Major events of the Olympic Games. The first modern Olympic Games

History of the Olympic Games

The Olympic Games are held once every four years. sport competitions in which the best athletes from around the world participate. Each of them dreams of becoming an Olympic champion and receiving a gold, silver or bronze medal as a reward. Almost 11 thousand athletes from over 200 countries of the world came to the 2016 Olympic competitions in the Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro.

Although in these sports games ah mainly adults participate, but some sports, as well as the history of the Olympic Games for children, can also be very exciting. And, probably, both children and adults would be interested to know when the Olympic Games appeared, how they got such a name, and also what types sports exercises were in the first competition. In addition, we will learn how the modern Olympic Games are held, and what their emblem means - five multi-colored rings.

The birthplace of the Olympic Games is Ancient Greece. The earliest historical records of the ancient Olympic Games were found on Greek marble columns engraved with the date 776 BC. However, it is known that sports in Greece took place much earlier than this date. Therefore, the history of the Olympics has been around for about 2800 years, and this, you see, is quite a lot.

Do you know who, according to history, became one of the first Olympic champions? - This was ordinary cook Korybos from the city of Elis, whose name is still engraved on one of those marble columns.

The history of the Olympic Games is rooted in the ancient city - Olympia, from where the name of this sports festival. This settlement is in a very beautiful place- near Mount Kronos and on the banks of the Alpheus River, and it is here from ancient times to the present day that the ceremony of lighting the torch with the Olympic flame takes place, which is then relayed to the city of the Olympic Games.

You can try to find this place on a world map or in an atlas and at the same time check yourself - can I find Greece first, and then Olympia?

How were the Olympic Games in ancient times?

At first, only local residents took part in sports competitions, but then everyone liked it so much that people from all over Greece and its subordinate cities began to come here, as far as from the Black Sea itself. People got there as best they could - someone rode a horse, someone had a wagon, but most people went to the holiday on foot. The stadiums were always crowded with spectators - everyone really wanted to see sports competitions with their own eyes.

It is also interesting that in those days when Ancient Greece they were going to hold Olympic competitions, a truce was declared in all cities and all wars stopped for about a month. For ordinary people, it was a calm peaceful time, when they could take a break from everyday affairs and have fun.

For a whole 10 months, athletes trained at home, and then another month in Olympia, where experienced trainers helping them prepare for the competition in the best possible way. At the beginning of sports games, everyone took an oath, the participants - that they would compete honestly, and the judges - to judge fairly. Then the competition itself began, which lasted 5 days. The beginning of the Olympic Games was announced with the help of a silver trumpet, which was blown several times, inviting everyone to gather in the stadium.

What sports were at the Olympic Games in ancient times?

These were:

running competitions;
struggle;
long jump;
javelin and discus throw;
hand-to-hand combat;
chariot racing.

The best athletes were awarded an award - a laurel wreath or an olive branch, the champions solemnly returned to their hometown and were considered respected people until the end of their lives. Banquets were held in their honor, and sculptors made marble statues for them.

Unfortunately, in 394 AD, the Olympic Games were banned by the Roman emperor, who did not like such competitions very much.

Olympic Games today

The first modern Olympic Games were held in 1896, in the parent country of these games - Greece. You can even calculate how long the break was - from 394 to 1896 (it turns out 1502 years). And now, after so many years in our time, the birth of the Olympic Games became possible thanks to one famous French baron, his name was Pierre de Coubertin.

Pierre de Coubertin the founder of the modern Olympic Games.

This man really wanted to more people engaged in sports and proposed to resume the Olympic Games again. Since then, sports games have been held every four years, with the maximum preservation of the traditions of ancient times. But now the Olympic Games began to be divided into winter and summer, which alternate with each other.

Traditions and symbols of the Olympic Games

Olympic rings

Probably, each of us has seen the emblem of the Olympics - intertwined colored rings. They were chosen for a reason - each of the five rings means one of the continents:

blue ring - a symbol of Europe,
black - Africa,
red - America,
yellow - Asia,
the green ring is the symbol of Australia.

And the fact that the rings are intertwined with each other means the unity and friendship of people on all these continents, despite the different skin colors.

olympic flag

The white flag with the Olympic emblem was chosen as the official flag of the Olympic Games. White is a symbol of peace in time Olympic competitions just like in ancient Greece. At each Olympics, the flag is used at the opening and closing of sports games, and then transferred to the city in which the next Olympics will take place four years later.

olympic fire

Even in ancient times, a tradition arose to light a fire during the Olympic Games, and it has survived to this day. It is very interesting to watch the ceremony of lighting the Olympic flame, it is reminiscent of an ancient Greek theatrical production.

It all starts in Olympia a few months before the start of the competition. For example, the fire for the Brazilian Olympic Games was lit in Greece back in April of this year.

In Greek Olympia, eleven girls gather, dressed in long white dresses, as they used to be in Ancient Greece, then one of them takes a mirror and, with the help of sunlight, lights a specially prepared torch. This is the fire that will burn throughout the entire period of the Olympic competition.

After the torch lights up, it is passed to one of the top athletes, which will carry it further, first through the cities of Greece, and then deliver it to the country in which the Olympic Games will be held. Further, the torch relay passes through the cities of the country and, finally, arrives at the place where sports competitions will be held.

A large bowl is installed in the stadium and a fire is lit in it with the torch that came from distant Greece. The fire in the bowl will burn until all sports are over, then it goes out, and this symbolizes the end of the Olympic Games.

Opening and closing ceremony of the Olympics

It is always a bright and colorful sight. Each country hosting the Olympic Games tries to surpass the previous one in this component, sparing no effort or means. For the production, the latest achievements of science and technology are used, innovative technologies and development. In addition, a large number of volunteers are involved. The most famous people of the country are invited: artists, composers, athletes, etc.

Awarding of winners and prize-winners

When the first Olympic Games were held, the winners received a laurel wreath as a reward. However modern champions they are no longer awarded with laurel wreaths, but with medals: the first place is a gold medal, the second place is a silver one, and the third is a bronze one.

It is very interesting to watch the competitions, but it is even more interesting to see how the champions are awarded. The winners go to a special pedestal with three steps, according to occupied places, they are awarded medals and raise the flags of the countries where these athletes came from.

That's the whole history of the Olympic Games, for children, I think, the above information will be interesting and useful

In time immemorial organized by Hercules in the 1210s. They were held once every five years, but then for unknown reasons this tradition was interrupted and was revived under King Ifit.

The first Olympic Games in Greece were not numbered, they were called solely by the name of the winner, and in the then only type of competition - running a certain distance.

Ancient authors, based on materials, began counting the competitions from 776 BC. e., it was from this year that the Olympic Games became known by the name of the athlete who won them. However, there is an opinion that they simply failed to establish the names of the earlier winners, and therefore the holding itself could not be considered a valid and reliable fact at that time.

The first Olympic Games were held in Olympia - a town located in southern Greece. Participants and tens of thousands of spectators from many cities of Hellas traveled to the place by sea or by land.

Runners, as well as wrestlers, throwers of discs or spears, jumpers, fisticuffs participated in competitions in agility and strength. The games were held in the hottest month of the summer, and at this time wars between the policies were forbidden.

Heralds throughout the year carried the news to the cities of all Greece about the announcement of the sacred world and that the roads leading to Olympia were safe.

All Greeks had the right to participate in the competition: the poor, and the noble, and the rich, and the humble. Only women were not allowed to attend them, even as spectators.

The first, as well as the subsequent ones, in Greece were dedicated to the great Zeus, it was an exclusively male holiday. According to legend, a very brave Greek woman in men's clothing secretly entered the city of Olympia to watch her son perform. And when he won, the mother, unable to restrain herself, rushed to him in delight. The unfortunate woman was supposed to be executed according to the law, but out of respect for her victorious offspring, they were pardoned.

Almost ten months before the start of the Olympic Games, everyone who was going to participate in them was required to start training in their cities. Day after day, for ten consecutive months, the athletes practiced continuously, and a month before the opening of the competition they arrived in southern Greece and there, not far from Olympia, continued their training.

Usually, most of the participants in the games were usually wealthy people, because the poor could not afford to train for a whole year and not work.

The first Olympic Games lasted only five days.

On the fifth day, a table made of ivory and gold was set up in front of the temple of the main god Zeus, and awards for the winners were placed on it - olive wreaths.

The winners approached one by one to the supreme judge, who placed these award wreaths on their heads. When publicly announced the name of the athlete and his city. At the same time, the audience exclaimed: “Glory to the winner!”.

The fame of the Olympic Games has survived many centuries. And today every inhabitant of the planet knows five rings, which mean the unity of the continents.

The first Olympic Games of modern times laid the foundation for the tradition of taking the oath. There is also another wonderful tradition: to light the Olympic flame in Greece, as in ancient times, and then carry it in a relay race through the countries in the hands of people devoted to sports, to the venue of the next Olympics.

And although as a result of a strong earthquake all Olympic buildings of antiquity were wiped off the face of the earth, however, in the 18th century, as a result of excavations in ancient Olympia, many attributes of the then games were found.

And already at the end of the 19th century, the permanent and first Baron de Coubertin, inspired by the works of the archaeologist Curtius, revived the games, and also wrote a code that defines the rules for their conduct - the “Olympic Charter”.

Once every four years, the Olympic Games are held - the so-called sports competitions in which the best athletes from around the world participate. Each of them dreams of becoming an Olympic champion and receiving a gold, silver or bronze medal as a reward. Almost 11 thousand athletes from over 200 countries of the world came to the 2016 Olympic competitions in the Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro.

Although these sports are mostly played by adults, some sports, as well as the history of the Olympic Games, can also be very exciting for children. And, probably, both children and adults would be interested to know when the Olympic Games appeared, how they got such a name, and also what types of sports exercises were at the very first competitions. In addition, we will learn how the modern Olympic Games are held, and what their emblem means - five multi-colored rings.

History of the Olympic Games

Do you know who, according to history, became one of the first Olympic champions? - This was ordinary cook Korybos from the city of Elis, whose name is still engraved on one of those marble columns.

The history of the Olympic Games is rooted in the ancient city - Olympia, from where the name of this sports festival originated. This settlement is located in a very beautiful place - near Mount Kronos and on the banks of the Alpheus River, and it is here from ancient times to the present day that the ceremony of lighting the torch with the Olympic flame takes place, which is then relayed to the city of the Olympic Games.

You can try to find this place on a world map or in an atlas and at the same time check yourself - can I find Greece first, and then Olympia?

History of the Olympic Games (briefly, in 3 minutes!)

How were the Olympic Games in ancient times?

It is also interesting that in those days when the Olympic competitions were going to be held in ancient Greece, a truce was declared in all cities and all wars stopped for about a month. For ordinary people, it was a calm peaceful time, when they could take a break from everyday affairs and have fun.

For a whole 10 months, the athletes trained at home, and then for another month in Olympia, where experienced coaches helped them prepare as best as possible for the competition. At the beginning of sports games, everyone took an oath, the participants - that they would compete honestly, and the judges - to judge fairly. Then the competition itself began, which lasted 5 days. The beginning of the Olympic Games was announced with the help of a silver trumpet, which was blown several times, inviting everyone to gather in the stadium.

What sports were at the Olympic Games in ancient times?

These were:

running competitions;
struggle;
long jump;
javelin and discus throw;
hand-to-hand combat;
chariot racing.

Unfortunately, in 394 AD, the Olympic Games were banned by the Roman emperor, who did not like such competitions very much.

Olympic Games today

The first modern Olympic Games were held in 1896, in the parent country of these games - Greece. You can even calculate how long the break was - from 394 to 1896 (it turns out 1502). And now, after so many years in our time, the birth of the Olympic Games became possible thanks to one famous French baron, his name was Pierre de Coubertin.

Pierre de Coubertin- Founder of the modern Olympic Games.

This man really wanted as many people as possible to go in for sports and offered to resume the Olympic Games again. Since then, sports games have been held every four years, with the maximum preservation of the traditions of ancient times. But now the Olympic Games began to be divided into winter and summer, which alternate with each other.

The Olympic Games: history, symbolism, how everything was born and how it came to winter Russia

olympic games pictures

Traditions and symbols of the Olympic Games

Olympic rings

Probably, each of us has seen the emblem of the Olympics - intertwined colored rings. They were chosen for a reason - each of the five rings means one of the continents:

blue ring - a symbol of Europe,
black - African,
red - America,
yellow - Asian,
the green ring is the symbol of Australia.

And the fact that the rings are intertwined with each other means the unity and friendship of people on all these continents, despite the different skin colors.

olympic flag

The white flag with the Olympic emblem was chosen as the official flag of the Olympic Games. White is a symbol of peace during Olympic competitions, just as it was in ancient Greece. At each Olympics, the flag is used at the opening and closing of sports games, and then transferred to the city in which the next Olympics will take place four years later.

olympic fire

It all starts in Olympia a few months before the start of the competition. For example, the fire for the Brazilian Olympic Games was lit in Greece back in April of this year.

In Greek Olympia, eleven girls gather, dressed in long white dresses, as they used to be in Ancient Greece, then one of them takes a mirror and, with the help of sunlight, lights a specially prepared torch. This is the fire that will burn throughout the entire period of the Olympic competition.

After the torch lights up, it is handed over to one of the best athletes, who will then carry it first through the cities of Greece, and then deliver it to the country in which the Olympic Games will be held. Further, the torch relay passes through the cities of the country and, finally, arrives at the place where sports competitions will be held.

Opening and closing ceremony of the Olympics

It is always a bright and colorful sight. Each country hosting the Olympic Games tries to surpass the previous one in this component, sparing no effort or means. For the production, the latest achievements of science and technology, innovative technologies and developments are used. In addition, a large number of people are involved - volunteers. The most famous people of the country are invited: artists, composers, athletes, etc.

Awarding of winners and prize-winners

When the first Olympic Games were held, the winners received a laurel wreath as a reward. However, modern champions are no longer awarded with laurel wreaths, but with medals: the first place is a gold medal, the second place is a silver one, and the third is a bronze one.

It is very interesting to watch the competitions, but it is even more interesting to see how the champions are awarded. The winners go to a special pedestal with three steps, according to the places taken, they are awarded medals and raise the flags of the countries where these athletes came from.

That's the whole history of the Olympic Games, for children, I think, the above information will be interesting and useful. You can supplement your story with a presentation about the Olympic Games.

OLYMPIC GAMES(Summer Olympic Games, Olympiad), the largest international complex sports competitions of our time. The principles, rules and regulations of the Olympic Games are defined Olympic Charter. At the suggestion of P. de Coubertin the decision to organize the Olympic Games in the manner of the ancient ones and to create International Olympic Committee(IOC) was adopted by the International Sports Congress in Paris in 1894. The Olympic Games are held in the first year of the Olympiad. The Olympiads have been counted since 1896, when the first Olympic Games took place. The Olympiad also receives its number in cases where the games are not held (for example, the VI Olympiad - in 1916, XII - in 1940, XIII - in 1944). Apart from Olympic sports, the Organizing Committee of the Olympic Games (established by the NOC of the country where the next Olympic Games will be held) has the right to include demonstration competitions in 1-2 sports not recognized by the IOC in the program of their choice. The timing of the Olympic Games since 1932 is no more than 15 days. The Olympic Games in Paris (1900) and Saint Louis (1904) were timed to coincide with the World exhibitions .

The Olympic movement has its own symbol, emblem and flag, approved by the IOC in 1914 at the suggestion of Coubertin in 1913. The Olympic symbol is 5 intertwined rings of blue, black, red (top row), yellow and green (bottom row) colors, which symbolize 5 combined in Olympic movement of parts of the world (respectively - Europe, Africa, America, Asia, Australia). The flag - a white cloth with the Olympic rings, has been raised at all the Olympic Games since 1920. Also in 1913, the motto was approved - Citius, Altius, Fortius (faster, higher, stronger), proposed by A. Dido, a friend and ally of Coubertin, and which became part of the Olympic emblem. Olympic symbol and the motto made up the official Olympic emblem (since 1920). The list of statesmen and crowned persons who opened them testifies to the high prestige of the competitions: Athens, 1896 - George I (King of Greece); Paris, 1900 - there was no opening ceremony; St. Louis, 1904 - David Francis (President of the World's Fair); London, 1908 - Edward VII (King of Great Britain and Ireland); Stockholm, 1912 - Gustav V (King of Sweden); Antwerp, 1920 - Albert I (King of Belgium); Paris, 1924 - Gaston Doumergue (President of France); Amsterdam, 1928 - Heinrich of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (Prince Hendrik of the Netherlands); Los Angeles, 1932 - Charles Curtis (Vice President of the United States); Berlin, 1936 - Adolf Hitler (Reich Chancellor of Germany); London, 1948 - George VI (King of Great Britain and Northern Ireland); Helsinki, 1952 - Juho Kusti Paasikivi (President of Finland); Melbourne, 1956 (equestrian competitions held in Stockholm) - Philip Mountbatten (Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh - Prince Consort of Great Britain) and Gustav VI Adolf (King of Sweden); Rome, 1960 - Giovanni Gronchi (President of Italy); Tokyo, 1964 - Hirohito (Emperor of Japan); Mexico City, 1968 - Gustavo Diaz Ordaz (President of Mexico); Munich, 1972 - Gustav Heinemann (Federal President of Germany); Montreal, 1976 - Elizabeth II (Queen of Great Britain and Northern Ireland); Moscow, 1980 - Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR); Los Angeles, 1984 - Ronald Reagan (US President); Seoul, 1988 - Ro Dae Woo (President of the Republic of Korea); Barcelona, 1992 - Juan Carlos I (King of Spain); Atlanta, 1996 - William (Bill) Jefferson Clinton (U.S. President); Sydney, 2000 - William Patrick Dean (Governor General of Australia); Athens, 2004 - Konstantinos Stephanopoulos (President of Greece); Beijing, 2008 - Hu Jintao (General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee); London, 2012 - Elizabeth II (Queen of Great Britain and Northern Ireland); Rio de Janeiro, 2016 - Michel Temer (Vice President of Brazil). The only woman to open the Olympics Queen Elizabeth II; as of January 1, 2020, she is the only statesman in the history of the Olympic Games to open them twice (Melbourne, 1956; London, 2012).

Traditional Olympic rituals: 1) lighting the Olympic flame at the opening ceremony (first lit from the sun in Olympia in 1936 and delivered by torchbearers to Berlin, the organizer of the Olympic Games); 2) Taking the Olympic oaths. The Olympic oath of athletes (the text was written in 1913 by Coubertin, it was first pronounced in Antwerp in 1920 by the Belgian fencer V. Buan): “On behalf of all athletes, I promise that we will participate in these Games, respecting and observing the rules by which they are held, in a truly sporting spirit, for the glory of sport and for the honor of their teams.” Olympic Oath of the Judges (included in the opening ceremony at the suggestion of the USSR Olympic Committee and held from the Olympic Games in Mexico City, 1968): “On behalf of all judges and officials, I promise that we will fulfill our duties at these Olympic Games with complete impartiality, respecting and respecting the rules under which they are held in a truly sporting spirit.” At the Olympic Games in London (2012), the Coaches' Olympic Pledge was made for the first time: “On behalf of all coaches and other people in the athlete's entourage, I promise that we will conduct ourselves in a way that promotes sportsmanship and fair play, in accordance with the basic principles of the Olympic Movement ". 3) Presentation of medals to the winners and prize-winners of the competitions. For the 1st place, the athlete is awarded a gold medal, for the 2nd - a silver medal, for the 3rd– bronze. In the case when two athletes (teams) shared 1st-2nd places, both are awarded a gold medal; if the participants share 2nd-3rd or 2nd-4th places, everyone is awarded silver medals, and bronze medals are not awarded. In boxing competitions, two athletes who lose in the semi-finals receive bronze medals. In 1928, the IOC approved the image on the front side of the medal of the ancient Greek goddess Nike with a laurel wreath in her hand, on the reverse side - the sport, the emblem of the Games, and other symbols; 4) raising the national flag and performing the national anthem in honor of the winners. According to the charter, the Olympic Games are competitions between individual athletes and not between national teams. However, the so-called. unofficial team standings - determination of the place, occupied by teams, by the number of points received (points are awarded for the first 6 places according to the system: 1st place - 7 points, 2nd - 5 points, 3rd - 4 points, 4th - 3 points, 5th - 2 points , 6th - 1 point). The table is traditionally kept medal count by countries with the priority of medals of the highest value. Athlete (or team) winning gold medal at the Olympic Games or at the Olympic winter games, is awarded the title of Olympic champion. This title is not used with the prefix ex, such as ex-world champion. The largest number of medals in the history of the Summer Olympic Games (as of January 1, 2020) was won by athletes of the national teams: USA (27 participations; 1022 gold, 794 silver, 704 bronze); Russia; Germany; Great Britain (28; 263, 295, 289); China (10; 227, 164, 152); France (28; 212, 241, 260).

The Olympic Movement (as of January 1, 2016) includes 206 countries (including geographical areas), whose National Olympic Committees are recognized by the IOC. In the period 1896–2016, 31 Olympic Games were held (three of them did not take place due to world wars); 4 held in the USA; 3 - in the UK; 1 each in Sweden, Belgium, the Netherlands, Finland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Canada, the USSR, the Republic of Korea, Spain, China, Brazil. According to the Olympic Charter, the honor of hosting the Olympic Games is given to the city and not to the country (or territory). The decision on the election of the Olympic city (the capital of the Olympic Games) is taken by the IOC no later than 6 years before the start of these Games at the IOC session. The application of a candidate city must be approved by the NOC of that country. The city that nominates itself is required to provide the IOC with a government-approved written guarantee and a certain financial contribution (refunded to unelected cities). Since 1932, the host city of the Olympic Games has been building Olympic Village- a complex of residential premises for participants in the games. Among the various commitments Olympic city submits for approval by the IOC the program of the Olympic Games, and since 1968, the national cultural program. The tradition of combining physical and artistic culture dates back to the Olympic Games of Ancient Greece, where sports competitions were accompanied by competitions in various types art. The forerunners of the modern cultural program were art competitions (1906–52) and fine art exhibitions (1956–64). At the Olympic Games in 1968–72, the cultural program was international in nature, since 1976, according to the Olympic Charter, it has been national and covers all types of art, literature, photography, sports philately, etc. More often than other cities in the world, London was elected the capital of the Summer Olympic Games (3 times), Athens, Paris, Los Angeles (2 times each).

In 1980 the capital Games XXII The Olympics was Moscow; elected during the 75th session of the IOC on 10/23/1974 in Vienna. The main stadium of the Moscow Olympics was the Central Stadium. V. I. Lenin (about 100 thousand seats, the modern name is Luzhniki), where the opening and closing ceremonies of the Games took place, competitions in athletics, the final match of the football tournament; a number of competitions were held in the area of Leningradsky Prospekt in Moscow - at the stadiums "Dynamo" and " Young Pioneers”and in the CSKA sports complex. Specially built for the Olympic Games: sports complex"Olympic" on Prospekt Mira, including a multi-purpose indoor stadium(about 35 thousand places; 22 disciplines of the Olympic program) and swimming pool; cycle track "Krylatskoye" (with two stands for 3 thousand seats), near which there is a circular cycling track and an archery field (here in 1972–73 for the European Championship in rowing the rowing canal "Krylatskoye" was built; stands - approx. 2.5 thousand places); equestrian complex "Bitsa" (tribune for 5 thousand seats); sports palaces "Izmailovo" (temporary collapsible tribune - up to 4 thousand seats; competitions in weightlifting) and Sokolniki (approx. 7 thousand seats; handball tournament games); shooting range "Dynamo" (approx. 3 thousand seats) in the suburban town of Mytishchi; Olimpic village. Over 5,000 athletes from 80 countries competed for 203 sets of medals in 21 sports. Athletes of the USSR national team won the largest number of medals in the history of the Olympic Games - 195 (including 80 gold, 69 silver and 46 bronze). Some competitions with the permission of the IOC were held in other cities. Group football tournaments and quarter-final matches were held in Kyiv, Leningrad and Minsk; sailing regatta was held in Tallinn. (Such exceptions were allowed before. For example, in 1956, due to quarantine and a ban on the import of horses to Australia, equestrian competitions were even held in another country - in Sweden, in Stockholm.) For political reasons, the 1980 Olympic Games in Moscow were boycotted by a number of countries, refused to participate. Four years later, the NOCs of the USSR and a number of other socialist countries boycotted the Olympic Games in Los Angeles. In 1906, Athens (22.4–2.5) hosted the Extraordinary Olympic Games with the participation of 903 athletes from 20 countries. These competitions have not received official recognition from the IOC.

To uphold the Olympic ideals and the noble principles of competition at the Olympic Games and the 1968 Olympic Winter Games by the IOC and international sports federations a doping control procedure was established, which is carried out by special anti-doping commissions. Since 1976, Olympic medalists have undergone special doping tests; if an athlete is found guilty of taking doping he is disqualified and forfeits his awards. On November 10, 1999, with the support of the IOC, the World Anti-Doping Agency(WADA). IN last years, regardless of the statute of limitations, WADA laboratories recheck the analyzes of athletes taken during previous Olympic Games (Beijing, 2008; London, 2012), which often leads to the revision of individual results, disqualification of winners and changes in the results in the unofficial team medal count(see table in article World Anti-Doping Agency). Before the start of the Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro (2016), at the initiative of WADA, for various reasons, many Russian athletes were suspended from participating in the competition, including all athletes (with the exception of long jumper D.I. Klishina) and weightlifters , most swimmers and rowers, tennis player M. Yu. Sharapova. As a result, the composition of the Russian national team was reduced by almost 50%.

In 6 types of the Olympic program (cycling, athletics, swimming, shooting, archery, weightlifting) are registered Olympic records regardless of at what stage of the competition (preliminary, qualifying or final) they were established. If the result exceeds the world record, then it is considered both a world and an Olympic record.

Since 1968, the organizers of the Olympic Games have been using the Olympic mascot for propaganda and commercial purposes.

To reward especially distinguished athletes, figures of the Olympic movement and major statesmen in the mid-1970s. the Olympic Order was established (had three degrees) - Gold, Silver and Bronze (now only the first two). The first recipient of the Golden Olympic Order was the ex-president of the IOC E. Brundage. The current members of the IOC are not awarded Olympic orders.

See table 1 for the dates and main results of the Summer Olympic Games. See table 2 for the athletes who have won the most Olympic medals at the Olympic Games. See table 3 for athletes who have participated in 6 or more Olympics.

Table 1. The main results of the Summer Olympic Games (Athens, 1896 - Rio de Janeiro, 2016).

Official name. Capital, dates. Main stadium. Games Mascots (since 1968)	Number of countries; athletes (including women); sets of medals played in sports	Most Successful Athletes (medals gold, silver, bronze)	Countries that have won the most medals (gold, silver, bronze)
Games of the I Olympiad. Athens, 6.4–15.4. 1896. "Panathinaikos" (80 thousand seats)	14; 241(0); 43 at 9	K. Schumann (4, 0, 0), X. Weingertner (3, 2, 1) and A. Flatow (3, 1, 0; all Germany); R. Garrett (USA; 2, 2, 0); F. Hofmann (Germany; 2, 1, 1)	USA (11, 7, 2); Greece (10, 17, 19); Germany (6, 5, 2); France (5, 4, 2); UK (2, 3, 2)
Games of the II Olympiad. Paris, 14.5–28.10. 1900. Velodrome in the Bois de Vincennes, "Racing" club, etc.	24; 997(22); 95 to 20	A. Krenzlein (USA; 4, 0, 0); K. Steely (Switzerland; 3, 0, 1); R. Urey (3, 0, 0), I. Baxter (2, 3, 0) and W. Tewksbury (2, 2, 1; all USA)	France (26, 41, 34); USA (19, 14, 14); UK (15, 6, 9); Switzerland (6, 2, 1); Belgium (5, 5, 5)
Games of the III Olympiad. St. Louis, 1.7–23.11. 1904. "Francis Field" (19 thousand seats)	12; 651(6); 94 at 16	A. Heida (5, 1, 0), M. Hurley (4, 0, 1), J. Acer (3, 2, 1), C. Daniels (3, 1, 1) and J. Lightbody (3, 1, 0; all US); R. Fonst (Cuba; 3, 0, 0)	USA (78, 82, 79); Germany (4, 4, 5); Cuba (4, 2, 3); Canada (4, 1, 1); Hungary (2, 1, 1)
Games of the IV Olympiad. London, 27.4–31.10. 1908. "White City" ("White City"; over 70 thousand seats)	22; 2008(37); 110 to 22	G. Taylor (Great Britain; 3, 0, 0); M. Sheppard (USA; 3, 0, 0)	UK (56, 51, 39); USA (23, 12, 12); Sweden (8, 6, 11); France (5, 5, 9); Germany (3, 5, 5)
Games of the V Olympiad. Stockholm, 5.5–22.7.1912. " Olympic Stadium» (14.4 thousand places)	28; 2408(48); 102 at 14	V. Karlberg (Sweden; 3, 2, 0); J. Kolehmainen (Finland; 3, 1, 0); A. Lane (USA; 3, 0, 0); E. Carlberg (2, 2, 0) and J. H. von Holst (2, 1, 1; both Sweden)	USA (25, 19, 19); Sweden (24, 24, 17); UK (10, 15, 16); Finland (9, 8, 9); France (7, 4, 3)
Games of the VII Olympiad. Antwerp, 20.4–12.9. 1920. Olympic Stadium (approx. 13 thousand seats)	29; 2626(65); 156 at 22	W. Lee (USA; 5, 1, 1); N. Nadi (Italy; 5, 0, 0); L. Spooner (USA; 4, 1, 2); X. van Innis (Belgium; 4, 2, 0); C. Osborne (USA; 4, 1, 1)	USA (41, 27, 27); Sweden (19, 20, 25); UK (15, 15, 13); Finland (15, 10, 9); Belgium (14, 11, 11)
Games of the VIII Olympiad. Paris, 4.5–27.7. 1924. "Olympique de Colombes" ("Olympique de Colombes"; 60 thousand seats)	44; 3088(135); 126 at 17	P. Nurmi (5, 0, 0) and V. Ritola (4, 2, 0; both Finland); R. Ducret (France; 3, 2, 0); J. Weissmuller (USA; 3, 0, 1)	USA (45, 27, 27); Finland (14, 13, 10); France (13, 15, 10); UK (9, 13, 12); Italy (8, 3, 5)
Games of the IX Olympiad. Amsterdam, 17.5–12.8. 1928. "Olympic Stadium" (over 31 thousand seats)	46; 2883 (277); 109 at 14	J. Miz (3, 1, 0) and X. Hengy (2, 1, 1; both Switzerland); L. Godin (France; 2, 1, 0); E. Mack (Switzerland; 2, 0, 1)	USA (22, 18, 16); Germany (10, 7, 14); Finland (8, 8, 9); Sweden (7, 6, 12); Italy (7, 5, 7)
Games of the X Olympiad. Los Angeles, 30.7–14.8. 1932. "Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum" ("Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum"; over 93 thousand seats)	37; 1332(126); 117 at 14	E. Madison (USA; 3, 0, 0); R. Neri (3, 0, 0) and G. Gaudini (0, 3, 1; both Italy); H. Savolainen (Finland; 0, 1, 3)	USA (41, 32, 30); Italy (12, 12, 12); France (10, 5, 4); Sweden (9, 5, 9); Japan (7, 7, 4)
Games of the XI Olympiad. Berlin, 1.8–16.8. 1936. "Olympiastadion" ("Olympiastadion"; 100 thousand seats)	49; 3963(331); 129 at 19	J. Owens (USA; 4, 0, 0); K. Frei (3, 1, 2) and A. Schwartzman (3, 0, 2; both Germany); H. Mastenbrook (Netherlands; 3, 1, 0); R. Charpentier (France; 3, 0, 0); E. Mack (Switzerland; 0, 4, 1)	Germany (33, 26, 30); USA (24, 20, 12); Hungary (10, 1, 5); Italy (8, 9, 5); Finland (7, 6, 6); France (7, 6, 6)
Games of the XIV Olympiad. London, 29.7–14.8. 1948. "Wembley" ("Wembley"; St. 120 thousand seats)	59; 4104 (390); 136 at 17	F. Blankers-Kuhn (Netherlands; 4, 0, 0); V. Huhtanen (3, 1, 1) and P. Aaltonen (3, 0, 1; both Finland)	US (38, 27, 19); Sweden (16, 11, 17); France (10, 6, 13); Hungary (10, 5, 12); Italy (8, 11, 8)
Games of the XV Olympiad. Helsinki, 19.7–3.8. 1952. Olympic Stadium (40 thousand seats)	69; 4955 (519); 149 at 17	V. I. Chukarin (USSR; 4, 2, 0); E. Zatopek (Czechoslovakia; 3, 0, 0); M. K. Gorokhovskaya (2, 5, 0) and N. A. Bocharova (2, 2, 0; both USSR); E. Mangiarotti (Italy; 2, 2, 0)	USA (40, 19, 17); USSR (22, 30, 19); Hungary (16, 10, 16); Sweden (12, 13, 10); Italy (8, 9, 4)
Games of the XVI Olympiad. Melbourne, 22.11–8.12. 1956. "Melbourne Cricket Ground" ("Melbourne Cricket Ground"; 100 thousand seats)	72; 3314 (376); 145 at 17	A. Keleti (Hungary; 4, 2, 0); L. S. Latynina (4, 1, 1), V. I. Chukarin (3, 1, 1) and V. I. Muratov (3, 1, 0; all USSR)	USSR (37, 29, 32); USA (32, 25, 17); Australia (13, 8, 14); Hungary (9, 10, 7); Italy (8, 8, 9)
Games of the XVII Olympiad. Rome, 25.8–11.9.1960. Olympic Stadium (approx. 73 thousand seats)	83; 5338(611); 150 at 17	B. A. Shakhlin (4.2, 1) and L. S. Latynina (3, 2, 1; both USSR); T. Ono (Japan; 3, 1, 2); K. von Salza (USA; 3, 1, 0); W. Rudolph (USA; 3, 0, 0)	USSR (43, 29, 31); USA (34, 21, 16); Italy (13, 10, 13); WGC* (12, 19, 11); Australia (8, 8, 6)
Games of the XVIII Olympiad. Tokyo, 10.10–24.10. 1964. National Olympic Stadium (48 thousand seats)	93; 5151 (678); 163 at 19	D. Schollender (USA; 4, 0, 0); V. Chaslavska (Czechoslovakia; 3, 1, 0); Y. Endo (Japan; 3, 1, 0); S. Stauder (3, 1, 0) and S. Clark (3, 0, 0; both USA); L. S. Latynina (USSR; 2, 2, 2)	USA (36, 26, 28); USSR (30, 31, 35); Japan (16, 5, 8); WGC* (10, 22, 18); Italy (10, 10, 7)
Games of the XIX Olympiad. Mexico City, 12.10–27.10. 1968. "Olímpico Universitario" ("Olímpico Universitario" St. 63 thousand seats). red jaguar	112; 5516 (781); 172 at 18	V. Chaslavska (Czechoslovakia; 4, 2, 0); A. Nakayama (Japan; 4, 1, 1); Ch. Hickox (USA; 3, 1.0); S. Kato (Japan; 3, 0, 1); D. Meyer (USA; 3, 0, 0); M. Ya. Voronin (USSR; 2, 4, 1)	USA (45, 28, 34); USSR (29, 32, 30); Japan (11, 7, 7); Hungary (10, 10, 12); GDR (9, 9, 7)
Games of the XX Olympiad. Munich, 26.8–10.9. 1972. Olympiastadion (over 69 thousand places). Dachshund Waldi	121; 7134 (1059); 195 at 21	M. Spitz (USA; 7, 0, 0); S. Kato (Japan; 3, 2, 0); S. Gould (Austria; 3, 1, 1); O. V. Korbut (USSR; 3, 1, 0); M. Belout and S. Nilson (both USA; 3, 0, 0 each); K. Janz (GDR; 2, 2, 1)	USSR (50, 27, 22); USA (33, 31, 30); GDR (20, 23, 23); Germany (13, 11, 16); Japan (13, 8, 8)
Games of the XXI Olympiad. Montreal, 17.7–1.8. 1976. Olympic Stadium (approx. 66 thousand seats). Beaver Amik	92; 6048(1260); 198 at 21	N. E. Andrianov (USSR; 4, 2, 1); K. Ender (GDR; 4, 1, 0); J. Neiber (USA; 4, 1, 0); N. Komenech (Romania; 3, 1, 1); N. V. Kim (USSR; 3, 1, 0); M. Tsukahara (Japan; 2, 1,2)	USSR (49, 41, 35); GDR (40, 25, 25); USA (34; 35, 25); Germany (10, 12, 17); Japan (9, 6, 10)
Games XXII Olympiad. Moscow, 19.7–3.8. 1980. Stadium. Lenin (modern name "Luzhniki"; approx. 100 thousand seats). Bear cub Misha	80; 5179 (1115); 203 at 21	A. N. Dityatin (USSR; 3, 4, 1); K. Metschuk (3, 1, 0), B. Krause and R. Reinisch (3, 0, 0 each; all GDRs); V. V. Parfenovich and V. V. Salnikov (both USSR; 3.0.0 each); N. Komenech (Romania; 2, 2, 0)	USSR (80, 69, 46); GDR (47, 37, 42); Bulgaria (8, 16, 17); Cuba (8, 7, 5); Italy (8, 3, 4)
Games of the XXIII Olympiad. Los Angeles, 28.7–12.8. 1984. "Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum" (over 93 thousand seats). Eaglet Sam	140; 6829 (1566); 221 at 23	E. Sabo (Romania; 4, 1, 0); C. Lewis (USA; 4, 0, 0); Li Ning (China; 3, 2, 1); M. Heath and N. Hogshed (both US; 3 each, 1.0)	US (83, 60, 30); Romania (20, 16, 17); Germany (17, 19, 23); China (15, 8, 9); Italy (14, 6, 12)
Games of the XXIV Olympiad. Seoul, 17.9–2.10.1988. Olympic Stadium (approx. 70 thousand seats). Tiger cub Hodori	159; 8391 (2194); 237 at 23	K. Otto (GDR; 6, 0, 0); M. Biondi (USA; 5, 1, 1); V. N. Artyomov (USSR; 4, 1, 0); D. Silivas (Romania; 3, 2, 1); F. Griffith-Joyner (USA; 3, 1, 0); D. V. Bilozerchev (USSR; 3, 0, 1); J. Evans (USA; 3, 0, 0)	USSR (55, 31, 46); GDR (37, 35, 30); US (36, 31, 27); Republic of Korea (12, 10, 11); Germany (11, 14, 15)
Games of the XXV Olympiad. Barcelona, 25.7–9.8.1992. "Olympico de Montjuic" (“Olímpico de Montjuic”; ca. 56,000 seats). dog Kobe	169; 9356 (2704); 257 at 32	V. V. Shcherbo (OK; 6, 0, 0); K. Egersegi (Hungary; 3, 0, 0); E. V. Sadovy (OK; 3, 0, 0); N. Hayslett (USA; 3, 0, 0); A. V. Popov (OK**; 2, 2, 0)	OK** (45, 38, 29); USA (37, 34, 37); Germany (33, 21, 28); China (16, 22, 16); Cuba (14, 6, 11)
Games of the XXVI Olympiad. Atlanta, 19.7–4.8. 1996. "Centennial Olympic" ("Centennial Olympic"; 85 thousand seats). Computer character Izzy	197; 10320 (3523); 271 at 26	E. Van Dyken (USA; 4, 0, 0); M. Smith (Ireland; 3, 0, 1); A. Yu. Nemov (2, 1, 3) and A. V. Popov (2, 2, 0; both Russia); G. Hall (USA; 2, 2, 0)	USA (44, 32, 25); Russia (26, 21, 16); Germany (20, 18, 27); China (16, 22, 12); France (15, 7, 15)
Games of the XXVII Olympiad. Sydney, 15.9–1.10. 2000. "Ostreylia" (83.5 thousand seats). Ollie the Kookaburra, Sid the Platypus, Millie the Echidna	199; 10651 (4069); 300 at 28	L. van Morsel (Netherlands; 3, 1, 0); I. Thorp (Australia; 3, 2, 0); I. de Bruijn (Netherlands; 3, 1, 0); M. Jones (3, 0, 1) and L. Krayzelburg (3, 0, 0; both USA); A. Yu. Nemov (Russia; 2, 1, 3)	USA (37, 24, 33); Russia (32, 28, 29); China (28, 16, 14); Australia (16, 25, 17); Germany (13, 17, 26)
Games of the XXVIII Olympiad. Athens, 13.8–29.8. 2004. Olympic Stadium (approx. 70 thousand seats). Antique dolls Phoebus and Athena	201; 10625 (4329); 301 at 28	M. Phelps (USA; 6, 0, 2); P. Thomas (Australia; 3, 1.0); K. Ponor (Romania; 3, 0, 0); A. Peirsol (USA; 3, 0, 0); W. Campbell (Jamaica; 2, 0, 1); I. Thorpe (Australia; 2, 1, 1); I. de Bruijn (Netherlands; 1,1,2)	USA (35, 40, 26); China (32; 17, 14); Russia (28, 26, 37); Australia (17, 16, 17); Japan (16, 9, 12)
Games of the XXIX Olympiad. Beijing, 8.8–24.8. 2008. National Stadium (91 thousand seats). Fortune Children: Bei-Bei, Ching-Ching, Huan-Huan, Ying-Ying and Ni-Ni	204; 10942 (4637); 302 at 28	M. Phelps (USA; 8, 0, 0); W. Bolt (Jamaica; 3, 0, 0); K. Hoy (Great Britain; 3, 0, 0); Tsou Kai (China; 3, 0, 0); S. Rice (Australia; 3, 0, 0)	China (51, 21, 28); USA (36, 38, 36); Russia (22, 18, 26); UK (19, 13, 15); Germany (16, 10, 15)
Games of the XXX Olympiad. London, 27.7–12.8. 2012. Olympic Stadium (80 thousand seats). Two Drops of Steel - Wenlock and Mandeville	204; 10768 (4776); 302 at 26	M. Phelps (4, 2, 0); M. Franklin (4, 0, 1), E. Schmitt (3, 1, 1) and D. Volmer (3, 0, 0; all USA); W. Bolt (Jamaica; 3, 0, 0)	USA (46, 29, 29); China (38, 27, 23); UK (29, 17, 19); Russia (24, 26, 32); Republic of Korea (13, 8, 7)
Games of the XXXI Olympiad. Rio de Janeiro, 5.8.-21.8.2016. "Maracana" (78.8 thousand seats). Flora and fauna of Brazil - Vinicius and Tom	207; 11303 (c. 4700); 306 at 28	M. Phelps (5.1.0); S. Biles (4.1.0); C. Ledecky (4.1.0; all US); W. Bolt (Jamaica), J. Kenny (Great Britain), D. Kozak (Hungary) (all 3.0.0).	US (48.37.38); UK (27, 23.17); China (26, 18, 26); Russia (19,18,19); Germany (17,10,15).

* United German team.

** United team of the countries of the former USSR.

Table 2. Athletes with the most victories at the Olympic Games (Athens, 1896 - Rio de Janeiro, 2016).

Athlete, a country	Kind of sport, years of participation	Medals
Athlete, a country	Kind of sport, years of participation	golden	silver	bronze
M. Phelps, USA	Swimming, 2004–2016	23	3	2
L. S. Latynina, USSR	Gymnastics, 1956–1964	9	5	4
P. Nurmi, Finland	Athletics, 1920–1928	9	3	0
M. Spitz, USA	Swimming, 1968–1972	9	1	1
C. Lewis, USA	Athletics, 1984–1996	9	1	0
W. Bolt, Jamaica	Athletics, 2004–2016	9	0	0
B. Fisher, Germany	Rowing and canoeing, 1980–2004	8	4	0
S. Kato, Japan	Gymnastics, 1968–1976	8	3	1
J. Thompson, USA	Swimming, 1992–2004	8	3	1
M. Biondi, USA	Swimming, 1984–1992	8	2	1
R. Urey, USA	Athletics, 1900–1908	8	0	0
N. E. Andrianov, USSR	Gymnastics, 1972–1980	7	5	3
B. A. Shakhlin, USSR	Gymnastics, 1956–1964	7	4	2
V. Chaslavska, Czechoslovakia	Gymnastics, 1960–1968	7	4	0
V. I. Chukarin, USSR	Gymnastics, 1952–1956	7	3	1
A. Gerevich, Hungary	Fencing, 1932–1960	7	1	2
E. Manjarotti, Italy	Fencing, 1936–1960	6	5	2
I. Werth, Germany	Horseback Riding, 1992–2016	6	4	0
R. Lochte, USA	Swimming, 2004–2016	6	3	3
E. Felix, USA	Athletics, 2004–2016	6	3	0
H. van Innis, Belgium	Archery, 1900–1920	6	3	0
A. Nakayama, Japan	Gymnastics, 1968–1972	6	2	2
V. Vezzali, Italy	Fencing, 1996–2012	6	1	2
G. Fredriksson, Sweden	Rowing and canoeing, 1948–1960	6	1	1
K. Hoy, Great Britain	Cycling, 2000–2012	6	1	0
V. V. Shcherbo, Belarus	Gymnastics, 1992–1996	6	0	4
R. Klimke, Germany	Horseback Riding, 1964–1988	6	0	2
P. Kovacs, Hungary	Fencing, 1936–1960	6	0	1
E. Van Dyken, USA	Swimming, 1996–2000	6	0	0
R. Karpathy, Hungary	Fencing, 1948–1960	6	0	0
N. Nadi, Italy	Fencing, 1912–1920	6	0	0
K. Otto, GDR	Swimming, 1988	6	0	0
T. It, Japan	Gymnastics, 1952–1964	5	4	4
C. Osburn, USA	shooting sport, 1912–1924	5	4	2
A. Keleti, Hungary	Gymnastics, 1952–1956	5	3	2
G. Hall, Jr., USA	Swimming, 1996–2004	5	3	2
N. Comaneci, Romania	Gymnastics, 1976–1980	5	3	1
I. Thorp, Australia	Swimming, 2000–2004	5	3	1
V. Ritola, Finland	Athletics, 1924–1928	5	3	0
P. G. Astakhova, USSR	Gymnastics, 1956–1964	5	2	3
E. Lipe, Romania	rowing, 1984–2000	5	2	1
A. Piersol, USA	Swimming, 2000–2008	5	2	0
Y. Endo, Japan	Gymnastics, 1960–1968	5	2	0
M. Tsukahara, Japan		5	1	3
N. Adrian, USA	Swimming, 2008–2016	5	1	2
B. Wiggins, UK	cycling, 2000–2016	5	1	2
H. G. Winkler, Germany	Horseback Riding, 1956–1976	5	1	1
T. Jaeger, USA	Swimming, 1984–1992	5	1	1
W. Lee, USA	shooting sport, 1920	5	1	1
K. Egersegi, Hungary	Swimming, 1988–1996	5	1	1
Wu Minxia, China	Diving, 2004–2016	5	1	1
N. V. Kim, USSR	Gymnastics, 1976–1980	5	1	0
O. Lillo-Olsen, Norway	shooting sport, 1920–1924	5	1	0
A. Heida, USA	Gymnastics, 1904	5	1	0
D. Schollander, USA	Swimming, 1964–1968	5	1	0
K. Ledecky, USA	Swimming, 2012–2016	5	1	0
M. Franklin, USA	Swimming, 2012–2016	5	0	1
J. Weissmuller, USA	Swimming, water polo, 1924–1928	5	0	1
J. Damian, Romania	rowing, 2000–2008	5	0	1
A. Lane, USA	shooting sport, 1912–1920	5	0	1
S. Redgrave, UK	rowing, 1984–2000	5	0	1
Ts. Kai, China	Gymnastics, 2004–2012	5	0	1
M. Fisher, USA	shooting sport, 1920–1924	5	0	0
C. Zholin, China	Diving, 2008–2016	5	0	0
N. S. Ishchenko, Russia	Synchronized swimming, 2008–2016	5	0	0
S. A. Romashina, Russia	Synchronized swimming, 2008–2016	5	0	0
A. S. Davydova, Russia	Synchronized swimming, 2004–2012	5	0	0
A. V. Popov, Russia	Swimming, 1992–2000	4	5	0
D. Torres, USA	Swimming, 1984–2008	4	4	4
D. Frazier, Australia	Swimming, 1956–1964	4	4	0
K. Ender, GDR	Swimming, 1972–1976	4	4	0
L. I. Turishcheva, USSR	Artistic gymnastics, 1968–1976	4	3	2
J. Mie, Switzerland	Gymnastics, 1924–1936	4	3	1
O. Olsen, Norway	shooting sport, 1920–1924	4	3	1
I. Patsaykin, Romania	Rowing and canoeing, 1968–1984	4	3	0
A. Yu. Nemov, Russia	Gymnastics, 1996–2000	4	2	6
I. de Bruyne, Netherlands	Swimming, 2000–2004	4	2	2
E. Schmitt, USA	Swimming, 2008–2016	4	2	2
J. Lezak, USA	Swimming, 2000–2012	4	2	2
R. Matthes, GDR	Swimming, 1968–1976	4	2	2
E. Lieberg, Norway	shooting sport, 1908–1924	4	2	1
L. Godin, France	Fencing, 1920–1928	4	2	0
Guo Jingjing, China	Diving, 2000–2008	4	2	0
J. Delfino, Italy	Fencing, 1952–1964	4	2	0
C. d'Oriola, France	Fencing, 1948–1956	4	2	0
O. V. Korbut, USSR	Gymnastics, 1972–1976	4	2	0
J. Trillini, Italy	Fencing, 1992–2008	4	1	3
C. Daniels, USA	Swimming, 1904–1908	4	1	2
K. Kitajima, Japan	Swimming, 2004–2012	4	1	2
L. Spooner, USA	shooting sport, 1920	4	1	2
L. Trickett, Australia	Swimming, 2004–2012	4	1	2
D. Ignat, Romania	rowing, 1992–2008	4	1	1
Kim Soo Young, The Republic of Korea	Archery, 1988–2000	4	1	1
L. van Morsel, The Netherlands	cycling, 2000–2004	4	1	1
E. D. Belova, USSR	Fencing, 1968–1976	4	1	1
M. Rose, Australia	Swimming, 1956–1960	4	1	1
V. A. Sidyak, USSR	Fencing, 1968–1980	4	1	1
V. N. Artyomov, USSR	Gymnastics, 1988	4	1	0
wang nan, China	Table tennis, 2000–2008	4	1	0
Ya. A. Klochkova, Ukraine	Swimming, 2000–2004	4	1	0
Yu. H. Kolehmainen, Finland	Athletics, 1912–1920	4	1	0
G. Louganis, USA	Diving, 1976–1988	4	1	0
V. I. Muratov, USSR	Gymnastics, 1952–1956	4	1	0
J. Neiber, USA	Swimming, 1976	4	1	0
E. Zatopek, Czechoslovakia	Athletics, 1948–1952	4	1	0
C. Payu de Mortange, Netherlands	Horseback Riding, 1924–1936	4	1	0
E. Sabo, Romania	Gymnastics, 1984	4	1	0
I. Ferguson, New Zealand	Rowing and canoeing, 1984–1988	4	1	0
R. Fonst, Cuba	Fencing, 1900–1904	4	1	0
Fu Mingxia China	Diving, 1992–2000	4	1	0
M. Sheppard, USA	Athletics, 1908–1912	4	1	0
J. Evans, USA	Swimming, 1988–1992	4	1	0
C. B. Ainslie, UK	Sailing, 1996–2012	4	1	0
W. Williams, USA	Tennis, 2000–2016	4	1	0
E. Ashford, USA	Athletics, 1984–1992	4	1	0
D. Kulchar, Hungary	Fencing, 1964–1976	4	0	2
K. Boron, Germany	rowing, 1992–2008	4	0	1
C. Wagner-Augustin, Germany	Rowing and canoeing, 2000–2012	4	1	1
J. Zampori, Italy	Gymnastics, 1912–1924	4	0	1
Li Xiaopeng, China	Gymnastics, 2000–2008	4	0	1
J. Olsen, USA	Swimming, 1992–1996	4	0	1
S. A. Pozdnyakov, Russia	Fencing, 1992–2004	4	0	1
S. Richards-Ross, USA	Athletics, 2004–2012	4	0	1
V. Susanu, Romania	rowing, 2000–2008	4	0	1
M. Harley, USA	cycling, 1904	4	0	1
T. Edwards, USA	Basketball, 1984–2000	4	0	1
L. Berbaum, Germany	Horseback Riding, 1988–2000	4	0	0
F. Blankers-Kuhn, The Netherlands	Athletics, 1948	4	0	0
B. Wöckel, GDR	Athletics, 1976–1980	4	0	0
L. Viren, Finland	Athletics, 1972–1976	4	0	0
T. Darny, Hungary	Swimming, 1988–1992	4	0	0
Deng Yaping, China	Table tennis, 1992–1996	4	0	0
M. Johnson, USA	Athletics, 1992–2000	4	0	0
H. Dillard, USA	Athletics, 1948–1952	4	0	0
A. N. Ermakova, Russia	Synchronized swimming, 2004–2008	4	0	0
B. Cuthbert, Australia	Athletics, 1956–1964	4	0	0
R. Korzhenevsky, Poland	Athletics, 1996–2004	4	0	0
A. Krenzlein, USA	Athletics, 1900	4	0	0
L. Kraizelburg, USA	Swimming, 2000–2004	4	0	0
V. A. Krovopuskov, USSR	Fencing, 1976–1980	4	0	0
L. Leslie, USA	Basketball, 1996–2008	4	0	0
D. Taurasi, USA	Basketball, 2004–2016	4	0	0
S. Bird, USA	Basketball, 2004–2016	4	0	0
K. Ityo, Japan	Freestyle wrestling, 2004–2016	4	0	0
P. McCormick, USA	Diving, 1952–1956	4	0	0
E. Orter, USA	Athletics, 1956–1968	4	0	0
J. Owens, USA	Athletics, 1936	4	0	0
C. Pavesi, Italy	Fencing, 1952–1960	4	0	0
M. Pinsent, UK	rowing, 1992–2004	4	0	0
P. Radmilovich, UK	water polo, swimming, 1908–1920	4	0	0
V. V. Salnikov, USSR	Swimming, 1980–1988	4	0	0
H. St. Cyr, Sweden	Horseback Riding, 1952–1956	4	0	0
S. Williams, USA	Tennis, 2000–2012	4	0	0
N. Uphoff, Germany	Horseback Riding, 1988–1992	4	0	0
J. Fuchs, Hungary	Fencing, 1908–1912	4	0	0
Zhang Yining, China	Table tennis, 2004–2008	4	0	0
K. Schuman, Germany	Artistic gymnastics, wrestling, 1896	4	0	0
P. Elvström, Denmark	Sailing, 1948–1960	4	0	0

3 gold Olympic medals won at the Olympic Games approx. 200 athletes (as of January 1, 2020), including representatives of Russia (including the USSR): A. V. Azaryan, D. V. Bilozerchev, S. L. Boginskaya, O. A. Brusnikina, O. A. Bryzgina , G. E. Gorohova , A. N. Dityatin , V. V. Ekimov , V. F. Zhdanovich , A. I. Zabelina , V. N. Ivanov, T. V. Kazankina , A. A. Karelin , M. A. Kiseleva , A. I. Lavrov , V. G. Mankin , A. V. Medved , V. I. Morozov, V. A. Nazlymov , V. V. Parfenovich , T. N. Press , V. D. Saneev , E. V. Sadovy , B. Kh. Saytiev , L. I. Khvedosyuk-Pinaeva , S. A. Chukhrai .

Table 3. Athletes who took part in 6 or more Olympiads (as of 1.1.2020).

Athlete (year of birth), a country	Quantity	Kind of sport	Participation years	Medals
Athlete (year of birth), a country	Quantity	Kind of sport	Participation years	golden	silver	bronze
I. Millar (b. 1947), Canada	10	Horseback Riding	1972–1976 1984–2012	0	1	0
H. Raudashl, (b. 1942) Austria	9	Sailing	1964–1996	0	2	0
A. Kuzmin (b. 1947), USSR (3) Latvia (6)	9	Shooting sport	1976–1980 1988–2012	1	1	0
P. D'Inzeo (1923–2014), Italy	8	Horseback Riding	1948–1976	0	2	4
R. D'Inzeo (1925–2013), Italy	8	Horseback Riding	1948–1976	1	2	3
D. Knowles (b. 1917) , United Kingdom (1) Bahamas (7)	8	Sailing	1948–1972, 1988	1	0	1
P. Elvström (b. 1928), Denmark	8	Sailing	1948–1960, 1968, 1972, 1984, 1988	4	0	0
R. Debevec (b. 1963), Yugoslavia (2) Slovenia (6)	8	Shooting sport	1984–2012	1	0	2
J. Idem (1964), Germany (2) Italy (6)	8	Kayaking	1984–2012	1	2	2
F. Bosa (b. 1964), Peru	8	Shooting sport	1980–2004, 2016	0	1	0
L. Thompson (b. 1959), Canada	8	rowing	1984–2000 2008–2016	1	3	1
N. Salukvadze (b. 1969), USSR (2), Georgia (6)	8	Shooting sport	1988–2016	1	1	1
I. Osier (1888–1965), Denmark	7	Fencing	1908–1932, 1948	0	1	0
F. Lafortune Jr. (b. 1932), Belgium	7	Shooting sport	1952–1976	0	0	0
C. Palm (b. 1946), Sweden	7	Fencing	1964–1988	0	0	0
J. M. Plumb (b. 1940), USA	7	Horseback Riding	1964–1976, 1984–1992	2	4	0
R. Scanoker (b. 1934), Sweden	7	Shooting sport	1972–1996	1	2	1
S. Hashimoto* (b. 1964), Japan	7	cycling, skating	1984–1994, 1988–1996	0	0	1
M. Otti (b. 1960), Jamaica (6) Slovenia (1)	7	Athletics	1980–2004,	0	3	6
J. Longo (b. 1958), France	7	Cycling	1984–2008	1	2	1
E. Hoy (b. 1959), Australia	7	Horseback Riding	1984–2004, 2012	3	1	0
J. Persson (b. 1966), Sweden	7	Table tennis	1988–2012	0	0	0
Z. Primorac (b. 1969), Yugoslavia (1) Croatia (6)	7	Table tennis	1988–2012	0	1	0
J. M. Seve (b. 1969), Belgium	7	Table tennis	1988–2012	0	0	0
A. van Grunsven (b. 1968), Netherlands	7	Horseback Riding	1988–2012	3	5	0
J. Lansink (b. 1961), Netherlands (4) Belgium (3)	7	Horseback Riding	1988–2012	1	0	0
J. Šekarić (b. 1965), Yugoslavia (1) Independents Olympic athletes(1) Yugoslavia (2), Serbia and Montenegro (1), Serbia (2)	7	Shooting sport	1988–2012	1	3	1
R. Schumann (b. 1962), East Germany (1) Germany (6)	7	Shooting sport	1988–2012	3	2	0
M. Todd (b. 1956), New Zealand	7	Horseback Riding	1984–1992, 2000, 2008–2016	2	1	3
L. Berbaum (b. 1963), Germany (1), Germany (6)	7	Horseback Riding	1988–2008, 2016	4	0	1
N. Skelton (b. 1957), UK	7	Horseback Riding	1988–1996, 2004–2016	2	0	0
T. Wilhelmson-Sylven, (b. 1967) Sweden	7	Horseback Riding	1992–2016	0	0	0
J. A. G. Bragado (b. 1969), Spain	7	Athletics	1992–2016	0	0	0
E. Karsten (b. 1972), United team (1), Belarus (6)	7	rowing	1992–2016	2	1	2
L. Paes (b. 1973), India	7	Tennis	1992–2016	0	0	1
J. Pellielo (b. 1970), Italy	7	Shooting sport	1992–2016	0	3	1
J. Rodrigues (b. 1971), Portugal	7	Sailing	1992–2016	0	0	0
S. Toriola (b. 1974), Nigeria	7	Table tennis	1992–2016	0	0	0
O. Chusovitina (b. 1975), United team (1), Uzbekistan (4), Germany (2)	7	Gymnastics	1992–2016	1	1	0
M. Konov (1887–1972), Norway	6	Sailing	1908–1920, 1928–1948	2	1	0
N. Cohn-Armitage (1907–1972), USA	6	Fencing	1928–1956	0	0	1
A. Gerevich (1910–1991), Hungary	6	Fencing	1932–1960	7	1	2
J. Romery (1927–2007), USA	6	Fencing	1948–1968	0	0	0
L. Manoliu (1932–1998), Romania	6	Athletics	1952–1972	1	0	2
E. Pavlovsky (1932–2005), Poland	6	Fencing	1952–1972	1	3	1
W. Macmillan (1929–2000), USA	6	Shooting sport	1952, 1960–1976	1	0	0
H. G. Winkler (b. 1926), Germany (3), Germany (3)	6	Horseback Riding	1956–1976	5	1	1
A. Smelchinsky (b. 1930), Poland	6	Shooting sport	1956–1976	0	1	0
F. Chapot (1932–2016), USA	6	Horseback Riding	1956–1976	0	2	0
B. Hoskins (1931–2013), UK	6	Fencing	1956–1976	0	2	0
J. Elder (b. 1934), Canada	6	Horseback Riding	1956–1960, 1968–1976, 1984	1	0	2
H. Fogh (1938–2014), Denmark (4), Canada (2)	6	Sailing	1960–1976, 1984	0	1	1
R. Klimke (1936–1999), Germany (2), Germany (4)	6	Horseback Riding	1960–1968, 1976, 1984–1988	6	0	2
C. Hanseo-Boilen (b. 1947), Canada	6	Horseback Riding	1964–1976, 1984, 1992	0	0	0
J. Primrose (b. 1942), Canada	6	Shooting sport	1968–1976, 1984–1992	0	0	0
I. Ptak (b. 1946), Czechoslovakia	6	rowing	1968–1980, 1988–1992	0	0	0
J. Foster Sr. (b. 1938), Virgin Islands (USA)	6	Sailing, bobsleigh	1972–1976, 1984–1992, 1988	0	0	0
L. Alvarez (b. 1947), Spain	6	Horseback Riding	1972–1976, 1984–1996	0	0	0
E. Swinkels (b. 1949), Netherlands	6	Shooting sport	1972–1976, 1984–1996	0	1	0
H. Simon (b. 1942), Austria	6	Horseback Riding	1972–1976, 1984–1996	0	1	0
A. Bunturis (b. 1955), Greece	6	Sailing	1976–1996	0	0	1
T. Sanderson (b. 1956), UK	6	Athletics	1976–1996	1	0	0
K. Stückelberger (b. 1947), Switzerland	6	Horseback Riding	1972–1976, 1984–1988, 1996–2000	1	2	1
N. Matova (b. 1954), Bulgaria	6	Shooting sport	1976–1980, 1988–2000	0	1	0
J. Schumann (b. 1954), East Germany (3), Germany (3)	6	Sailing	1976–1980, 1988–2000	3	1	0
F. Boccara (b. 1959), France (4) USA (2)	6	Kayaking	1980–2000	0	0	1
A. Mazzoni (b. 1961), Italy	6	Fencing	1980–2000	2	0	1
J. Chia (b. 1955), Peru	6	Shooting sport	1980–2000	0	1	0
M. Estiarte (b. 1961), Spain	6	Water polo	1980–2000	1	1	0
T. McHugh* (b. 1963), Ireland	6	Athletics, bobsleigh	1988–2000; 1992, 1998	0	0	0
B. Fisher (b. 1962), East Germany (2), Germany (4)	6	Kayaking	1980, 1988–2004	8	4	0
S. Babiy (b. 1963), Romania	6	Shooting sport	1984–2004	1	0	1
C. Bischel (b. 1959), Australia	6	Sailing	1984–2004	0	0	1
Wang Yifu (b. 1960), China	6	Shooting sport	1984–2004	2	3	1
R. Dover (b. 1956), USA	6	Horseback Riding	1984–2004	0	0	4
T. Grael (b. 1960), Brazil	6	Sailing	1984–2004	2	1	2
A. Kasumi (b. 1966), Greece	6	Shooting sport	1984–2004	0	0	0
E. Lipa (b. 1964), Romania	6	rowing	1984–2004	5	2	1
H. Stenvog (b. 1953), Norway	6	Shooting sport	1984–2004	0	1	1
S. Nattrass (b. 1950), Canada	6	Shooting sport	1976, 1988–1992, 2000–2008	0	0	0
K. Kirklund (b. 1951), Finland	6	Horseback Riding	1980–1996, 2008	0	0	0
I. Di Buo (b. 1956), Italy	6	Archery	1984–1992, 2000–2008	0	2	0
J. E. Kurushet (b. 1965), Argentina	6	Cycling	1984–1988, 1996–2008	1	0	0
A. Benelli (b. 1960), Italy	6	Shooting sport	1988–2008	1	0	1
F. Diato-Pasetti (b. 1965), Monaco	6	Shooting sport	1988–2008	0	0	0
T. Kiryakov (b. 1963), Bulgaria	6	Shooting sport	1988–2008	2	0	1
M. Mutola (b. 1972), Mozambique	6	Athletics	1988–2008	1	0	1
J. N'Tyamba (b. 1968), Angola	6	Athletics	1988–2008	0	0	0
J. Tomkins (b. 1965), Australia	6	rowing	1988–2008	3	0	1
Y. Hirvey (b. 1960), Finland	6	Shooting sport	1988–2008	0	1	0
V. Chalupa, Jr. (b. 1967), Czechoslovakia (2), Czech Republic (4)	6	rowing	1988–2008	0	1	0
Y. Jaanson (b. 1965), USSR (1), Estonia (5)	6	rowing	1988–2008	0	2	0
E. Nicholson (b. 1964), New Zealand	6	Horseback Riding	1984, 1992–1996, 2004–2012	0	1	2
R. Mark (b. 1964), Australia	6	Shooting sport	1988–2000, 2008–2012	1	1	0
S. Martynov (b. 1968), USSR (1), Belarus (5)	6	Shooting sport	1988, 1996–2012	1	0	2
D. Buyukuncu (b. 1976), Türkiye	6	Swimming	1992–2012	0	0	0
N. Valeeva (b. 1969), United team (1), Moldova (1), Italy (4)	6	Archery	1992–2012	0	0	2
Sh. Gilgertova (b. 1968), Czechoslovakia (1), Czech Republic (5)	6	Rowing slalom	1992–2012	2	0	0
N. Grasu (b. 1971), Romania	6	Athletics	1992–2012	0	0	0
M. Grozdeva (b. 1972), Bulgaria	6	Shooting sport	1992–2012	2	0	3
M. Diamond (b. 1972), Australia	6	Shooting sport	1992–2012	2	0	0
D. Munkhbayar (b. 1969), Mongolia (3) Germany (3)	6	Shooting sport	1992–2012	0	0	2
F. Dumoulin (b. 1973), France	6	Shooting sport	1992–2012	1	0	0
Y. Yovchev (b. 1973) Bulgaria	6	Gymnastics	1992–2012	0	1	3
F. Löf (b. 1969), Sweden	6	Sailing	1992–2012	1	0	2
U. Oyama (b. 1969), Brazil	6	Table tennis	1992–2012	0	0	0
R. Pessoa (b. 1972), Brazil	6	Horseback Riding	1992–2012	1	0	2
A. Sensini (b. 1970), Italy	6	Sailing	1992–2012	1	1	2
D. Topic (b. 1971), Independent Olympic Athletes (1), Yugoslavia (2), Serbia and Montenegro (1) Serbia (2)	6	Athletics	1992–2012	0	0	0
E. Williamson (b. 1971), UK	6	Archery	1992–2012	0	0	1
L. Frölander (b. 1974), Sweden	6	Swimming	1992–2012	1	2	0
E. Estes (b. 1975), United team (1) Russia (5)	6	Volleyball	1992–2012	0	3	0
J. Whitaker (b. 1955), UK	6	Horseback Riding	1984, 1992–2000, 2008, 2016	0	1	0
C. Donkers (b. 1971), Belgium	6	Horseback Riding	1992, 2000–2016	0	0	0
T. Alshammar (b. 1977), Sweden	6	Swimming	1996–2016	0	2	1
A. Gadorfalvi (b. 1976), Hungary	6	Sailing	1996–2016	0	0	0
L. Evglevskaya (b. 1963), Belarus (2) Australia (4)	6	Shooting sport	1996–2016	0	0	1
E. Milev (b. 1968), Bulgaria (4) USA (2)	6	Shooting sport	1996–2016	0	1	0
A. Mohamed (b. 1976), Hungary	6	Fencing	1996–2016	0	0	0
D. Nestor (b. 1972), Canada	6	Tennis	1996–2016	1	0	0
C. Road (b. 1979), USA	6	Shooting sport	1996–2016	3	1	2
V. Samsonov (b. 1976), Belarus	6	Table tennis	1996–2016	0	0	0
S. Yu. Tetyukhin (b. 1975), Russia	6	Volleyball	1996–2016	1	1	2
O. Tufte (b. 1976), Norway	6	rowing	1996–2016	2	1	1
Formiga (b. 1978), Brazil	6	Football	1996–2016	0	2	0
R. Scheidt (b. 1973), Brazil	6	Sailing	1996–2016	2	2	1

*The athlete also competed at the Olympic Winter Games.

One of the brightest and most massive events on the planet are the Olympic Games. Any athlete who manages to take the podium at the Olympic competitions receives the status Olympic champion for life and his achievements remain in the world history of sports for centuries. Where and how did the Olympic Games originate and what is their history? Let's try to conduct a brief digression into the history of the emergence and holding of the Olympic Games.

Story

The Olympic Games originated in ancient Greece, where they were not only a sports, but also a religious holiday. Information about the holding of the very first games and their origin has not been preserved, but there are several legends that describe this event. The first documented date for the celebration of the Olympic Games is 776 BC. e. Despite the fact that the games were held before, it is generally accepted that they were established by Hercules. In 394 AD, with the advent of Christianity as the official religion, the Olympic Games were banned by Emperor Theodosius I, as they began to be seen as a kind of pagan phenomenon. And yet, despite the ban on games, they have not completely disappeared. In Europe, local competitions were held, somewhat reminiscent of the Olympic Games. After some time, the games resumed thanks to Panagiotis Sutsos, who proposed this idea, and thanks to the public figure Evangelis Zappas, who brought it to life.

The first modern Olympic Games took place in 1896 in the country where they originated - in Greece, in Athens. To organize the Games, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) was created, whose first president was Demetrius Vikelas. Despite the fact that only 241 athletes from 14 countries took part in the first modern Games, they were a huge success, becoming a significant sporting event in Greece. Initially, it was meant to always hold the Games in their homeland, but the Olympic Committee introduced a decision that the venue would change every 4 years.

The II Olympic Games of 1900, held in France, in Paris, and the III Olympic Games of 1904, held in the USA, in St. Louis (Missouri), were less successful, as a result of which Olympic movement as a whole experienced the first crisis after significant success. Since the Games were combined with World exhibitions, they did not arouse much interest among the audience, and the sports competition lasted for months.

In 1906, again in Athens (Greece), the so-called "intermediate" Olympic Games were held. At first, the IOC supported the holding of these Games, but now they are not recognized as Olympic. There is an opinion of some sports historians that the 1906 Games were a kind of salvation of the Olympic idea, which did not allow the Games to lose their meaning and become "unnecessary".

All rules, principles and regulations are determined by the Charter of the Olympic Games, approved in Paris in 1894 by the International Sports Congress. The Olympiads are counted from the time of the first Games (I Olympiad - 1896-99). Even if the games are not held, the Olympiad receives its serial number, for example, the VI Games in 1916-19, the XII Games in 1940-43 and the XIII in 1944-47. Symbolize the Olympic Games five rings of different colors fastened together ( Olympic rings), denoting the union of the five parts of the world - the top row: blue - Europe, black - Africa, red - America, and the bottom row: yellow - Asia, green - Australia. The choice of venues for the Olympics is carried out by the IOC. All organizational issues related to the Games are decided not by the chosen country, but by the city. The duration of the Games is approximately 16-18 days.

The Olympic Games, like any strictly organized event, have their own specific traditions and rituals.

Here are some of them:

Before the opening and closing of the games, theatrical performances are held, presenting to the audience the appearance and culture of the country and city in which they are held;

ceremonial passage through central stadium athletes and members of delegations. Athletes from every country go individual groups V alphabetical order country names in the language of the host country or in the official language of the IOC (English or French). Each group is preceded by a representative of the host country who carries a sign with the name of the respective country. He is followed by a flag bearer carrying the flag of his country. This very honorable mission, as a rule, is granted to the most respected and titled athletes;

Mandatory President of the International Olympic Committee delivers welcome speeches. Also, the speech is delivered by the head of state in which the Games are held;

The flag of Greece is raised as the country in which the Olympic Games originated. Her national anthem is played;

The flag of the country in which the Games are held is raised and the performance of its national anthem follows; - one of the outstanding athletes of the host country of the Games takes an oath on behalf of all participants about a fair fight and competition that will comply with all the principles and rules of sports;

The opening ceremony ends with the lighting and "relay" of the Olympic flame. The initial part of the relay passes through the cities of Greece, the final part - through the cities of the country in which the games are held. The torch with fire is delivered to the city that organizes the Games on the opening day. The fire burns until the closing ceremony of the Olympic Games;

The closing ceremony is also accompanied by theatrical performances, the speech of the IOC President, the passage of participants, etc. The President of the IOC announces the closing of the Olympics, followed by the performance of the national anthem, the anthem of the Olympic Games, the lowering of the flags. At the end of the ceremony, the Olympic flame goes out.

Each country participating in the Olympic Games develops its own official emblem and mascot of the Games, which become part of the souvenir products.

The following sports are included in the program of the Olympic Games

crossbow sport

B: Badminton , Basketball , Running , Skating , Bobsleigh , Biathlon , Billiards , Boxing , Freestyle wrestling , Greco-Roman wrestling

IN: Cycling, Water polo, Volleyball

G: Handball , Artistic gymnastics , Rhythmic gymnastics , Alpine skiing , Rowing, Rowing and canoeing

D: Judo

TO: Curling, Equestrian

L: Athletics ,Ski race , skiing

H: Table tennis

P: sailing,swimming, Diving , ,Ski jumping

WITH: luge,