Test tasks for assessing the development of strength. Assessment of the level of development of strength abilities
In practice physical education quantitative and power capabilities are evaluated in two ways: 1) using measuring devices - dynamometers, dynamographs, tensometric force-measuring devices; 2) with the help of special control exercises, strength tests. For most of these control tests, studies have been carried out, standards have been drawn up and levels (high, medium, low) have been developed that characterize different strength capabilities. Based on the results of these tests, you will be able to determine the degree of your physical fitness and create yourself or choose a training program for pumping up muscles.
Modern measuring devices make it possible to measure the force of almost all muscle groups in standard tasks (flexion and extension of body segments), as well as in static and dynamic efforts (measuring the strength of an athlete in motion).
In mass practice, special control exercises (tests) are most often used to assess the level of development of strength qualities. Their implementation does not require any special expensive inventory and equipment. To determine the maximum strength, exercises that are simple in technique are used.
Sorokin Y. and Tenno G. determined the scores in strength exercises in the following way:
Exercise Weight Evaluation of the maximum result (kg) category Satisfactory. Good Excellent 1. Squats up to 56 kg 90 105 120 with a barbell up to 60 kg 100 115 130 on the shoulders up to 67.5 kg 110 125 142.5 up to 75 kg 122.5 137.5 155 up to 82.5 kg 135.5 150 167.5 up to 90 kg 147.5 162.5 180 over 90 kg 162.5 177.5 195 145 165 187.5 up to 75 kg 160 182.5 205 up to 82.5 kg 177.5 200 222.5 up to 90 kg 195 217.5 240 over 90 kg 215 227.5 260 3.Lift up to 56 kg 35 40 45 barbells up to 60 kg 40 45 50 biceps up to 67.5 kg 45 50 55 up to 75 kg 50 55 60 up to 82.5 kg 55 60 67.5 up to 90 kg 60 67.5 75 over 90 kg 67.5 75 82, 5 4. Bench press up to 56 kg 60 72.5 82.5 lying up to 60 kg 70 82.5 92.5 up to 67.5 kg 80 92.5 102.5 up to 75 kg 90 102.5 115 up to 82.5 kg 100 115 127.5 up to 90 kg 112.5 127.5 140 over 90 kg 125 140 155
The strength of a chain is determined by its weakest link. Similarly, the strength of an unevenly developed athlete will depend on his weakest points. The ratio of the strength of different muscle groups, taken out of practice, will undoubtedly help you find out your weaknesses and more rationally distribute your efforts in training. Sorokin Y. and Tenno G. defined these ratios of maximum results as follows:
. Standing chest press (maximum result) = 100%
. Barbell curl (maximum result) = 65%
. Breeding hands with dumbbells to the side while standing (maximum
result) = 40% (20% for each hand)
. Breeding hands with dumbbells in the prone side (maximum
result) = 45% (22.5% for each hand)
. Lifting the barbell lying with straight arms from behind the head (maximum
result) = 60%
. Squats with a barbell on the shoulders (maximum result) =
215% bench press from the chest while standing (maximum result) - 50%
own weight
. Deadlift with a barbell (maximum result) = 235% bench press
barbells from the chest while standing (maximum result) - 50%
own weight
. Lifting the body from a prone position with weights behind the head
(max weight) = 75% barbell chest press while standing
(maximum result) - 50% of own weight
. Cross with dumbbells or kettlebells, arms to the sides, palms up
(maximum result) = 56% (28% for each hand)
There are proper strength abilities and their combination with other physical abilities (speed-strength, strength agility, strength endurance)
Speed-strength abilities are characterized by non-limiting muscle tensions, manifested with the necessary, often maximum power in exercises performed at a significant speed, but usually not reaching the limit value. They are manifested in motor actions, in which, along with significant muscle strength, speed of movements is also required (for example, repulsion in long and high jumps from a place and from a run, the final effort when throwing sports equipment, etc.). At the same time, the more significant the external burden overcome by the athlete (for example, when lifting a barbell to the chest), the greater the role played by the power component, and with less weight (for example, when throwing a javelin), the significance of the speed component increases.
Speed-strength abilities include: 1) fast strength; 2) explosive power. Fast strength is characterized by unlimited muscle tension, manifested in exercises that are performed at a significant speed that does not reach the limit value. Explosive power reflects the ability of a person in the course of performing a motor action to achieve maximum strength indicators in a possible a short time(for example, at a low start in running for short distances, in athletics jumps and throws, etc.).
Explosive force is characterized by two components: starting force and accelerating force. Starting strength is a characteristic of the ability of muscles to rapid development working effort at the initial moment of their tension. Accelerating force - the ability of muscles to quickly build up the working force in the conditions of their contraction that has begun.
Specific types of power abilities include power endurance and power agility.
Strength endurance is the ability to withstand fatigue caused by relatively prolonged muscle tension of a significant magnitude. Depending on the mode of muscle work, static and dynamic strength endurance are distinguished. Dynamic strength endurance is typical for cyclic and acyclic activities, and static strength endurance is typical for activities related to maintaining the working voltage in a certain position. For example, when resting the hands to the sides on the rings or holding the hand while firing a pistol, static endurance is manifested, and with repeated push-ups in the lying position, squats with a barbell, the weight of which is 20-50% of the maximum human strength capabilities, it affects dynamic endurance.
Strength agility is manifested where there is a changeable nature of the mode of muscle work, changing and unforeseen situations of activity (rugby, wrestling, bandy, etc.). It can be defined as “the ability to accurately differentiate muscle efforts of various sizes in conditions of unforeseen situations and mixed modes of muscle work” (Zh.K. Kholodov)
To determine the level of development of speed-strength abilities and strength endurance, the following control exercises are used: jumping rope, pull-ups, push-ups on parallel bars, from the floor or from a bench, lifting the torso from a prone position with bent knees, hanging on bent and half-bent arms, lifting with a coup on high bar, a long jump from a place from two legs, a triple jump from foot to foot (option - only on the right and only on the left foot), raising and lowering straight legs to the limiter, jumping up with a swing and without a wave of hands ( jumping height is determined), throwing medicine ball(1 - 3 kg) from various starting positions with two and one hand, etc. Evaluation criteria speed-strength abilities and strength endurance are the number of pull-ups, push-ups, the time of holding a certain position of the body, the range of throws (throws), jumps, etc. For most of these control tests, studies have been carried out, standards have been drawn up and levels (high, medium, low) have been developed that characterize different strength capabilities.
Exercise Broy performances (or time) for evaluation Satisfactory Good Excellent 1. Classic push-ups 20 times 30 times 40 times 2. Pull-ups on the bar 6 times 10 times 13 times with an overhand grip 3. In time 2 minutes 10 times 20 times 30 times from lying position to sitting position 4. Repeat 6 times in 16 sec 12 sec 10 sec From a standing position, go to the lying position, from the lying position - back to the crouching position and then to the standing position.
Exercise Broy performances (or time) for evaluation Satisfactory Good Excellent 1. Classic push-ups 25 times 38 times 50 times 2. Pull-ups on the bar 12 times 18 times 24 times with an overhand grip 3. For 2 minutes 40 times 60 times 80 times from a lying position to a sitting position, alternately touching the knee of the opposite leg with the elbow (hands behind the head) 4. During 1 minute 20 times 30 times 40 times standing.
Based on the results of these tests, you will be able to determine the degree of your physical fitness and create yourself or choose a training program for pumping up muscles.
yogurt diet
The yogurt diet belongs to soft diets, it is easy to follow, and the result will surely please you. Yogurt is the most popular dairy dessert that combines excellent taste and medicinal properties. Nutrient content (calories, proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals). Beneficial features natural yogurt. Unloading day on drinking yoghurts. Strict yogurt diet. Yogurt diet with kefir. Classic yogurt diet. Diet Joan Lunden. Diet of Ekaterina Rednikova. It is also worth noting that everyone who once tried the yogurt diet returns to it again after a while.
Diet for office workers
Sedentary work, a sedentary lifestyle, a closed and poorly ventilated room, stale air and a small amount of oxygen do their job and most often lead to obesity. Diets for office workers have been developed specifically for people with full-time jobs. Some useful tips. Diet for office workers. Rimma Moysenko's diet for people with sedentary working conditions. Diet for accountants. Diet for business people. Berlin Diet.
millet diet
New opportunities to use the "gold groats". Polished millet groats - nutritional content (calorie content, proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals). Useful properties of millet. Contraindications to the use of millet. What wheat to buy? Method for preparing millet porridge. Unloading day on millet porridge. Strict millet diet. Sparing millet diet. After the diet, continue to use millet in your diet.
apricot diet
During the diet, you can enjoy ripe juicy fruits just like that, but also lose a little extra weight. Why apricots? Nutrient content (calories, proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals). A little about the benefits of apricots and dried apricots. The essence of the apricot diet. Fasting days. Several options for apricot mono-diet. Apricot diet for 5-10 days. Apricot diet with dairy products. Exit from the diet.
And sports quantitatively strength abilities are evaluated in two ways: 1) using measuring devices - dynamometers, strain gauges; 2) with the help of special control exercises (tests).
1. Assessment of self-power abilities. With the help of modern equipment, it is possible to measure the maximum strength of all major muscle groups in static and dynamic efforts.
In the practice of physical education and sports, special control exercises are used to assess the level of strength. The maximum force is determined by highest weight, which was raised by the subject in one or another exercise or according to the individual maximum resistance on the simulators in each specific exercise.
2. Assessment of speed-strength abilities. When evaluating speed-strength abilities, it must be taken into account that the time for performing the control exercise should not exceed 15-20 seconds and the exercise should be performed with the maximum possible speed or power.
To assess the speed-strength abilities use the following exercises: track and field jumps, throwing, multi-jumping, high-speed movements of a cyclic nature (running from the start, from the move, shuttles, etc.). For example, one of the control tests: a multi-hop from 20 to 100 meters. The number of jumps and their execution time are fixed, the indicators of which are summarized. The smaller the sum of these indicators, the higher the level of speed-strength capabilities in this exercise.
Speed-strength abilities can be estimated by the value of the maximum traction force in or rowing using rubber band and strain gauge, the duration of the control exercise is from 3 to 8 seconds.
When assessing the speed-strength abilities in sports games and martial arts, the time required to perform standard techniques and actions performed in a short time (no more than 10 seconds), with high intensity, is fixed. For example, accelerations in sports games, starting actions, shock actions in, throws of a dummy in martial arts.
As you know, there are two types of strength: static (isometric) and dynamic (isotonic). Dynamometers are used to measure the level of development of static strength of various muscle groups.
In secondary schools in different countries, the following tests are most often used to assess the level of development of strength. Their implementation does not require any special expensive inventory and equipment.
1) Pull-ups.
Used to assess the level of development of strength and endurance of the flexor muscles of the elbow, hand, fingers, shoulder extensors, depressors shoulder girdle. The indicator of strength is the number of pull-ups.
A simplified version of pull-ups is used when testing students with a low level of training.
Testing procedure. The crossbar is set at the chest level of the subject, he takes it with a grip from above (palms away from himself) and lowers himself under the crossbar until the angle between the outstretched arms and the body is 90 °. After that, while maintaining a straight position of the torso, the student performs pull-ups.
2) Push-ups on parallel bars.
With this test, you can assess the level of development of the strength of the elbow extensor muscles, shoulder flexors and depressors of the shoulder girdle. The test can be performed simultaneously by two students (at different ends of the bars), which gives the teacher the opportunity to test 60 students for 40 minutes.
Testing procedure. The subject stands facing the ends of the bars (it is necessary to choose and set a convenient height and distance between them), jumps up and takes a support position, after which he bends his elbows at an angle of 90 ° or less, and then straightens them again. The goal is to do as many push-ups as possible. Their countdown begins with the adoption of the position in support. A correctly performed push-up is 1 point, an incorrect one is 0.5 points.
3) Push-ups from the floor. A simplified version of push-ups is used when testing students with a low level of training. There are several modifications to this exercise. Here are the two most common: push-ups from a bench 20 cm high; pushups
with bent knees (performed in the same way as push-ups from the floor, but with an emphasis on bent knees).
4) Raising the body from a prone position.
Testing procedure. The subject lies on his back, clasping his hands behind his head, then, without bending his knees, assumes a gray-haired position, alternately touching the opposite knee with bent elbows and returning to the starting position.
5) Raising the body from a prone position with bent knees.
Like the previous one, this exercise is used to assess the level of development of muscle strength and endurance. abdominals.
Testing procedure. The subject lies on his back, clasping his hands behind his head and bending his knees so that the entire surface of the feet touches the floor (the partner holds his feet in this position). The rest of the exercise is performed in the same way as the previous one.
6) Hanging on bent and half-bent arms.
The exercise is used to assess the strength endurance of the muscles of the upper shoulder girdle.
Testing procedure. The subject assumes a hanging position on a high bar. Then, on his own or with the help of a teacher, he takes the position of hanging on bent arms (grip from above or below, the chin over the bar) or the position of hanging on half-bent arms (the angle between the forearm and humerus 90°). The time of holding this position is determined from the beginning of its adoption until the termination of the exercise or a change in the starting position (changes in the angle of holding bent or half-bent arms).
7) Test to assess the strength of the knee and hip extensors.
Testing procedure. The subject stands with his back close to the wall and begins to descend along it until the angles in the knee and hip joints are 90 °. The time of holding this posture is estimated.
- 8) Lifting barbells, kettlebells, other weights maximum weight for the subject, as well as weight 50-95% of the maximum.
- 9) Climbing on a high bar.
Testing procedure. The subject, after pulling up, does the lift with a coup and goes to the stop. Then it descends into the hang again. The number of repetitions is determined
10) Rope climbing.
Testing procedure. In the first variant, the subject, with the help of only his hands (legs lowered), seeks to rise as quickly as possible to a height of 4 or 5 m. In the second variant, he tries to do the same, but keeping a right angle between the legs and the body (for students with high level strength). In the third, it's control exercise the subject performs with the help of the legs (for students with a low level of strength training).
For measuring speed-strength abilities use the following tests:
- a) jump up from a place with a wave and without a wave of the hands. The test is carried out using a device designed by V.M. Abalkov. The height of the jump is determined;
- b) standing long jump with two legs;
- c) triple (quadruple) jump from foot to foot, option - only on the right and only on the left foot;
- d) throwing a small ball (another projectile) from a place to a distance with the leading and non-leading hand. The flight length of the projectile is determined. The motor asymmetry of the subject is determined by the difference in the length of throwing separately with the right and left hands. The smaller it is, the more symmetrical the student is in this exercise;
- e) throwing (pushing) a stuffed ball (1-3 kg) from various starting positions with two and one hand.
Testing procedure. Throwing a stuffed ball from a sitting position with legs apart, the ball is held with both hands above the head. From this position, the subject leans back slightly and throws the ball forward as far as possible. Of the three attempts counted best result. Throwing length is determined from an imaginary line of intersection of the pelvis and torso to the nearest point of contact of the projectile.
Throwing a stuffed ball with two hands from the chest in a standing position. The subject stands 50 cm from the wall in the starting position. On command, he strives to push the ball with both hands from the chest as far as possible. Of the three attempts, the best result is taken into account.
The same as the previous control test, but the subject holds the medicine ball with one hand at the shoulder, the second supports it. The stuffed ball is pushed with one hand to the flight range.
Throwing a stuffed ball with two hands from below. The subject holds the ball with two straight arms at the bottom. On command, he performs throwing with two hands from below (hands move forward and up), it is possible to simultaneously lift on toes.
Throwing a stuffed ball from behind the head with both hands, standing with your back to the direction of throwing. The subject, holding the ball down with both hands, seeks to push the ball over his head as far as possible.
f) Long-range shot (pass, pass) soccer ball. The distance from the line of impact to the ball to the point where the ball first touches the floor is determined.
In addition to separate tests to assess the level of development of strength qualities, batteries of tests are often used in secondary schools in different countries. The result of performing a battery of tests provides more complete information about the level of development of strength qualities, since the results of individual tests can only be used to judge the level of strength development. individual groups muscles. An example of such a battery of tests is Roger's test, which includes measuring the strength of the muscles of the hand, back, arms and determining the vital capacity of the lungs (VC). According to the results of the implementation special exercises calculate the indicator of muscle strength of the upper shoulder girdle (SWP) according to the following formula:
SVPP \u003d number of pull-ups + number of push-ups * 10 (weight / 10 + height - 60).
Then the force index (SI) is calculated using the formula:
IS = SVPP + hand strength right hand+ strength of the left hand + strength
back muscles + leg muscle strength + VC.
The result obtained is compared with the relevant standards.
Another example of a battery of tests to assess the level of development of strength is the so-called minimum strength test. Kraus-Weber. It consists of 6 exercises:
- - to determine the strength of the abdominal muscles and extensors hip joint the sit-up exercise is used from a supine position with hands behind the head. In the event that the student cannot rise, he receives 0 points; if he performs the exercise partially with the help of a teacher - 5 points; with correct independent performance - 10 points.
- - to determine the strength of the abdominal muscles, an exercise is used from a sitting position, lying on your back with bent knees. Scoring is done in the same way as in the first exercise.
- - to determine the strength of the hip flexor muscles and the abdominal muscles, the exercise of lifting the legs in the supine position is used. The test subject should raise their straight legs to a height of 10 inches above the floor and hold them in this position for as long as possible. One point is awarded for every second. The maximum number of points awarded is 10.
- - to determine the strength of the muscles of the upper shoulder girdle, the exercise is used to lift the torso from a prone position. The test subject lies on his stomach on a special pillow, hands behind his head. The partner fixes his legs, after which he lifts the body and holds it in this position for 10 s. Scoring is done in the same way as in the previous exercise.
- - the starting position of the exercise lifting the legs in the prone position is the same as in the previous one. Partner fixes upper part body of the subject, after which he raises straight legs above the floor and holds them in this position for 10 s. Scoring is done in the same way as in exercise 3.
- - exercise torso tilts from a standing position is performed in order to determine the level of development of flexibility. The test subject should, bending over and not bending his knees, touch the floor with his fingertips. In this case, the exercise is considered completed. If he does not reach the floor, then the result is the number of centimeters from the floor to the fingertips with a minus sign.
Result. Hold Time.
STRENGTH TESTS
As you know, there are two types of strength: static (isometric) and dynamic (isotonic). Dynamometers are used to measure the level of development of static strength of various muscle groups.
1. Tests that measure the strength of the hands, forearm flexors, trunk flexors, trunk extensors, hip and calf extensors.
In high schools around the world, the following tests are most commonly used to assess the level of development of strength. Their implementation does not require any special expensive inventory and equipment.
2. Pull-ups. They are used to assess the level of development of strength and endurance of the flexor muscles of the elbow, hand, fingers, shoulder extensors, depressors of the shoulder girdle. The indicator of strength is the number of pull-ups.
A simplified version of pull-ups is used when testing students with a low level of training.
Equipment. Crossbar, whistle.
Testing procedure. The crossbar is set at the chest level of the subject, he takes it with a grip from above (palms away from himself) and lowers himself under the crossbar until the angle between the outstretched arms and the body is 90 °. After that, while maintaining a straight position of the torso, the student performs pull-ups.
Result. The number of push-ups.
TESTS FOR MEASURING SPEED ABILITIES
These tests fall into four main groups:
to assess the speed of a simple and complex reaction;
to assess the speed of single movements;
to assess the maximum frequency of movements in different joints;
to assess the speed manifested in integral motor actions, most often in sprinting.
1. Reaction time light, sound, touch . determined using various reaction meters that measure the reaction time with an accuracy of 0.01 or 0.001 s. To estimate the time of a simple reaction, at least 10 attempts are used, the average response time out of 10 is determined.
How options apply catching different gymnastic sticks. The test subject must catch the falling stick in the shortest possible time (determined by the shortest distance).
2. Impact time, transmission, single step.
3. Frequency of movements of the arms and legs is evaluated using the simplest instruments (tapping tests).
The result is the number of movements of the arms (alternately or one) or legs (alternately or one) in 5 - 20 s.
4. Running for 30, 50, 60.100 m on the speed of overcoming the distance (from a low and high start). Conducted according to the rules athletics. Running for 60 and 100 meters is recommended for students from 11 years old.
Equipment: Stopwatch, whistle.
Result: Running time.
FLEXIBILITY TESTS
As a rule, similar tests are used to measure flexibility in schools in different countries. To perform individual control tests "for flexibility", certain equipment is required (goniometers, rulers). Testing is not particularly difficult for the teacher.
1. Torso forward in a sitting position.
Equipment: bench, centimeter.
Testing procedure. The subject sits on the floor, rests his feet on the ruler (perpendicular), tilts his body forward - down.
Result: Number of centimeters.
TESTS, METHODS AND CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING COORDINATING ABILITIES
The main methods for assessing the COP are:
method of observations, method of expert assessments, instrumental methods and test method.
The method of observation is one of the most ancient. He can say a lot, first of all, to an experienced and competent teacher about the degree of development of the pupils' CS. By systematically conducting classroom and extracurricular activities, the teacher (coach) has the opportunity to repeatedly observe how successfully (easily and quickly) schoolchildren learn various motor actions (gymnastic, sports and games); how accurately and quickly they coordinate their movements, participating in relay races and outdoor games;
how timely and resourcefully they reorganize motor actions in situations of sudden change in the situation, i.e. in conditions that place high demands on the human CS.
The quality of observations can be improved if we rely on the criteria for assessing the CS that we developed: correctness, speed, rationality and resourcefulness, which have qualitative and quantitative characteristics.
However, these qualitative and quantitative criteria that determine the CS in isolation from each other are extremely rare. More common are the so-called complex criteria. In this case, the student coordinates his motor activity simultaneously according to two or more criteria: speed and economy (cross-country skiing); in terms of accuracy, speed and resourcefulness (in the process of sports games, the complex criteria for assessing the CS are indicators of the effectiveness (efficiency) of the implementation of integral purposeful motor actions or a combination of these actions, in the course of which a person manifests the CS.
For example, CS is evaluated by the result shuttle run 3x10 or 15 m; by the time of dribbling (hands, feet) in running with a change in direction of movement; in terms of the effectiveness of performing attacking and defensive motor actions in martial arts and sports games; in terms of the speed of restructuring of motor actions in conditions of a sudden change in the situation.
The analysis performed shows that all the criteria for assessing the CS are not simple and unambiguous. On the contrary, each of them is complex and ambiguous. For example, one should distinguish between the accuracy of reproduction, differentiation, evaluation and measurement of spatial, temporal and power parameters of movements, the accuracy of response to a moving object, target accuracy or accuracy. These indicators are self-existing manifestations of accuracy, which, with different parties characterize the human CS.
Speed as a criterion for evaluating the CS acts as the speed of performing motor actions that are complex in terms of coordination; the speed of their restructuring under time pressure; speed of mastering new motor actions; time (speed) to achieve a given level of accuracy or economy; responsiveness in difficult conditions. The same can be said about the other criteria. It should also be borne in mind that some of them characterize the explicit (absolute), while others characterize the latent, or hidden (relative) indicators of the CS. In explicit indicators, the maximum speed, speed-strength capabilities of the individual are not taken into account, in latent ones they are taken into account.
For example, the time of a shuttle run of 3x10 m is an absolute indicator of the CS in relation to cyclic locomotions (running), and the difference in the time of running 3x10 m and 30 m in a straight line is a latent indicator of the CS, taking into account the speed capabilities of a particular student. Since different types of special and specific CS are very diverse, so much can
Testing the physical performance of people involved in physical education and sports at rest does not reflect its functional state and reserve capabilities, since the pathology of an organ or its functional insufficiency is more noticeable under load conditions than at rest, when the requirements for it are minimal.
Unfortunately, the function of the heart, which plays a leading role in the life of the body, is in most cases assessed on the basis of an examination at rest. Although it is clear that any violation of the pumping function of the heart is more likely to occur at a minute volume of 12-15 l / min than at 5-6 l / min. In addition, insufficient reserve capacity of the heart can manifest itself only in work that exceeds the usual load in intensity. This also applies to latent coronary insufficiency, which is often not diagnosed by ECG at rest.
Therefore, the assessment of the functional state of the cardiovascular system at the current level is impossible without the widespread involvement of stress tests.
Tasks of load tests:
1) determination of working capacity and suitability for practicing a particular sport;
2) assessment of the functional state of the cardiorespiratory system and its reserves;
3) forecasting probable sports results, as well as predicting the likelihood of certain deviations in the state of health during transfer physical activity;
4) determination and development of effective preventive and rehabilitation measures for highly qualified athletes;
5) assessment of the functional state and effectiveness of the use of rehabilitation means after injuries and diseases in training athletes.
Recovery tests
Recovery tests include taking into account changes and determining the timing of recovery after standard physical activity of such indicators of the cardiorespiratory system as heart rate (HR), arterial pressure(BP), electrocardiogram readings (ECG), respiratory rate (RR) and many others.
IN sports medicine V.V. samples are used. Gorinevsky (60 jumps for 30 s), Deshin and Kotov's test (three-minute run in place at a pace of 180 steps per minute), Martinet's test (20 squats) and other functional tests. When conducting each of these tests, heart rate and blood pressure are taken into account before the load and after its completion at the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th minutes.
Recovery tests also include various versions of the step-test.
In 1925, A. Master introduced a two-stage test, where heart rate and blood pressure are also recorded after a certain amount climbs to the standard step. In the future, this test began to be used to register ECG after exercise (A. Master a. H. Jafte, 1941). IN modern form the two-stage test provides for a certain number of ascents to the standard double step for 1.5 minutes, depending on the age, sex and body weight of the subject (see Table ), or twice the number of rises in 3 minutes with a double test (the height of each step is 23 cm). ECG is recorded before and after exercise.
The minimum number of lifts (times) per step, depending on the mass,
age and gender at the Master's test
| Body weight, kg | Age, years | ||||
| 20-29 | 30-39 | 40-49 | 50-59 | 60-69 | |
| number of steps per step* | |||||
| 40-44 | 29 (28) | 28 (27) | 27 (24) | 25 (22) | 24 (21) |
| 45-49 | 28 (27) | 27 (25) | 26 (23) | 25 (22) | 23 (20) |
| 50-54 | 28 (26) | 27 (25) | 25 (23) | 24 (21) | 22 (19) |
| 55-59 | 27 (25) | 26 (24) | 25 (22) | 23 (20) | 22 (18) |
| 60-64 | 26 (24) | 26 (23) | 24 (21) | 23 (19) | 21 (18) |
| 65-69 | 25 (23) | 25 (21) | 23 (20) | 22 (19) | 20 (17) |
| 70-74 | 24 (22) | 24 (21) | 23 (19) | 21 (18) | 20 (16) |
| 75-79 | 24 (21) | 24 (20) | 22 (19) | 20 (17) | 19 (16) |
| 80-84 | 23 (20) | 23 (19) | 22 (18) | 20 (16) | 18 (15) |
| 85-89 | 22 (19) | 23 (18) | 21 (17) | 19 (16) | 18 (14) |
| 90-94 | 21 (18) | 22 (17) | 20 (16) | 19 (15) | 17 (14) |
| 95-99 | 21 (17) | 21 (15) | 20 (15) | 18 (14) | 16 (13) |
| 100-104 | 20 (16) | 21 (15) | 19 (14) | 17 (13) | 16 (12) |
| 105-109 | 19 (15) | 20 (14) | 18 (13) | 17 (13) | 15 (11) |
| 110-114 | 18 (14) | 20 (13) | 18 (13) | 16 (12) | 14 (11) |
* In parentheses are the number of lifts for women.
Submaximal force tests
Submaximal effort tests are used in sports medicine when testing highly skilled athletes. Studies have shown that the most valuable information about the functional state of the cardiorespiratory system can be obtained by taking into account changes in the main hemodynamic parameters (indicators) not in the recovery period, but directly during the test. Therefore, the increase in loads is carried out until the limit of aerobic capacity (maximum oxygen consumption - MPC) is reached.
In sports medicine, submaximal stress tests are also used, requiring 75% of the maximum tolerable load. They are recommended by WHO for widespread implementation (Chronicle of WHO, 1971, 25/8, p. 380, etc.).
Various bicycle ergometers, treadmills, etc. are also used (Fig. ). In case of exceeding the age limits of heart rate (see table. Maximum allowable heart rate during exercise test) it is advisable to stop the load.
Maximum allowable heart rate during an exercise test depending on age
In addition to exceeding the age limits of heart rate physical test should also be discontinued in cases of clinical electrocardiographic signs indicating the achievement of the load tolerance limit.
Clinical signs: 1) an attack of angina pectoris even in the absence of changes in the ECG; 2) severe shortness of breath; 3) great fatigue, pallor, coldness and moisture of the skin; 4) a significant increase in blood pressure; 5) decrease in blood pressure by more than 25% of the original; 6) refusal of the subject to continue the study due to discomfort.
Electrocardiographic signs: 1) the occurrence of frequent extrasystoles (4:40) and other pronounced rhythm disturbances; 2) violation of atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction; 3) horizontal or trough-shaped downward shift of the ST segment by more than 0.2 mV compared to the recording at rest; 4) the rise of the ST segment by more than 0.2 mV, accompanied by its descent in opposite leads; 5) inversion, or the appearance of a pointed and elevated T wave with an increase in amplitude of more than 3 times (or 0.5 mV) compared with the original in any of the leads (especially V 4); 6) a decrease in the amplitude of the R wave by at least 50% of its value at rest.
Harvard step test
The Harvard step test (L. broucha, 1943) consists in climbing onto a bench 50 cm high for men and 43 cm for women for 5 minutes at a given pace. The rate of ascent is constant and equals 30 cycles per 1 min. Each cycle consists of four steps. The tempo is set by the metronome at 120 beats per minute. After the test is completed, the subject sits on a chair and during the first 30 seconds, the heart rate is calculated on the 2nd, 3rd and 4th minutes. If the subject during testing lags behind the given pace, then the test is terminated.
The physical performance of an athlete is judged by the index of the Harvard step test (HST), which is calculated based on the time of climbing the step and heart rate after the end of the test. The height of the step and the time of climbing it are selected depending on the gender and age of the subject (see Table. Step height and ascent time in the Harvard step test).
Step height and ascent time in the Harvard step test
* The surface of the body can be determined by a nomogram to determine the surface of the body by height and body weight Assessment of physical development.
The Harvard step test index is calculated by the formula:
IGST \u003d (t x 100) / [(f 1 + f 2 + f 3) x 2]
where t is the ascent time in seconds, f 1 , f 2 , f 3 is the heart rate (HR) for 30 s at the 2nd, 3rd and 4th minutes of recovery, respectively.
For mass surveys, you can use the abbreviated formula:
IGST \u003d (t x 100) / (f x 5.5)
where t is the ascent time in seconds, f is the heart rate (HR).
Counting is facilitated when used, see table. ; ; . Tab. Finding the index on the Harvard step test is provided for determining IHST in adults if the load was maintained to the end (that is, within 5 minutes). First, three pulse counts are summed up (f 1 + f 2 + f 3 = sum f), then the first two digits of this sum are found in the left vertical column, and the last digit in the upper horizontal line. The desired IGST is located at the intersection of the specified lines. If the pulse count was made only once in an abbreviated form, then the IGST is found by the value f 2 of this count in the same way in Table. Finding the index for the Harvard step test using an abbreviated form. Tab. Dependence of IGST on ascent time facilitates the calculation of the IGST with an incomplete ascent time (abbreviated form).
Finding the index on the Harvard step test
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | |
| 80 | 188 | 185 | 183 | 181 | 179 | 176 | 174 | 172 | 170 | 168 |
| 90 | 167 | 165 | 163 | 161 | 160 | 158 | 156 | 155 | 153 | 152 |
| 100 | 150 | 148 | 147 | 146 | 144 | 143 | 142 | 140 | 139 | 138 |
| 110 | 136 | 135 | 134 | 133 | 132 | 130 | 129 | 128 | 127 | 126 |
| 120 | 125 | 124 | 123 | 122 | 121 | 120 | 118 | 117 | 117 | 116 |
| 130 | 115 | 114 | 114 | 113 | 112 | 111 | 110 | 110 | 109 | 108 |
| 140 | 107 | 106 | 106 | 105 | 104 | 103 | 103 | 102 | 101 | 101 |
| 150 | 100 | 99 | 99 | 98 | 97 | 97 | 96 | 96 | 95 | 94 |
| 160 | 94 | 93 | 93 | 92 | 92 | 91 | 90 | 90 | 89 | 89 |
| 170 | 88 | 88 | 87 | 87 | 86 | 86 | 85 | 85 | 84 | 84 |
| 180 | 83 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 81 | 81 | 80 | 80 | 79 |
| 190 | 79 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 77 | 77 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 75 |
| 200 | 75 | 75 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 73 | 73 | 72 | 72 | 72 |
| 210 | 71 | 71 | 71 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 68 |
| 220 | 68 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 66 | 66 | 66 | 66 |
| 230 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 64 | 64 | 64 | 64 | 63 | 63 | 63 |
| 240 | 62 | 62 | 62 | 62 | 61 | 61 | 61 | 61 | 60 | 60 |
| 250 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 59 | 59 | 59 | 59 | 58 | 58 | 58 |
| 260 | 58 | 57 | 57 | 57 | 57 | 57 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 56 |
| 270 | 56 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 54 |
| 280 | 54 | 53 | 53 | 53 | 53 | 53 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 |
| 290 | 52 | 52 | 51 | 51 | 51 | 51 | 51 | 50 | 50 | 50 |
Table for finding the index according to the Harvard step test according to full form in adults (t = 5 min)
Finding the index for the Harvard step test using an abbreviated form
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | |
| 30 | 182 | 176 | 171 | 165 | 160 | 156 | 152 | 147 | 144 | 140 |
| 40 | 136 | 133 | 130 | 127 | 124 | 121 | 119 | 116 | 114 | 111 |
| 50 | 109 | 107 | 105 | 103 | 101 | 99 | 97 | 96 | 94 | 92 |
| 60 | 91 | 89 | 88 | 87 | 85 | 84 | 83 | 81 | 80 | 79 |
| 70 | 78 | 77 | 76 | 75 | 74 | 73 | 72 | 71 | 70 | 69 |
| 80 | 68 | 67 | 67 | 66 | 65 | 64 | 63 | 63 | 62 | 61 |
| 90 | 61 | 60 | 59 | 59 | 58 | 57 | 57 | 56 | 56 | 55 |
| 100 | 55 | 54 | 53 | 53 | 52 | 52 | 51 | 51 | 50 | 50 |
| 110 | 50 | 49 | 49 | 48 | 48 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 46 | 46 |
Table for finding the index for the Harvard step test in an abbreviated form in adults (t \u003d 5 min)
Dependence of IGST on ascent time (abbreviated form)
| Pulse for the first 30 s from the 2nd minute of recovery | ||||||||
| Time, min | 40-44 | 45-49 | 50-54 | 55-59 | 60-64 | 65-69 | 70-74 | 75-79 |
| 0-0.1/2 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| 0.1/2-1 | 19 | 17 | 16 | 14 | 13 | 12 | 11 | 11 |
| 1-1.1/2 | 32 | 29 | 26 | 24 | 22 | 20 | 19 | 18 |
| 1.1/2-2 | 45 | 41 | 28 | 24 | 21 | 29 | 27 | 25 |
| 2-2.1/2 | 58 | 52 | 47 | 43 | 40 | 36 | 34 | 32 |
| 2.1/2-3 | 71 | 64 | 58 | 53 | 48 | 45 | 42 | 39 |
| 3-3.1/2 | 84 | 75 | 68 | 62 | 57 | 53 | 49 | 46 |
| 3.1/2-4 | 97 | 87 | 79 | 72 | 66 | 61 | 57 | 53 |
| 4-4.1/2 | 110 | 98 | 89 | 82 | 75 | 70 | 65 | 61 |
| 4.1/2-5 | 123 | 110 | 100 | 91 | 84 | 77 | 72 | 68 |
| 5 | 129 | 116 | 105 | 96 | 88 | 82 | 77 | 71 |
In the left vertical column, the actual ascent time (rounded up to 30 s) is found, and in the upper horizontal line, the number of pulse beats in the first 30 s from the 2nd minute of recovery.
Due to the high intensity of the load, the test is used only when examining athletes.
The criteria for evaluating the results of the Harvard step test are given in Table. Evaluation of the results of the Harvard step test.
Evaluation of the results of the Harvard step test
The highest indicators (up to 170) were noted in top-class athletes training for endurance ( ski race, rowing, swimming, marathon running, etc.).
Submaximal stress tests
Submaximal stress tests are carried out with various types loads:
1) an immediate increase in load after a warm-up to the expected submaximal level for this subject;
2) uniform load at a certain level with an increase in subsequent studies;
3) continuous or almost continuous increase in load;
4) stepwise increase in load;
5) stepwise increase in load, alternating with periods of rest. The first, third and fourth tests are used mainly in the examination of athletes, the second - for a comparative assessment of the tolerance of a certain load by any contingent of persons. According to the WHO recommendation, when examining healthy individuals, the initial load in women should be 150 kgm/min, followed by an increase to 300-450-600 kgm/min, etc.; in men - 300 kgm / min, followed by an increase to 600-900-1200 kgm / min, etc. The duration of each stage of the load is at least 4 minutes. The periods of rest between the stages of the load are 3-5 minutes.
Treadmill test (see fig. ) usually starts at 6 km/h and then increases to 8 km/h, 10 km/h, etc. The driving slope increases in steps up to 2.5%.
Stress tests in children
Load tests in children under the age of 10 years begin with minimal loads (up to 50 kgm / min), and from 10 years and older - taking into account body weight. Usually, as recommended by WHO, from 100-150 kgm / min.
It is easiest to calibrate the load on the scale of a bicycle ergometer. With a step test, the magnitude of the loads is determined based on the calculation of the mass of the subject, the height of the steps and the number of climbs on them. In the treadmill test, energy costs are calculated depending on the speed and slope (Fig. ).
Nomogram for determining the total oxygen costs during the treadmill test (according to R. Shephard, 1969)
Given the linear relationship between the pulse rate and the value of oxygen consumption by heart rate, it is possible to judge the level of aerobic capacity of the subject during the stress test and the level of load to achieve, for example, 75% of aerobic capacity (Table 1). Estimated heart rate).
Estimated heart rate
| Aerobic capacity, % | Age, years | |||||||||
| 20-29 | 30-39 | 40-49 | 50-59 | 60-69 | ||||||
| Husband. | Female | Husband. | Female | Husband. | Female | Husband. | Female | Husband. | Female | |
| 40 | 115 | 122 | 115 | 120 | 115 | 117 | 111 | 113 | 110 | 112 |
| 60 | 141 | 148 | 138 | 143 | 136 | 138 | 131 | 134 | 127 | 130 |
| 75 | 161 | 167 | 156 | 160 | 152 | 154 | 145 | 145 | 140 | 142 |
| 100 | 195 | 198 | 187 | 189 | 178 | 179 | 170 | 171 | 162 | 163 |
Approximate heart rate (bpm) depending on aerobic capacity (according to R. Sheppard, 1969)
The table also gives an idea of the maximum heart rate in people of different sex and age.
Maximum heart rate for individuals different ages can be tentatively determined by subtracting from 220 the number of years of the subject. For example, for a person at the age of 30, the maximum heart rate is 220 - 30 = 190.
Submaximal Walund-Shestrand test
Submaximal test Valunda-Shestranda (W 170 or PWC 170) is recommended by WHO to determine physical performance to achieve a heart rate of 170 beats / min (physical load power is expressed in kgm / min or W), at which the heart rate after workability is set at 170 beats / min , i.e. W 170 (or PWC 170). This load level is an indicator of W 170.
For older age groups, taking into account the lower limit of the permissible increase in heart rate, as well as for young athletes, the PWC 130 and PWC 150 tests are used - determining physical performance when heart rate reaches 130 and 150 beats / min.
The test is performed as follows: the subject is subjected to two loads of different power (W 1 and W 2) on a bicycle ergometer, lasting 5 minutes, each with 3 minutes of rest. The load is selected in such a way as to obtain several heart rate values in the range from 120 to 170 beats / min. At the end of each load, heart rate is determined (f 1 and f 2, respectively).
Based on the data obtained, graphs are built, where the load power indicators (W 1 and W 2) are entered on the abscissa axis, and the corresponding heart rate on the ordinate axis (Fig. ). At the intersection of the perpendiculars lowered to the corresponding points of the axes of the graph, coordinates 1 and 2 are found, a straight line is drawn through them until they intersect with the perpendicular restored from the heart rate point corresponding to 170 beats / min (coordinate 3). A perpendicular is lowered from it to the abscissa axis, and thus the value of the load power at a heart rate of 170 beats / min is obtained.
PWC 170: f 1 and f 2 - heart rate at the first and second loads; W 1 and W 2 - power of the first and second loads
To simplify the calculation of the power of work with a two-stage test PWC 170, the formula is recommended:
PWC 170 = x [(170 - f 1) / (f 1 - f 2)]
where PWC 170 is the power of physical activity at a heart rate of 170 beats / min, W1 and W2 are the power of the first and second loads (kgm / min or W); f 1 and f 2 - heart rate in the last minute of the first and second loads (in 1 min).
The following PWC 170 values in healthy people can be used as guidelines: for women - 422-900 kgm / min, for men - 850-1100 kgm / min. For athletes, this indicator depends on the sport and ranges from 1100-2100 kgm / min, and representatives cyclic species sports (rowing, cycling, cross-country skiing, etc.) have even higher rates. For comparison of similar individuals, the relative value of the PWC 170 index is calculated, for example, W/kg.
Determination of maximum oxygen consumption
Determination of maximum oxygen consumption (MPC). MPK is the main indicator of the productivity of the cardiorespiratory system. MPK is the maximum amount of oxygen that a person can consume in one minute. MPK is a measure of aerobic power and an integral indicator of the state of the oxygen (O2) transport system. It is determined by an indirect or direct method.
The most commonly used indirect method for measuring MPK (Fig. ), which does not require complex equipment. For the examination of highly qualified athletes, it is recommended to measure the MPK by the direct method.
Graph for direct determination of maximum work and MPK based on submaximal exercise tests (after K. Lange Andersen and Smith-Siversten, 1966)
Normally, there is a linear relationship between oxygen consumption (PC) and heart rate.
MPK is the main indicator that reflects the functionality of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems And physical state in general., that is, aerobic capacity. This indicator (l / min, more precisely, ml / min / kg) or its energy equivalent (kJ / min, kcal / min) are among the leaders in assessing and grading the physical condition of a person. Thus, submaximal exercise tests, which provide information about aerobic capacity, are the most important tool for assessing the functional state of the body. The value of MPK depends on gender, age, physical fitness examined and varies widely. Normal Maximum Oxygen Consumption in Children school age and in adults are given in table. Maximum oxygen uptake in children and adolescents; Maximum oxygen uptake in adults.
Maximum oxygen uptake in children and adolescents
Maximum oxygen consumption in children and adolescents (according to J. Rutenfranz, T. Hettinger, 1959)
Maximum oxygen consumption (ml/min/kg) in adults
The subject is recommended a bicycle ergometric load (heart rate after working out should be between (120-170 beats / min) or a step test (step height 40 cm for men, 33 cm for women, climb rate - 22.5 cycles per 1 min) in for at least 5 minutes HR is recorded at the 5th minute of work.The calculation of the MPK is carried out according to a special nomogram I. Astrand (Fig. ) and the von Dobeln formula (Table To the calculation of the MPK according to the von Dobeln formula).
Astrand-Ryhming nomogram for determining BMD based on the submaximal step test and the test on a bicycle ergometer
To the calculation of the MPK (V O2max) according to the von Dobeln formula
The MPC value found using the nomogram is corrected by multiplying by the “age factor” (Table 1). ).
Age correction factors
Age correction factors to the values of maximum oxygen consumption according to the nomogram I. Astrand (1960)
In table. Determination of maximum oxygen consumption the nomogram of I. Astrand is shown after calculation based on a submaximal exercise test on a bicycle ergometer.
Determination of maximum oxygen uptake*
| Men | ||||||||||
| heart rate | heart rate | Maximum oxygen consumption, l/min | ||||||||
| 300 kgm/min | 600 kgm/min | 900 kgm/min | 1200 kgm/min | 1500 kgm/min | 600 kgm/min | 900 kgm/min | 1200 kgm/min | 1500 kgm/min | ||
| 120 | 2,2 | 3,5 | 4,8 | - | - | 148 | 2,4 | 3,2 | 4,3 | 5,4 |
| 121 | 2,2 | 3,4 | 4,7 | - | - | 149 | 2,3 | 3,2 | 4,3 | 5,4 |
| 122 | 2,2 | 3,4 | 4,6 | - | - | 150 | 2,3 | 3,2 | 4,2 | 5,3 |
| 123 | 2,1 | 3,4 | 4,6 | - | - | 151 | 2,3 | 3,1 | 4,2 | 5,2 |
| 124 | 2,1 | 3,3 | 4,5 | 6,0 | - | 152 | 2,3 | 3,1 | 4,1 | 5,2 |
| 125 | 2,0 | 3,2 | 4,4 | 5,9 | - | 153 | 2,2 | 3,0 | 4,1 | 5,1 |
| 126 | 2,0 | 3,2 | 4,4 | 5,8 | - | 154 | 2,2 | 3,0 | 4,0 | 5,1 |
| 127 | 2,0 | 3,1 | 4,3 | 5,7 | - | 155 | 2,2 | 3,0 | 4,0 | 5,0 |
| 128 | 2,0 | 3,1 | 4,2 | 5,6 | - | 156 | 2,2 | 2,9 | 4,0 | 5,0 |
| 129 | 1,9 | 3,0 | 4,2 | 5,6 | - | 157 | 2,1 | 2,9 | 3,9 | 4,9 |
| 130 | 1,9 | 3,0 | 4,1 | 5,5 | - | 158 | 2,1 | 2,9 | 3,9 | 4,9 |
| 131 | 1,8 | 2,9 | 4,0 | 5,4 | - | 159 | 2,1 | 2,8 | 3,8 | 4,8 |
| 132 | 1,8 | 2,9 | 4,0 | 5,3 | - | 160 | 2,1 | 2,8 | 3,8 | 4,8 |
| 133 | 1,8 | 2,8 | 3,9 | 5,3 | - | 161 | 2,0 | 2,8 | 3,7 | 4,7 |
| 134 | 1,8 | 2,8 | 3,9 | 5,2 | - | 162 | 2,0 | 2,8 | 3,7 | 4,6 |
| 135 | 1,7 | 2,8 | 3,8 | 5,1 | - | 163 | 2,0 | 2,8 | 3,7 | 4,6 |
| 136 | 1,7 | 2,7 | 3,8 | 5,0 | - | 164 | 2,0 | 2,7 | 3,6 | 4,5 |
| 137 | 1,7 | 2,7 | 3,7 | 5,0 | - | 165 | 2,0 | 2,7 | 3,6 | 4,5 |
| 138 | 1,6 | 2,7 | 3,7 | 4,9 | - | 166 | 1,9 | 2,7 | 3,6 | 4,5 |
| 139 | 1,6 | 2,6 | 3,6 | 4,8 | - | 167 | 1,9 | 2,6 | 3,5 | 4,4 |
| 140 | 1,6 | 2,6 | 3,6 | 4,8 | 6,0 | 168 | 1,9 | 2,6 | 3,5 | 4,4 |
| 141 | - | 2,6 | 3,5 | 4,7 | 5,9 | 169 | 1,9 | 2,6 | 3,5 | 4,3 |
| 142 | - | 2,5 | 3,5 | 4,6 | 5,8 | 170 | 1,8 | 2,6 | 3,4 | 4,3 |
| 143 | - | 2,5 | 3,4 | 4,6 | 5,7 | - | - | - | - | - |
| 144 | - | 2,5 | 3,4 | 4,5 | 5,7 | - | - | - | - | - |
| 145 | - | 2,4 | 3,4 | 4,4 | 5,6 | - | - | - | - | - |
| 146 | - | 2,4 | 3,3 | 4,4 | 5,6 | - | - | - | - | - |
| 147 | - | 2,4 | 3,3 | 4,4 | 5,5 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Women | |||||||||||
| heart rate | Maximum oxygen consumption, l/min | heart rate | Maximum oxygen consumption, l/min | ||||||||
| 300 kgm/min | 450 kgm/min | 600 kgm/min | 750 kgm/min | 900 kgm/min | 300 kgm/min | 450 kgm/min | 600 kgm/min | 750 kgm/min | 900 kgm/min | ||
| 120 | 2,6 | 3,4 | 4,1 | 4,8 | - | 146 | 1,0 | 2,2 | 2,6 | 3,2 | 3,7 |
| 121 | 2,5 | 3,3 | 4,0 | 4,8 | - | 147 | 1,6 | 2,1 | 2,6 | 3,1 | 3,6 |
| 122 | 2,5 | 3,2 | 3,9 | 4,7 | - | 148 | 1,6 | 2,1 | 2,6 | 3,1 | 3,6 |
| 123 | 2,4 | 3,1 | 3,8 | 4,6 | - | 149 | - | 2,1 | 2,6 | 3,0 | 3,5 |
| 124 | 2,4 | 3,1 | 3,8 | 4,5 | - | 150 | - | 2,0 | 2,5 | 3,0 | 3,5 |
| 125 | 2,3 | 3,0 | 3,7 | 4,4 | - | 151 | - | 2,0 | 2,5 | 3,0 | 3,4 |
| 126 | 2,3 | 3,0 | 3,6 | 4,3 | - | 152 | - | 2,0 | 2,5 | 2,9 | 3,4 |
| 127 | 2,2 | 2,9 | 3,5 | 4,2 | - | 153 | - | 2,0 | 2,4 | 2,9 | 3,3 |
| 128 | 2,2 | 2,8 | 3,5 | 4,2 | 4,8 | 154 | - | 2,0 | 2,4 | 2,8 | 3,3 |
| 129 | 2,2 | 2,8 | 3,4 | 4,1 | 4,8 | 155 | - | 1,9 | 2,4 | 2,8 | 3,2 |
| 130 | 2,1 | 2,7 | 3,4 | 4,0 | 4,7 | 156 | - | 1,9 | 2,3 | 2,8 | 3,2 |
| 131 | 2,1 | 2,7 | 3,4 | 4,0 | 4,6 | 157 | - | 1,9 | 2,3 | 2,7 | 3,2 |
| 132 | 2,0 | 2,7 | 3,3 | 3,9 | 4,5 | 158 | - | 1,8 | 2,3 | 2,7 | 3,1 |
| 133 | 2,0 | 2,6 | 3,2 | 3,8 | 4,4 | 159 | - | 1,8 | 2,2 | 2,7 | 3,1 |
| 134 | 2,0 | 2,6 | 3,2 | 3,8 | 4,4 | 160 | - | 1,8 | 2,2 | 2,6 | 3,0 |
| 135 | 2,0 | 2,6 | 3,1 | 3,7 | 4,3 | 161 | - | 1,8 | 2,2 | 2,6 | 3,0 |
| 136 | 1,9 | 2,5 | 3,1 | 3,6 | 4,2 | 162 | - | 1,8 | 2,2 | 2,6 | 3,0 |
| 137 | 1,9 | 2,5 | 3,0 | 3,6 | 4,2 | 163 | - | 1,7 | 2,2 | 2,6 | 2,9 |
| 138 | 1,8 | 2,4 | 3,0 | 3,5 | 4,1 | 164 | - | 1,7 | 2,1 | 2,5 | 2,9 |
| 139 | 1,8 | 2,4 | 2,9 | 3,5 | 4,0 | 165 | - | 1,7 | 2,1 | 2,5 | 2,9 |
| 140 | 1,8 | 2,4 | 2,8 | 3,4 | 4,0 | 166 | - | 1,7 | 2,1 | 2,5 | 2,8 |
| 141 | 1,8 | 2,3 | 2,8 | 3,4 | 3,9 | 167 | - | 1,6 | 2,1 | 2,4 | 2,8 |
| 142 | 1,7 | 2,3 | 2,8 | 3,3 | 3,9 | 168 | - | 1,6 | 2,0 | 2,4 | 2,8 |
| 143 | 1,7 | 2,2 | 2,7 | 3,3 | 3,8 | 169 | - | 1,6 | 2,0 | 2,4 | 2,8 |
| 144 | 1,7 | 2,2 | 2,7 | 3,2 | 3,8 | 170 | - | 1,6 | 2,0 | 2,4 | 2,7 |
| 145 | 1,6 | 2,2 | 2,7 | 3,2 | 3,7 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
* Determination of the maximum oxygen consumption by heart rate during exercise on a bicycle ergometer in men and women. The data in the table must be corrected for age (see table. Age correction factors).
For children and adolescents under 15 years of age, a special Gürtler nomogram has been developed.
Determination of MPK by direct method gives more accurate results. The subject performs a stepwise increasing load on a bicycle ergometer or treadmill. The initial power of the load and the subsequent "step" are selected taking into account the gender, age and physical fitness of the subject. Direct determination of the MPK is used when testing highly qualified athletes.
Depending on the sport and qualifications, athletes start with 100 or 150 watts, and athletes start with 75 or 100 watts. During the last 30 from each "step" of the load, the exhaled air is collected in a Douglas bag. Then gas analysis is performed using the Holden apparatus or another device, and the amount of exhaled air is measured with a gas meter. There are automatic gas analyzers that allow you to continuously record the concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the exhaled air stream during exercise. The electronic calculator of the latest models of analyzers automatically prints data on the level of oxygen consumption, pulmonary ventilation (minute breathing volume), respiratory coefficient and other indicators every 20-30 seconds on a paper tape. The presence of devices of this type significantly increases the efficiency of testing athletes.
To compare the performance of individuals, not the absolute value of the MPK (l / min), but the relative value is used. The latter is obtained by dividing the MPK in ml/min by body weight in kilograms. The unit of the relative indicator is ml/kg in 1 min.
In athletes, the MPK is 3-5 l / min, in some cases - above 6 l / min. For cross-country skiers involved in rowing, racing on the highway and other highly qualified athletes, the relative value of the MPK reaches 80 l / kg in 1 min and more (Table. Maximum oxygen consumption).
Maximum oxygen uptake*
| Kind of sport | Men | Women | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ski race |
83 | 63 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 80 | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ice skating |
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Orientation Anaerobic performance is of great importance when performing extreme loads lasting from 30 s to 2 min. Such work is typical for hockey players, middle-distance runners, skaters and representatives of other sports that train speed endurance. Among various indicators of anaerobic performance (maximum oxygen debt, maximum anaerobic power, etc.). The concentration of lactic acid (lactate) in arterial blood is the most available for measurement. Lactate is determined during training and immediately after its completion. Blood is taken from a fingertip or earlobe. Lactic acid is determined by the Barker-Summerson method modified by Strohm or by the enzymatic method. Normally, the concentration of lactic acid in the blood is 0.33-1.5 mmol / l. After exercise, lactate ranges from 4-7 to 14-21 mmol / l. The indicators depend on the nature of physical activity, age, gender and physical (functional) fitness of the athlete. Under the influence of systematic intense physical activity, lactate decreases. Step TestThe test with steps is the most physiological, simple and accessible for athletes of physical fitness. A standard double step is usually used (each 23 cm high). Other stepped ergometers are also used. So, V. Gottheiner (1968) adjusts the height of the step to the length of the subject's legs. With a leg length of up to 90 cm, the step height is 20 cm, at 90-99 cm - 30 cm, at 100-109 cm - 40 cm, and at 110 cm and above - 50 cm. In this case, the length of the subject's leg is measured from the trochanteric point to the floor using the Gottheiner V. nomogram (Fig. ). On the abscissa axis (AC) are the values of the leg length, on the ordinate axis (AB) - the height of the step in centimeters. From the point of intersection of the perpendicular drawn from the point on the abscissa axis, corresponding to the length of the subject's leg, with the line DE, a straight line is drawn to the ordinate axis, a point corresponding to the desired height of the step is obtained. The rate of ascent is controlled by a metronome. Each stage of the load lasts 4 minutes. Blood pressure and pulse are counted before and after exercise.
Nomogram for determining the step height during the step test To determine the submaximal load level, you can use the table. Minimum number of steps per step, which indicates the number of climbs on a double step in 1 min for 4 min, corresponding to 75% of the maximum oxygen consumption (MPC) for persons of average physical ability different sex, weight and age. For an approximate assessment of the test results, use the table. Submaximal loads during the step test. Above each column in parentheses is the heart rate (HR beats / min), corresponding to the average physical ability of women and men of this age group. If the heart rate of the subject at the load indicated for him differs by less than 10 beats / min from the value given in brackets, then his physical condition can be considered satisfactory. In the case when the heart rate is 10 or more below this value, the physical ability of the subject is above average, and if the heart rate is 10 or more beats / min above this value, then the physical ability is low. Submaximal loads during the step test*
* Submaximal loads during the step test and their assessment for people of different ages, genders and body weights. HR is indicated in parentheses, corresponding to the test results with the average physical ability of men and women of this age group (according to R. Shepard, 1969). W = BW x H x T x 1.33 where W is the load, (kgm / min), BW is the body weight (kg), H is the height of the step (m), T is the number of lifts in 1 min, 1.33 is a correction factor that takes into account the physical costs of descending from the stairs, which make up 1/3 of the cost of lifting. I. Ryhming (1953) proposed a step test that can be used to determine the MPK indirectly using a nomogram. The height of the steps for men is 40 cm, for women - 33 cm. The rate of climbing is 22 steps per 1 minute, for 6 minutes. Then, according to the Astranda-Rieming (1954) nomogram, the MPK is determined (see Fig. ). Bicycle ergometryA bicycle ergometer is the most convenient device for conducting submaximal exercise tests, as it provides the best opportunity to obtain accurate physiological data for assessing a person's functional state and physical abilities. English | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
