member). All expenses for organizing and holding the Olympic Games are borne by the city where they are held. For the Olympic Games, an organizing committee is created in the city; activities related to the organization Olympic competitions. The IOC approves the program of the Olympic Games and the timing of their holding. The IOC recognizes 26 IFs. To be recognized as an Olympic sport, it must be distributed in at least 40 countries, on three continents for men, and in 25 countries on two continents for women.
The costs associated with the participation of athletes in the Olympic Games are borne by the NOCs (accommodation, meals, transport, etc.).
The residence of the IOC is located in Lozan (Switzerland), where there is its library, museum, archive.
Among the control centers in the International sports movement the General Assembly of National Olympic Committees, formed in 1965, as a result of the desire of democratic forces to ensure an increase in the contribution of the committee to the implementation of the goals of the International Sports Movement, is gaining increasing importance.
The Assembly meets every two years. Between meetings there is a council. It consists of a president, a general secretary and a member elected for 4 years. Under the Assembly, working groups are being created to strengthen the role of national Olympic committees in the Olympic movement, according to the charter, to study the problems of world-class athletes.
The General Association of International Sports Federations also enjoys authority in the International Sports Movement. Its establishment is elected by the executive committee of 7 members. The President, General Secretary and Treasurer are all automatically members of the Executive Committee. The budget (FIBA) consists of entrance fees, annual fees, international referee and player certificate fees, declared fees for participation in events (FIBA), deductions from matches, fines, TV broadcasts, subsidies, donations and other income.
