How to watch ski races. Open lesson in physical culture "teaching elements of ski racing tactics" Elements of ski racing tactics
We continue the cycle of winter materials about skiing and ski race. Today we will tell you about the structure of this interesting and close in spirit to us, northern people, world. Like it or not, skiing is the main winter national pastime and view. physical activity. And to hint that ski racing is very interesting to watch, especially spectacular short distances and massstarts.
November 26 in the Finnish Hand starts the next professional ski season, the next drawing of the Grand Crystal Cup Peace. Modern cross-country skiing has a very large audience, especially in Scandinavia and former USSR. Cross-country skiing is quite popular in the USA, northern Italy, southern France and southern Germany, and other countries of central, eastern and northern Europe. However, not everyone understands what's what in the world of great skiing. Many people watch skiing and ask the same questions: “What kind of start is this?”; "And what will he get for the victory?"; "What is this World Cup?" and so on. In this article, we will try to answer the most popular questions about cross-country skiing and bring readers up to date.
Main races of the season
Every year, thousands and thousands of different cross-country skiing competitions are held in different parts of the world, but not all of them get on television screens. A certain set of starts since 1981 have been combined into the World Cup. Also in the 16/17 season we are waiting for the World Championship, which is held every two years. In 2017 the world championship in ski activities sports will be held in Finnish Lahti in late February - early March. Quite spectacular and eye-catching is the Ski Classics series, which consists mainly of marathon distances held in Europe. Surely many have heard of the legendary Marchalong and the no less legendary Vasaloppet - you can also see them this season. Russia also has its own official marathon series - Russialoppet. The marathon season starts with the Neva classic at the end of January and ends at the end of April at Lake Baikal. In addition to the above, various continental cups are held, international competitions and so on, but it is almost impossible to see them on the screens.
Are there rules in cross country skiing?
There are rules. Not only ski competitions, but also all other competitions with the presence of skis are supervised by the International Ski Federation (FIS, hereinafter referred to as FIS). Not only cross-country skiing, but also mountain skiing, ski jumping and Nordic combined (ski jumping and pursuit based on the results of the jump). Actually, the FIS dictates the rules and monitors their implementation, and punishes for their violation. The most common point of contention in cross-country skiing is the violation of a given style. Cross-country skiing is held in two styles - classical and free. Classic style, in other words, overcoming the distance along a pre-prepared ski track, when the skis move strictly parallel to each other (with the exception of very steep climbs, when you can only run into the climb with a herringbone, but without a sliding element). Freestyle (skating, movement like skating) is more powerful and faster than the classic one. Thus, at the starts held classic style, some athletes may cheat or accidentally earn extra money by skating in an unobserved area, which may be the subject of subsequent disputes and possible sanctions.
Types of cross-country skiing Starts differ not only in the style of movement, but also in the regulations and distances. Let's consider them in more detail.
Sprint. The sprint consists of a qualification and a final part. As a result of qualification, 30 athletes go to the final part, after which they fight against each other in contact. The final part is divided into quarter-finals, semi-finals and final. In the quarterfinals there are 5 races with 6 participants in each. According to the results of the quarter-final run, the two fastest from each heat, as well as the two best in time among those ranked lower than the second, go directly to the semi-finals. In the semi-finals, everything is by analogy, in the final, the fastest wins.
Team sprint. It is held mainly twice during the season, as well as at the World Championships and the Olympics. Teams are formed from two representatives of one team. As part of the team sprint, the team members go through three sprint stages in turn each. Often, stages 1, 3 and 5 will be run by an athlete who is doing well in distance events, while stages 2, 4 and 6 will be run by a clean sprinter who will finish and claim victory.
Racing with separate start (individual races). Held quite frequently and different distance. Within the framework of the World Championship and the Olympics, the traditional distance for cutting is 10 km for women and 15 for men, however, within the framework of the World Cup and stages, this distance can vary both in the shorter and longer directions.
Pursuit racing. They are held mainly as part of multi-day races and represent a start at a certain interval, when each of the riders starts according to the time shown in the race with a separate start.
Skiathlon. Start, where half of the distance is covered in a classic style, and the other half is freestyle with a change of skis. The traditional distance for the World Championship and the Olympics is 7.5 + 7.5 km for women and 15 + 15 km for men, however, by analogy with races with a separate start within the multi-day races, the skiathlon distance changes.
Mass start. Traditional races with a general start, where a huge group of athletes starts at the same time and overcomes a certain distance. The most popular race from the general start is the marathon, but there are many other races for other, shorter distances, mainly as part of multi-day events. Relay race. Traditional team racing with four participants in one team. Two stages are held in the classical style, two are free. The most common format for women 4 5 km, for men 4 10 km.
What is the World Cup
The World Cup is a season-long race consisting of nine stages, as well as three stages: the three-day Scandinavian Tour, the Tour de Ski and the World Cup Final. In total, in the calendar of the World Cup season 16/17, both men and women are scheduled for 32 starts. For each of the starts, the athlete receives points. For a victory at the start of the World Cup stage, the athlete receives 100 points. For the second place 80, the third 60, then 50, 45, 40, 36, 32 and so on. Points are awarded to the first 30 places. At the multi-day stages, the first 30 places also receive points, but not 100, but 50 points are already awarded for the victory. For the second place 46, for the third 43 and so on. However, for final result in the stage race, points are doubled relative to points for winning the World Cup stages, and in the Tour de Ski, the top thirty get points with a coefficient of 4. In addition, at individual starts there are bonus points that the top ten riders receive at a certain cut-off during the race. The winner in the overall standings of the World Cup is the one who scored the most points. But there are also two more tests - this is the sprint World Cup and the distance World Cup. The Sprint World Cup score includes all sprint starts of the season, with the exception of the team sprint. Off remote cup The world includes all starts of the season, with the exception of sprint and relay races.
What is the Tour de Ski
The Tour de Ski is already a traditional, integral part of the World Cup. For the first time, the Tour de Ski was held in the 2006/2007 season, after which it firmly established itself in the World Cup calendar and annually gathers a huge audience. In the 16/17 season, the Tour de Ski will consist of seven stages, of which only one will be a sprint. Competitions within the framework of the Tour de Ski will visit Switzerland, Germany and Italy, and the Tour will end with a climb up the mountain in Val di Fiemme. The main advantages, as well as what attracts viewers to the screens, are a tight schedule of starts, where seven stages of the Tour de Ski take place in nine days, as well as an unusual format of these starts, which makes the struggle at each stage as dynamic as possible. And, of course, do not forget about the final climb, which is a unique action in modern cross-country skiing.
Massacre in the Alps 
Profile of the final climb of the Tour de Ski - Alpe Cermis**
** Elements of tactics in cross-country skiing
There is an element of tactics, but it is rather transparent. For example, in relay races there is a so-called “running tactic”, where the team focuses on the first stages, putting their strongest representatives there in order to escape from other teams that rely on the finish line. IN individual races representatives of the coaching staff of the national team often release two athletes on different types ski waxes to see which one performs better and gives an advantage in the current weather conditions, or to avoid a mass failure, thereby sacrificing the chances of one of the athletes. Similar tricks are performed as part of marathons, where skis are often changed along the course. But cross-country skiing is not a bicycle or even a triathlon - "sit" on the wheel, spending an average of 25% less effort than the one in front, will not work. In the aspect of leadership, there is no element of tactics. But on the other hand, there is an element of closing the corridor and loopholes for the passage of the body - almost like in cycling or track and field races in the arena.
Where and how to watch cross-country skiing
The Eurosport channel will show the entire World Cup and World Cup and broadcasts will begin this coming weekend. The main starts of the season are the World Championship and the Tour de Ski, but in the 16/17 season, the third most important start will take place on the territory Russian Federation. In March, Tyumen will host the World Cup final. If you want to see the world's strongest skiers with your own eyes, then Tyumen is a unique chance to make this goal come true.
It remains only to wait for the weekend and the start of the season for professional skiers. And we will cover and analyze the most important starts of the 2016/2017 season. Have a great winter season!
Physical culture tests.
1. The oldest form of organization of physical culture was:
B) single combat
B) chariot racing
D) games
2. The physical culture of the slave-owning society had:
A) applied orientation
B) military and recreational orientation
B) educational orientation
D) educational orientation
3. The Russian Olympic Committee was created in
a) 1908
b) 1911
c) 1912
d) 1916
4. Alexander Popov - Champion Olympic Games V …
5. Which of the following types is not included in the modern pentathlon program
A) shooting
B) fencing
B) gymnastics
D) horseback riding
6. Why were the ancient Olympic Games called holidays of peace?
A) the games were peaceful in nature
B) wars stopped during the games
C) Athletes from all over the world took part in the Olympic Games
D) The Olympic Games were world famous
7. What type of program was the program of the first Olympic Games of Ancient Greece?
A) javelin throw
B) wrestling
B) running one stage
D) running in four stages
8. What was the name of the view sports program Olympic Games of antiquity, combining wrestling with fisticuffs?
A) dolichodrome
B) pankration
B) pentathlon
D) diaulom
9. What organization is leading the modern Olympic movement?
A) United Nations
B) International Council physical education and sports
B) International Olympic Committee
D) International Olympic Academy
10. Who was the first president of the International Olympic Committee?
A) Pierre de Coubertin
B) Alexey Butovsky
B) Michael Killanin
D) Demetrius Vikelas
11. Who became the first Olympic champion from Russian athletes?
A) N. Orlov
B) A. Petrov
C) N. Panin - Kolomenkin
D) A. Butovsky
12. Why does the Fair Play movement award the Pierre de Coubertin?
A) for fair refereeing
B) for victories at three Olympics
C) for a fair and just fight
D) for a great contribution to the development of the Olympic movement
13. Who is the current President of the Russian Olympic Committee?
A) Shamil Tarpishchev
B) Vyacheslav Fetisov
B) Leonid Tyagachev
D) Vitaly Smirnov
14. At the opening of the Olympic Games, the parade of the Olympic delegations of the participating countries opens (goes first):
A) Delegation of the host country
B) the delegation of the country whose name begins with the first letters of the alphabet of the host country
C) the delegation of the host country of the previous Olympiad
D) Delegation of Greece
15. At the opening of the Olympic Games, the parade of the Olympic delegations of the participating countries ends (goes last):
A) Delegation of the host country
B) the delegation of the country whose name begins with the first letters of the alphabet of the host country
c) the delegation of the host country of the previous Olympiad
d) Delegation of Greece
16. In what year was the International Olympic Committee formed?
B) 1894
17. The term "Olympics" means:
A) a four-year period between the Olympic Games
B) the first year of the four years that the Olympic Games celebrate
C) a synonym for the Olympic Games
D) competitions held during the Olympic Games
18. In what year did the Olympic Games take place in our country?
A) planned in 1944, but canceled due to World War 2
B) in 1976 in Sochi
C) in 1980 in Moscow
D) have not been done yet
19. What disciplines included the pentathlon - the ancient Greek pentathlon?
1.fist fight 2.horseback riding 3.long jump 4.high jump
9. swimming 10. javelin throw
B) 3,5,6,8,10
20. Pierre de Coubertin was awarded the Olympic gold medal at the art competition in ...
A) in 1894 for the draft Olympic Charter
B) in 1912 for "Ode to Sports"
C) in 1914 for the flag donated by Coubertin to the IOC
D) in 1920 for the text of the Olympic Oath
21. The Olympic symbol consists of five interlaced rings, arranged from left to right in the following order ...
A) above - blue, black, red, below - yellow and green
B) above - green, black, red, below - blue and yellow
C) above - red, blue, black, below - yellow and green
D) above - blue, black, red, below - green and yellow
22. The Olympic Games consist of ...
B) competitions in winter or summer species sports
C) Winter and Summer Olympic Games
D) opening, competition, awarding of participants and closing
23. What was the name of the special premises for the preparation of athletes for Ancient Greek Games Olympics?
A) palestra
B) amphitheater
B) gymnasium
D) stadium
24. The mascot of the Olympic Games is:
A) the image of the Olympic flag
B) an image of five woven rings
C) an image of an animal that is popular in the country hosting the Olympics
D) an image of an architectural monument popular in the country hosting the Olympics
25. The talisman, as if bringing happiness to any Olympian, any fan, first appeared at the games in ...
A) 1968 in Mexico City
B) 1976 in Montreal
D) 1980 in Moscow
26. Motor skill is:
A) the level of knowledge about movements
B) the level of possession of a motor action
C) level of tactical training
D) the level of possession of the system of movements
27. Realization of the goal of physical education is carried out through the decision:
A) motor, hygiene and educational tasks
B) tempering, psychological and philosophical tasks
C) the tasks of the development of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems
D) health, educational and educational tasks
28. Temporary decrease in efficiency is commonly called:
A) fatigue
B) voltage
B) tired
D) an overdose
29. What are the main means of physical education?
A) study sessions
B) exercise
B) teaching aids
D) means of hardening
30. Which of the following exercise are they cyclical?
A) throwing
B) jumping
B) somersaults
D) running
31. One of the main physical qualities is:
A) attention
B) performance
B) strength
D) health
32. What physical quality develops when long run at a slow pace?
B) endurance
B) speed
D) dexterity
33. Indicate the sport that provides the greatest effect in the development of flexibility:
B) gymnastics
B) modern pentathlon
D) athletics
34. The best conditions for the development of dexterity are created during ...
A) outdoor and sports games
B) high jump
B) running at top speed
G) light athletics
35. What are the main physical qualities.
A) coordination, endurance, flexibility, strength, speed
B) agility, strength, speed, endurance, flexibility
C) general endurance, strength endurance, speed, strength, agility
D) general endurance, strength endurance, flexibility, speed, agility
36. The main and mandatory form of physical education at school is:
A) competition
B) physical culture break
C) physical education lesson
D) morning exercises
37. What characterizes the tests conducted at physical education lessons?
A) the level of physical development
B) the level of physical performance
C) the level of physical education
D) level of physical fitness
38. What is the basic law of the World Olympic Movement?
A) an encyclopedia
B) code
B) a charter
D) constitution
39. What events influenced the fact that the Games 6, 7 and 8 of the Olympiad did not take place?
A) inconsistency in the actions of countries
B) refusal to participate in the Games of most countries
C) the first and second world wars
D) refusal of the host country of the Games to hold them
40. Alexander Karelin - Champion of the Olympic Games in ...
A) gymnastics
B) swimming
D) fight
41. The Minister of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism of the Republic of Mari El is:
A) Sergei Kropotov
B) Sergey Kiverin
D) Vladimir Chumakov
D) Valery Korablev
42. The chairman of the committee on physical culture and sports of the administration of the urban district "City of Yoshkar-Ola" is:
A) Petr Kagalo
B) Alexander Sergeev
C) Anatoly Podoinikov
D) Vladimir Tyan
43. The position of the student on the projectile, in which his shoulders are below the grip points, in gymnastics is indicated as:
B) grouping
D) vis
44. The position of the practitioner, in which the legs bent at the knees are raised with the hands to the chest
and the hands grab the knees, in gymnastics it is denoted as:
b) capture
c) rolling
d) grouping
45. A jump from a projectile in gymnastics is indicated as ...
B) jump
D) jumping off
46. Rotational movement through the head with successive touching of the supporting surface by individual parts of the body in gymnastics is denoted as ...
A) somersault
B) roll
B) revolution
D) somersault
47. The position of those involved in bent legs in gymnastics it is referred to as ...
B) squat
D) stand
48. What is meant by the term "Distance" in gymnastics?
A) the distance between those involved in "In depth"
B) the distance between those involved "along the front"
C) the distance from the person in front of him to the one behind him
D) the distance from the first line to the last
49. Which of the following teams in gymnastics have only the executive part?
1. "Equal!" 2. "Less!" 3. "Circle!" 4. "At ease!" 5. "Attention!"
B) 1,4,5
50. The ability of students to build up in various types of formation, line, column, circle, as well as rebuild in them, is called in gymnastics ...
A) combat techniques
B) movements
B) opening and closing
D) builds and rebuilds
51. An arcuate, maximally arched position with the back to the supporting plane with the support of arms and legs, in gymnastics is called ...
A) stand
B) "bridge"
B) revolution
D) "twine"
52. Which of the gymnasts is the absolute record holder in the number Olympic medals(18 medals - 9 of them gold)?
A) Olga Korbut
B) Nadia Comaneci
C) Larisa Latynina
D) Lyudmila Turishcheva
53.Volleyball like sport game appeared at the end of the 19th century in ....
A) Canada
B) Japan
IN THE USA
D) Germany
54. In volleyball, a player who is in the 1st zone, when “transitioning”, moves to the zone ...
55. When volleyball was recognized olympic view sports?
B) in 1957
56. Indicate the full composition of the volleyball team:
A) 6 people, trainer, assistant trainer, massage therapist, doctor
B) 10 people, trainer, assistant trainer, massage therapist, doctor
C) 8 people, trainer, assistant trainer, massage therapist, doctor
D) 12 people, trainer, assistant trainer, massage therapist, doctor
57. "LIBERO" in volleyball is ...
A) defensive player
B) offensive player
B) team captain
D) reserve player
58. How is the transition of players in volleyball from zone to zone?
A) arbitrarily
B) clockwise
B) counterclockwise
D) at the direction of the coach
59. Is it possible to change the placement of players in volleyball?
A) Yes, as directed by the coach
B) yes, as directed by the referee
D) yes, but only at the beginning of each game
60. How many substitutions are allowed in volleyball in each set and during several breaks?
A) maximum 3
B) maximum 8
C) maximum 6
D) maximum 9
61. Mistakes in volleyball are considered ...
A) "three hits of touch"
B) "four touch hits", hit with the support of "double touch"
C) the player jumps once on the block and makes two touches of the ball
D) the ball is in contact with any part of the body
62. Serve the ball in volleyball after the referee's whistle is performed within ...
A) 3 seconds
B) 5 seconds
B) 6 seconds
D) 8 seconds
63. The height of the volleyball net for men's teams:
B) 2m 43cm
64. The height of the volleyball net for women's teams:
D) 2m 24cm
65. Can a volleyball team player play without shoes?
A) yes
C) only at high temperatures
66. "Beach - will" is:
A) play action
B) beach volleyball
B) kicking the ball
D) receiving the ball
67. Indicate the number of volleyball team players who are simultaneously on the court.
B) athletics
Play chess
D) skiing
92. K sprint V athletics applies...
A) 5000 meter run
B) 100 meter run
D) marathon running
93. Cross is -
A) fast running
B) running on an artificial stadium track
B) cross-country running
D) run before jump
94. Running on long distances in athletics physical quality success is determined by...
A) speed
B) endurance
D) dexterity
95. What is the fastest ski run?
A) simultaneous stepless
B) simultaneous one-step
B) simultaneous two-step
D) alternating two-step
96. Which skier's downhill stance is faster?
A) high stance
B) middle stance
B) low stance
D) main rack
A) 30 km race
B) 50 km race
B) 60 km race
D) 70 km race
98. Main element skier's tactics
B) leading
B) the distribution of forces
99. The height of the sticks for free (skating) skiing should be ...
A) to the level of the student's shoulders
B) to the level of the student's eyes
D) 3-4 cm lower than the student's shoulders
100. Height ski poles at classic course must be…
A) to the level of the student's shoulders
B) to the level of the student's eyes
C) 3-4 cm higher than the student's height
D) 3-4 cm lower than the level of the student's shoulders
Athlete's tactics in skiing
Athlete tactics is the art of running a competition with an opponent. In skiing, in some cases, an athlete does not fight a specific opponent, but sets a goal - to achieve the highest possible result (at a given level of fitness). Winning the competition or achieving the highest possible result, all other things being equal, largely depends on the level of tactical skill of the skier. Having mastered the tactics of conducting a competition, an athlete can better use his technical capabilities, physical fitness, strong-willed qualities, all their knowledge and experience to defeat the enemy or to achieve maximum results. In skiing, this is especially important, since competitions are sometimes held in unusually variable conditions of sliding and terrain. The study of the conditions allows a wide variety of tactical options to be widely used. The tactical training of a skier consists of two interrelated parts - general and special.
General tactical training involves the acquisition of theoretical information on tactics in various types skiing, as well as in related cyclic disciplines. Skiers gain knowledge of tactics during special classes, lectures and conversations, while watching competitions with the participation of the strongest skiers, watching cinemagraphs, film rings and films, as well as through independent study of literature. In addition, in the process of training sessions, in competitions and in the analysis, experience and knowledge are accumulated.
Special tactical training is the practical mastery of tactics in false races by using ski moves depending on the terrain and sliding conditions, distributing forces over the distance and scheduling its passage, choosing lubrication options depending on external conditions, individual characteristics of athletes, etc. Special tactical training is carried out during training sessions and competitions.
When studying tactics, it is necessary to study the experience of the strongest skiers, which will allow you to master a wide range of tactical options and use them taking into account your capabilities. Direct tactical preparation for certain competitions requires familiarization with the conditions and place of their holding. This includes the study of the terrain, the condition and possible change of the track during the competition, taking into account the start number and expected changes in the weather. All this is studied on the eve of the start when viewing the distances and allows you to develop tactics for the upcoming competitions, taking into account specific conditions, the prospects of the enemy and your own capabilities. At the end of the competition, it is necessary to carefully analyze the effectiveness of the tactics used and draw conclusions for the future. 
The tactical skill of a skier is based on large stock knowledge, skills and abilities, as well as his physical, technical, moral and volitional preparedness, which allows him to accurately fulfill the planned plan, make the right decision to achieve victory or a high result.
Mastering the methods of movement and applying them, depending on external conditions and individual characteristics, are of the greatest importance in the tactical training of a cross-country skier. In conditions of satisfactory and poor sliding on the plain and on slopes of various steepness, alternate two-step and sometimes alternate four-story moves are most often used. In addition, an alternating four-step move is used for deep skiing, when repulsion with sticks is difficult. Widely used on gentle slopes simultaneous moves-simultaneous one-step and two-step; stepless - most often on icy rolled sections of the ski track and on slopes of medium steepness. With good and excellent gliding on the plain, alternating two-step and simultaneous moves are widely used, but at the first opportunity, simultaneous moves should be preferred, since they give an advantage in speed with a noticeable economy of strength.
At present, the strongest skiers, due to high level physical (speed-strength) and functional training, and also because the tracks of modern cross-country skiing are prepared very carefully (by machine), the arsenal of ski moves used in competitions has narrowed somewhat. Skiers began to use the methods of moves, which primarily provide high speed of movement in various conditions - alternating two-step, simultaneous (stepless and one-step). Simultaneous two-step is rare, and alternating four-step is almost non-existent.
However, less skilled skiers still use all methods of movement, which ensures a sufficiently high speed of movement in any conditions, even on soft and poorly prepared tracks, for example, on school competitions small scale. The choice of a move largely depends on the degree of mastery of it and on the individual characteristics of the skier - the strength of his muscles. upper limbs and torso. The speed of movement largely depends on the combination of moves and the choice of the moment of transition from move to move, depending on the condition and microrelief of the track and sliding conditions. All this is studied during training sessions. 
One of the main methods of teaching tactics is the repeated passage of segments of the distance, specially selected depending on the tasks of tactical training and different in length and relief. Segments are selected in advance for each lesson, taking into account the contingent and preparedness of those involved. When practicing with beginners, it is sometimes advisable to use the passage of segments behind the leader - a qualified skier who knows ski moves well and knows how to apply them depending on external conditions. In this case, the trail skier copies the leader during the transition from turn to turn. In the future, the conditions for studying tactics become more complicated.
The speed on the slope largely depends on the correct choice of the descent stance. A low stance provides the least air resistance and gives you the opportunity to rest a little, but on difficult terrain it is not advisable to use a low stance, as this makes it impossible to quickly make turns and makes it difficult to overcome bumps. On long and very gentle descents, when the use of a low stance does not increase speed, it is better to move at the same time stepless.
Second important point in tactical training is the ability to correctly distribute forces over a distance. It is known from practice that a uniform passage of the track is most appropriate for achieving high results in cross-country skiing, especially for beginners. But on cross-country tracks of varying complexity it is impossible to achieve a uniform speed, so it is advisable to strive for relative uniformity, for optimal intensity, taking into account the topography of the track. Sometimes the terrain of the trails makes it necessary to exert maximum effort in the first half of the distance, if it contains most of the climbs with a general upward trend (in such cases, the second half of the distance is relatively easier, since it has more descents). With such terrain and tactics, gaining time in the first half makes it possible to create a reserve in front of opponents, which it will be difficult for them to eliminate on the descents. This example shows the importance of drawing up a tactical plan, taking into account the terrain.
During training sessions, it is necessary to conduct tactical exercises, where skiers master the techniques of fighting with an opponent in line of sight (start in one or neighboring pair, general start), as well as with opponents starting much earlier or later. In such cases, they are guided by the information of the coach about the time of passage of individual segments of the distance.
The ability to distribute forces is acquired in the process of training sessions, which control the time of passage of segments of distances and the heart rate on the ascents, descents and the plain. Comparing personal feelings with these objective indicators, the skier masters the ability to control his performance.
The growth of tactical skill is inextricably linked with the level of development of the skier's physical and volitional qualities. In the course of preparation, it is advisable to first increase the functionality of the skier in relation to the requirements of tactics, and then try to implement the plan. So, when fighting with an opponent in direct contact (with a general start), an attempt to break away from him due to multiple accelerations can lead to the opposite result if the athlete himself is not prepared to move at a variable pace after a sharp start. Therefore, before trying to implement this tactical option, it is necessary to increase the functionality of the skier in relation to this tactical technique. In the course of purposeful preparation for the main competitions of the season, it is necessary to carefully plan participation in competitions of various sizes with specific tasks for each start. You should not set the task of obligatory victory in all competitions, especially if the calendar is oversaturated with various starts. It is also impractical to constantly meet with all your main rivals. Usually 3-4 starts are allocated (for qualifying competitions), when it is important to win or show high score. At other competitions, they check their preparation, various tactics. Total starts and especially before the main competitions depends on the age and qualification of the skier. Naturally, with the beginning of the period of the main competitions, the task is set - to show a high result or achieve victory in each of them. A prerequisite growth of tactical skill is the analysis of past competitions. It is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of the tactics used and draw conclusions for the future.
When teaching young men the tactics of cross-country skiing in the first years of training, the following tasks should be solved:
1. To teach schoolchildren the right choice of transportation methods depending on external conditions and individual data.
2. To instill in students a sense of speed.
3. To teach schoolchildren the ability to choose and maintain the speed of movement depending on the length of the distance, the terrain and the level of preparedness.
4. To teach young skiers the simplest techniques of wrestling on a ski track in the immediate vicinity of the enemy (from a common start, when overtaking and at the finish line).
All these tasks are solved in the course of group and individual lessons starting from the first year of study. Gradually, the tasks become more difficult. Teaching tactics goes hand in hand with mastering the technique and increasing the level of preparedness.
| Main focus | Classes | |||
| For the development of those | The transition from the same | Move from move to move | ||
| nicki -ski ho | change moves on | depending on us- | ||
| dove | variables. Overdo- | catch the distance and | ||
| lifting and | ski conditions. | |||
| obstacles. Pro- | Elements of tactics | |||
| distance walking | cross-country skiing | |||
| up to 5 km (girls) and | limit of forces, leader | |||
| up to 6 km (boys) | roving, overtaking, finishing | |||
| stitching, etc. | ||||
| distance walking | ||||
| up to 5 km (girls) and | ||||
| up to 8 km (boys) | ||||
| Main focus | Classes | |||
| For knowledge about physical culture | Rules for conducting self-study. Peculiarities physical training skier. The basic elements of tactics in cross-country skiing. Competition rules. Safety precautions for skiing. First aid for injuries and frostbite | |||
Elements of martial arts
In secondary school, students must consolidate previously mastered, as well as learn new methods of fighting lying and standing. The result of training and the criterion of trained is the ability to lead; training fight (Table 21). As in grades 8-9, material on the types of martial arts should be widely used for the versatile development of coordination skills (orientation in space, quick response and rebuilding motor actions, balance, vestibular stability, the ability for voluntary muscle relaxation, differentiation of power parameters of movement) and conditioning (power, power endurance, speed-strength) abilities. During this period, the associated improvement of complex martial arts techniques and the development of appropriate coordination and conditioning abilities are enhanced.
To master the program material, you can take the time of the entire lesson or include elements of martial arts when passing through the material of other sections, primarily gymnastics. Given the limited time allocated for the basic part for a deep mastery of this type, you should use part of the variable part, as well as extra-curricular and self-study. Along with the boys, the section of martial arts can be mastered by girls who have shown interest in this.
Table 21 1
Program material on the elements of martial arts
| Main focus | Classes | ||
| To master the technique of mastering the techniques | Self-insurance practices. Receptions of struggle lying and standing. Training fight | ||
| Main focus | Classes | ||
| 10 11 | |||
| For the development of coordination abilities | Passed material on martial arts techniques, outdoor games such as "Strength and Agility", "Riders Fight", "Two vs. Two Fight", etc. | ||
| For the development of strength abilities and strength endurance | Strength exercises and martial arts in pairs | ||
| For knowledge about physical culture | Self warm-up before the fight. Competition rules for one of the types of martial arts. The influence of martial arts on the development of moral and volitional qualities. Safety engineering. Wrestler hygiene | ||
| To develop organizational skills | Ability to judge a training fight of one of the types of martial arts | ||
| self-study | Exercises in pairs, mastering the techniques of insurance, outdoor games. Self-control in martial arts | ||
Swimming
In schools where there are conditions, the stage of in-depth consolidation of the studied material continues, aimed at acquiring the skill of reliable and long-term swimming in deep water. At the same time, new elements for the development of applied swimming(Table 22). Swimming lessons can be interspersed with lessons in other sections, conducted as separate courses, and also taken out of the training sessions and conducted in open water, observing safety rules.
CHAPTER II. Ski racing tactics
2.1 Factors that determine competitive tactics
ski racer
The main task of tactics in cross-country skiing is the most expedient use of the functional, physical, technical, theoretical and volitional capabilities of an athlete to win competitions. (4,7,10)
The technical, physical and volitional training of skiers is, as a rule, at a high and approximately the same level. Therefore, ceteris paribus, the achievement of victory, in the end, often depends on the level of tactical skill. (4.16) Tactical training in skiing has a number of features due to the great influence of external conditions on the course of the struggle in competitions.
So, the wrong choice of the method of movement, ointment or the thickness of its layer, depending on the conditions of sliding, the terrain and the condition of the ski track, can deprive the athlete of the opportunity to fight for victory in these competitions. (7.15)
Tactics is a set of means, methods and forms of playing (fighting) and their expedient use against a specific opponent, under specific conditions, to achieve the task. (11) The right choice of tactics is the most profitable use of one's own positive sides and negative aspects of the enemy.
Studying the issues of tactics, the skier develops his tactical thinking, creates a clear idea of his actions in the upcoming competitions. For general tactical training and development of tactical thinking, athletes must theoretically and practically study the tactical foundations of individual actions, must be able to build a tactical plan and implement it during competitions.
All the qualities of an athlete are inseparable, they are equally necessary, they influence each other and must be considered as a unity.
In order to choose the right tactics, it is necessary to have a clear idea of the means, methods and forms of wrestling adopted by the opponent, it is necessary to comprehend the opponent's weaknesses and strengths.
2.2 General and special tactical skier training
The general tactical training of a skier is the acquisition of theoretical knowledge in the field of tactics, including in related cyclic types sports. (4.9) Skiers acquire this knowledge from specialized literature, in lectures, in conversations with the strongest athletes and coaches, in the course of observing competitions, in practical exercises, while watching movies with their subsequent analysis, etc.
The theoretical training of an athlete is to study theoretical foundations skiing techniques, teaching methods, training and tactics in a particular sport. It is an integral part of other aspects of the skier's training and is carried out throughout training process in the form of lectures and self-education. Theoretical training takes an increasing place in the overall process of training and education of athletes.
Purposeful educational and training process in big sport determined by objective laws. The athlete must know them in order to understand the need to increase training loads with the growth of sportsmanship.
Theoretical knowledge should be a constant element of the educational and training process, directly related to the solution of problems of physical, tactical, technical and psychological training.
Special tactical training of a skier consists in mastering the tactics of using ski moves, distributing forces over a distance and drawing up a movement schedule, taking into account specific opponents, depending on external conditions. (4.10) Special tactical training is carried out in the process of training sessions and participation in competitions of various scales.
The tactical skill of skiers is based on a large stock of knowledge, skills and abilities, allowing them to carry out the planned race (competition) plan. During the competition, it manifests itself in the ability to quickly assess the changed situation and make the necessary decision to achieve victory or a high result.
The tasks of tactical skier training are (15.23):
Studying general provisions sports tactics.
Studying the tactics of skiing.
Studying the tactical experience of the strongest skiers.
Training in the practical use of elements of tactics in training sessions, estimates and in competitions:
B) selection of the descent stance and methods of turns depending on the steepness and unevenness of the slopes, sliding conditions, degree of fatigue, etc.;
C) mastering the ability to distribute forces at a distance and develop a sense of time;
D) mastering the starting and finishing acceleration, the way of overtaking and avoiding the enemy;
E) the ability to correctly assess their readiness before drawing up a tactical plan;
E) the study of their capabilities in achieving sportswear To
Main competitions.
The following tasks of tactical training are:
Studying the conditions and places of the upcoming competitions: terrain,
condition and possible changes of the track during the competition, starting
number, possible change.weather.
The study of possible opponents, their tactical, physical,
technical and volitional training.
Analysis of participation in competitions and the effectiveness of the applied
tactics.
It is equally important in the course of tactical training to educate skiers in the ability to properly distribute forces over a distance. Experience confirms the expediency of a uniform distribution of forces over a distance. The ability to distribute forces is acquired in the process of training sessions, which control the time for passing the distance and the heart rate on the ascents, descents and plains. During the course, the skier must master the techniques of dealing with opponents who started much earlier or later than him, while using the information of the coach and his experience.
Tactical skill is inextricably linked with the level of development of physical, moral and volitional qualities. (2,8,12)
So, when fighting with an opponent in close proximity (with a general start), an attempt to repeatedly accelerate can lead to the opposite result if the athlete himself is not prepared to move at a variable pace after a sharp stratum. Therefore, before trying to implement this tactical option, it is necessary to increase the functionality of the skier in relation to this tactical technique. After each start, it is necessary to analyze past competitions, evaluate the effectiveness of the tactics used, and draw conclusions for the future. All this is one of the main methods of improving tactical skills.
2.2.1 Cross-country tactics
In the technique of moving along slopes of medium steepness (4-12 °), there are significant changes in comparison with the flat course - alternating two-chance.
Therefore, it is advisable to call the method of overcoming slopes of medium steepness - climbing by a sliding move (6.10). If the glide is excellent, then strong skiers can change alternating or simultaneous moves to climbing with a sliding move when the slope is more than 4-5 °.
In the ascent with a sliding move, as a rule, after the push-off ski is lifted off, the repulsion with the stick of the same name continues. This means that the ski load may not yet be complete: part of the weight falls on the stick of the same name. A new phase appears, which can be conditionally called "gliding flight". This is sliding on one ski with the completion of repulsion with a stick of the same name. This phase partially or even completely replaces free sliding. The meaning of this replacement is that the repulsion with the stick of the same name does not allow the rider's body to lag behind sliding ski, prevents the body from falling back, despite the extension of the foot forward. The setting of a stick of a different name often coincides with the separation of a stick of the same name from the support. For less trained skiers, a different stick is placed even earlier - the time of support on both sticks at once is longer.
It must be emphasized that the features analyzed here are the conclusion from the study of a very large material of the technique of skiers of high qualification over many years in various conditions. The facts presented are only examples, and not the only proof of the validity of the conclusions.
Let us now turn to the analysis of methods of movement on steep slopes (13-16 °). Stronger skiers who have retained their strength overcome such slopes using the gliding climb method. Gliding ascent is characterized by the complete replacement of the free-sliding phase by the gliding flight phase with the completion of the repulsion with the stick of the same name. From the moment the opposite stick is placed, skiing stops. All gliding is reduced to a short phase of gliding flight. This is followed immediately by the standing of the ski to the lunge, which is always available on the slopes.
Finally, on steep ascents, another method is used - stepping up. This method is characterized by the complete absence of slip. The reliance on the stick of the same name lasts a long time and it ends later than the setting of the stick of the opposite name. Climbing with a stepping step is usually used by women when the steepness of the slope is less than that of men.
Steeper slopes (more than 16°) in the race are difficult to overcome in stepping steps.
In all methods of lifting does not happen, as a rule, sliding with straightening of the leg. Sliding, straightening the leg and lifting the body up, is completely irrational.
2.2.2 Driving on slopes and slopes
It makes sense to distinguish slopes from slopes because on slopes the skier moves actively, increasing the speed of repulsion with skis and sticks.
The boundaries between slope and descent depend on friction conditions and the ability of the skier to push hard enough and quickly at the speed reached. More often, a simultaneous one-ski move is used. And, finally, until the transition from the slope to the descent - a stepless move (6.7).
When the skier barely has time to apply effort to the sticks, the meaning of repulsion is lost, while the increase in speed is insignificant, and the effort spent on fast movements is great.
Descents are distinguished free, inhibited and with obstacles (4.15). Inhibited slopes differ from free slopes in that the conditions of the track force the skier to brake on the slope.
2.2.3 Distribution of forces at a distance
Analysis of the results of the competitions of the strongest racers in the world allows us to conclude that the best results are shown by athletes who distribute their forces more evenly (4). This statement does not mean, of course, that a weak skier, with a uniform distribution of strength over a distance, will outperform a strong one, who for some reason failed to evenly distribute his forces.
On cross-country terrains of ski slopes, on which the rises reach several tens of meters, it is difficult to talk about the uniformity of speed, so we are talking about relative uniformity.
Studies show that with a uniform intensity, fluctuations from 3 to 5% of average speed(13). If an athlete has significantly exceeded his average (optimal) intensity, then after a while his speed is significantly reduced due to the rapid onset of fatigue.
There are many similar examples in the practice of skiers' performances, especially in relay races.
If an athlete, without assessing his capabilities, significantly exceeds optimal intensity, oxidative processes in his body proceed three times faster, that is, the body begins to work in debt. (17)
The skier acquires the ability to distribute forces in the classroom. To do this, they should measure their heart rate per minute more often (especially in the first sessions) during training. Comparing his feelings with the objective data of the heart rate on the rise, on the plain and on the descent, the skier will quickly learn to consciously control the body's performance.
The skier must master the techniques of dealing with the enemy when he is in his field of vision. Tactical combat techniques in these cases can be as follows:
With a pair start - immediately take the lead if the opponent is worse prepared.
In group (relay races) - you need to know the place of the leading numbers, if the forces of the skiers are equal.
When equivalent athletes start in the same pair, in order to achieve best result they often alternately lead each other.
Choice tactics based on the analysis of one's own state of performance, observation of the athletes with whom the rider directly comes into contact, and comparison of one's performance with that of opponents who started earlier or later.
This or that method of movement is chosen depending on the terrain, the condition of the snow and the quality of the glide.
CHAPTER III. Experimental substantiation of the tactics of distribution of forces at a distance in cross-country skiing
As the analysis of special literature (Ch. 1-2), conversations with coaches and athletes, pedagogical observations and their own sports and pedagogical experience showed, one of the ways of tactical organization of actions in cyclic endurance sports, including cross-country skiing, is the system distribution of forces over distance. This means changing the speed of movement of the athlete by different areas distance, activation or temporary reduction of psychophysical efforts on one or another of its segments.
In skiing, modern tracks are distinguished by a significant ruggedness of the terrain: long ascents, sections of high-speed descents, flat sections, etc. In this regard, the question arises of developing a model for the passage of one or another ski run with differentiated activity of the skier at different profile sections of the distance. This issue can be resolved on the basis of:
delimitation of the distance into a number of profile sections (sufficient length);
registration of the time of passage of these sections by all participants of the competition;
determination of the degree of correlation between the efficiency of passing various sections of the distance with the final sports result based on the methods of mathematical statistics (calculation of correlation and determination coefficients).
In accordance with the defined idea, we carried out
pedagogical experiment, in which the strongest
skiers of the Sol-Iletsk region, as well as students of the Vetlyansk secondary school. The experiment was carried out for two years - in 2002 and 2003.
At the first stage of the experiment (winter 2002), the task was to determine the structural model for passing a distance of 10 km in the town of Boevaya Gora, where many regional cross-country skiing competitions are traditionally held. Preliminary study of the competitive route, conversations with the oldest teacher of the Boegorodsk secondary school Pavlenko Yu.N., teacher of the Grigorievsk secondary school Orlov V.V. made it possible to identify a number of characteristic sections on the route (of sufficient length so that their contribution to the final result was sufficiently weighted over time). The image of the route is shown in Figure 1. It should be immediately noted that the distance profile is characterized by a general slope along the BV line, which is 17-20°. Thus, the process of passing the distance by athletes is characterized by a constant change of participants of descents and ascents. Only one area (BG) is relatively flat (slight rise of 3-5°).
The distance was divided into five sections according to the principle: one descent - one ascent. Only in the third section there was one small additional bend. Start and finish were in the same place.
During the competition at a distance of 10 km, the participants passed two circles of 5 km each. For our study, this was of additional interest, since it made it possible to evaluate the contribution of the efficiency of passing the same section of the distance twice - on the first and second circles.
The determination of the model of the distribution of forces in the marked areas was carried out in competitions for the championship of the region among training
Institutions (universities and colleges), in which 17 athletes took part. Among them are 7 participants of the 2nd, 3rd category and 10 athletes of the 1st category. The competitions were held on February 8, 2002: the start of the race was at 11.00, the air temperature was 12°С, the snow was dry.
Stage timekeepers started the stopwatches at the starter's signal, and four of them immediately went to their intermediate control points: 1-2-3 and 4 (Fig. 1). One remained in the starting area, as there was an intermediate and final finish of the distance. Thus, the timekeepers carried out the registration of the moments of time when each participant of the competition passed all the intermediate points. Athletes were released onto the track in turn, every 30 seconds.
Subsequent calculations made it possible to determine the time for the subjects to pass each section of the distance (Table 1).
The correlation analysis then carried out and the calculation of the determination coefficients showed the following distribution of the contributions of the distance segments to the final result:
A) by correlation coefficients:
0,88-0,98-0,98-0,85-0,85-0,96-0,97-0,98-0.94-0,95;
B) according to the coefficients of determination:
77.4% -96.0% -96.0% -72.2% -72.2% -92L% -94.1% 96.0% -88.3% -90.2%. More clearly, the contribution of the efficiency of passing each section of the distance to the final result is shown in the diagram (Fig. 2). It can be seen that, in general, a more significant contribution is made by the efficiency of passing the second half of the distance, and in sections - on the 1st lap - the 2nd and 3rd sections; on the second lap - 1, 2 and 3 sections. The efficiency of passing the 4th and 5th sections on the first lap is less significant, although it increases on the second lap (finish).
Rice. 1 Scheme of the ski run.
Direction of the ski race
Thus, it was determined that the optimal model variant of the distribution of forces at a distance of 10 km Combat Mountain for
Athletes of the specified qualification category in conditions of dry snow and slightly frosty weather can be considered the following:
A) relatively fast, but not maximum, passage of the first (starting) section of the distance (first kilometer);
B) activation in the second and third sections (2-3 km);
C) a slight decrease in activity in sections 4 and 5 (maintaining speed by economizing movement in the middle of the distance);
D) a gradual increase in speed on the 1st (former starting) section;
E) again the maximum activation of actions in the 2nd and 3rd sections;
E) remove some decrease in activity on the 4th circle;
G) activation of motor actions at the last - finishing section of the distance.
Table 1
The time of passage of the participants of the competitions of various sections
distance 10 km (Regional competitions, 8.02.2002)
| No. p / p | Sections of the course |
|||||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 10 |
||
| 1 | 196 | 185 | 254 | 138 | 187 | 239 | 199 | 264 | 134 | 200 |
| 2 | 210 | 204 | 278 | 151 | 2096 | 251 | 214 | 280 | 153 | 206 |
| 3 | 197 | 180 | 241 | 127 | 175 | 215 | 191 | 252 | 136 | |
| 4 | 182 | 173 | 231 | 128 | 175 | 212 | 181 | 238 | 134 | 176 |
| 5 | 181 | 181 | 254 | 139 | 195 | 223 | 197 | 264 | 143 | 191 |
| 6 | 185 | 174 | 233 | 126 | 183 | 204 | 178 | 241 | 131 | 172 |
| 180 | 167 | 229 | 126 | 171 | 215 | 179 | 238 | 132 | 173 |
|
| 8 | 196 | 198 | 270 | 178 | 168 | 238 | 215 | 290 | 149 | 202 |
| 9 | 176 | 166 | 219 | 129 | 162 | 202 | 167 | 223 | 120 | 169 |
| 10 | 177 | 235 | 132 | 176 | 233 | 197 | 253 | 134 | 185 |
|
| 11 | 185 | 178 | 249 | 137 | 188 | 228 | 197 | 268 | 145 | 196 |
| 12 | 208 | 204 | 289 | 156 | 202 | 250 | 214 | 282 | 145 | 197 |
| 13 | 179 | 237 | 133 | 175 | 215 | 178 | 245 | 134 | 172 |
|
| 14 | 177 | 167 | 231 | 126 | 166 | 206 | 180 | 235 | 128 | 162 |
| 15 | 175 | 172 | 237 | 130 | 173 | 225 | 192 | 250 | 135 | 178 |
| 16 | 166 | 160 | 122 | 156 | 193 | 168 | 224 | 122 | 155 |
|
| 17 | 228 | 217 | 288 | 157 | 215 | 265 | 221 | 301 | 165 | 210 |
Rice. 2 Dependence of the results in a 10 km ski race on the efficiency of passing various sections of the distance
In general, in the tactics of distributing forces during the passage of this distance, we can distinguish the 2nd and 3rd sections, where athletes must show maximum effort during each lap of the distance, and the 4th section, where some decrease in activity is possible for relative rest in order to eliminate metabolic breakdown products in the muscles and blood of the athlete after the previous intense activity and to prepare for the subsequent activation of actions in the decisive sections and the finish segment on the second lap.
At the second stage of the experiment (winter 2003), an experimental group was organized in the amount of 6 people from among the students of the Vetlyansk secondary school (coach Petrov A.L.), who mastered the above model of passing the distance for several training sessions before the regional championship. On the day of the competition (February 8, 2003), before the warm-up, these athletes were shown the layout of the track, the diagram of the distribution of efforts and were given the appropriate propulsion system according to the tactics of passing the distance.
During the competition, as well as at the previous stage of the experiment, timekeepers recorded the time the athletes passed the intermediate points. This made it possible to further determine whether the participants in the experimental group adhered to the developed tactical model.
The results of the competitions showed that from among the participants in the experimental group, two athletes became winners: one among older boys (N. Antropov), the other among middle group(Pedanov A.) Other participants of the experimental group also performed well, taking 3.5 and 6 places.
Of interest is the dynamics of the passage by athletes of various sections of the distance. For analysis, we took the results of the first 8 top athletes, since among them were all the participants in the experimental group (adults), who, as already noted, took 1,3,5 and 6th places. The other four of the eight acted as a control group, since they did not perform the experimental model distribution of forces.
Analysis of the average results of the passage of various sections of the distance by the athletes of the experimental and control groups showed (Table 2) that the participants of the experimental group clearly fulfilled the model tactical setting.
table 2
The average time for the participants of the experimental groups to pass various sections of the distance of 10 km
| Groups | Sections of the course | ||||||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
||
| Average transit time (sec) |
|||||||||||
|
Experienced | 200 | 164 | 256 | 135 | 189 | 236 | 188 | 255 | 198 | 133 |
| Control | 220 | 203 | 279 | 155 | 217 | 263 | 189 | 298 | 211 | 152 |
| Difference (sec) | 20 | 39 | 23 | 20 | 28 | 27 | 1 | 43 | 13 | 19 |
So, if in the starting section, as a result of a relatively fast starting acceleration, the advantage of the experimental group was 20 seconds, then in the 2nd and 3rd sections, where the maximum activation of actions was required, the positive difference had already reached 39 and 23 seconds. In the 4th section, the difference decreased to 20 seconds, which indicates that the participants in the experimental group completed the planned descent motor activity. But already in the next sections, the difference again began to increase, reaching 28 and 27 seconds. However, a somewhat premature activation of motor actions by the participants of the experimental group, in the 5th and 6th sections, led to the fact that in the 7th section (2nd on the circle) they could not increase the activity even more, on the contrary, slightly reducing it (economization of actions after the previous long activity). The difference between the groups here was only 1 second. However, already on the 8th (3rd on the model circle) section, the difference sharply increases in favor of the experimental group, reaching the largest value among all participants in the distance - 43 seconds. This testifies to the implementation by the participants of the experimental group of the model tactical plan. Confirmation of its implementation is a slight decrease in activity on the 9th (4th lap) section of the distance (reduction of the difference to 13 seconds) and activation of actions on the last, finishing section (increase of the difference to 19 seconds).
Thus, the developed model of the distribution of forces at a distance, implemented by the athletes participating in the experimental group during a responsible competition, confirmed its effectiveness, which resulted in the athletes achieving high sports results.
conclusions
1. Basic shapes competitive activity are the technique and tactics of athletes.
Tactics, in the most common sense, is characterized as the art of conducting a competitive struggle.
In a more specific definition, the tactics of competitive activity are understood as the general forms of its expedient construction as a whole, consistently combining competitive actions in accordance with the main lines of behavior of an athlete (team) in a competition.
2. In the group of sports of a cyclic nature for endurance, tactical actions are reduced to the preliminary scheduling of the speed of overcoming segments of the distance, taking into account one's own state, the state of opponents, and meteorological conditions.
There are the following options for the layout of forces at a distance:
uniform speed of movement along the distance;
high speed in the first part of the distance with its gradual decrease towards the finish line;
high speed in the first and last parts of the distance and its decrease in the middle:
gradual increase in speed throughout the distance;
constant variability of speed in the process of overcoming the distance;
constant speed at the beginning and middle of the distance and its sharp increase at the finish, etc.
4. Tactical knowledge of an athlete means information about the principles and rational forms of tactics developed in selected form sports.
Tactical knowledge finds practical application in the form of tactical skills and abilities. The main specific method of improving tactical skills is the method of training with both real and conditional opponents.
Tactical training in skiing has a number of features due to the great attention of external conditions (snow condition, terrain, temperature, type of ointment, etc.) to the course of the struggle in competitions.
The general tactical training of a skier is the acquisition of theoretical knowledge in the field of tactics, including in related cyclic sports.
7. To determine the optimal distribution of forces over a distance in cross-country skiing, it is advisable to divide the distance into pronounced profile sections (of sufficient length) with the registration of the time of their passage by athletes during the competition and the subsequent calculation of the correlation and determination coefficient.
8. Preliminary mastery by athletes of the model "balance of forces" on the route of the upcoming competitions and its implementation in the conditions of official competitions (under similar climatic and other conditions) allows achieving higher sports results compared to skiers who do not have a clear, scientifically based tactical plan for passing distances.
