Research project “Extreme sports. Development of extreme sports Recommendations for the development of extreme sports
Municipal educational institution secondary school No. 6
"Extreme sport"
Supervisor:
Goncharova Larisa Vasilievna
Novocherkassk, 201 7
Municipal Educational Institution Secondary
Comprehensive School No. 6
Research project
"Extreme sports"
Goncharova Larisa Vasilievna
Novocherkassk, 2017
Content
Goals and objectives
Introduction
The most extreme sports TOP 5
The popularity of extreme sports among young people
Poll of schoolchildren
Development of extreme sports in the Rostov region
Conclusion
Sources
The Table of Contests
Aims and tasks
The Introduction
The most extreme sports. TOP-5
Extreme sport's popularity among young people
The survey of students
The conclusion
The sources
Goals and objectives
Purpose: to learn more about extreme sports and their popularity among young people.
Tasks: to show the dangers of extreme sports; analyze the pros and cons of extreme sports; to trace the influence of extreme sports on the sports preferences of young people in the Rostov region.
Aims and Tasks
The aim: to learn more about extreme sports and their popularity among young people.
The tasks: to show the dangers of extreme sports; to analyze pros and cons of extreme sports; to watch the influence of extreme sports on sports preferences of young people in the Rostov region.
Introduction
Today, more and more attention is paid to an active lifestyle. Nowadays, a healthy lifestyle is not only fashionable, but also necessary for a normal human life. In addition, people need emotions and exciting experiences. That is why there are more and more new types of extreme sports that allow you not only to keep fit, but also to enjoy sports and feel an extraordinary drive and adrenaline!
The Introduction
Today more and more attention is given to an active lifestyle. Nowadays healthy lifestyle is not just a fashionable one, it is also necessary for normal human life. Besides, people need emotions and exciting experiences. That’s why there are more and more new types of extreme sport, which allow not only to keep fit, but also enjoy the sports and feel extraordinary drive and adrenaline!
Pros and cons of extreme sports
Extreme sports have both pros and cons.
Pros:
adrenaline is produced, which helps to get rid of excess calories and keep fit;
thrills cheer up and strengthen the spirit;
Extreme sports help overcome many fears.
Minuses:
extreme sports are life-threatening;
Adrenaline is also a stress hormone, prolonged stress is a critical condition for the body.
Pros and cons of extreme sports
Extreme sport has both pluses and minuses.
Pros:
adrenaline is produced, it helps to get rid of extra calories and keep fit;
thrills cheer you up and strengthen the spirit;
extreme sports help to overcome many fears.
Cons:
extreme sports are dangerous for life;
adrenaline - it is also a stress hormone; extended stress is critical for the organism.
TOP 5 most extreme sports
We decided to rank the TOP 5 most extreme sports. But it was difficult to remain objective, because the level of danger and acuity is very individual, and deaths are usually hidden.
The Most Extreme Sports. TOP-5
We decided to make a TOP-5 rating of the most extreme sports. But it was difficult to be objective because the degree of danger and thrills is very individual, and the deaths are usually hidden.
5th place - diving
Diving is essentially harmless swimming underwater with special equipment. In order to start doing it, you need to have certain skills that will allow you to cope with various problems that arise underwater (fogging of the mask, loss of the regulator, buoyancy control, and so on). But there are situations in which even years of experience may not help: meeting a shark or an electric stingray. There are many contraindications for diving: people with chronic infections, bronchial asthma, hernia, diseases of cartilage or bones, all kinds of neoplasms and many others will simply not be allowed to dive, and independent diving without training is much more dangerous. An even more dangerous type of diving is cave diving, which is underwater diving in caves. The main risk is that after a dive it will not be possible to immediately resurface in the event of a lack of oxygen or other life threatening conditions.
The Fifth Place - Diving
Diving is swimming underwater with a special equipment. To start practicing, people need to have certain skills that will help to cope with different problems under water. But there are situations in which even many years of experience cannot help - meeting with sharks or stingrays. More dangerous type of diving is cave diving, which is a deep-sea diving in caves. The main risk is that after the dive you won't be able to come to the surface immediately in case of different problems.
4th place - skiing and snowboarding
A very popular winter sport, although it requires a lot of expensive equipment. There are thousands of special tracks for lovers of this sport that work all year round, but real thrill-seekers prefer to ride outside the prepared tracks. This is one of the varieties of skiing - freeride. The main danger of this sport lies in the uncertainty of the terrain, as well as the possibility of an avalanche. But this does not stop hunters of extraordinary sensations, despite the fact that in terms of the number of deaths among athletes, it is the most dangerous among winter sports.
Another discipline of winter mountain sports that is as common as it is dangerous is the halfpipe. This is the name of a special structure in the form of a half-pipe covered with snow, on which skiers and snowboarders perform various tricks, accelerating during the descent along the "wall" and "flying up" over the halfpipe.
The Forth Place – Skiing and Snowboarding
It is a very popular winter sport, although it requires a lot of expensive equipment. There are thousands of special trails for lovers of this sport which work all the year round, but extremes prefer to ride outside of prepared slopes. It is one of the varieties of winter sports - freeride. The main dangers of this sport are an unknown territory and the possibility of avalanches. But it does not stop hunters for extraordinary sensations; despite the number of deaths among athletes is the largest in winter sports.
3rd place - cycling
There are many disciplines of cycling. The most dangerous of them:
BMX (Bicycle Moto)extreme) is one of the many varieties of cycling, for which a special bicycle of the same name is used, which is much smaller than the usual one. One of the most popular BMX destinations is Street. It consists in performing tricks using the usual urban obstacles (stairs, railings, curbs). Another offshoot of this sport is Flatland, the essence of which is a kind of “dancing” on a bicycle on a flat surface. This is one of the most interesting cycling types sports, but at the same time the least traumatic. Dirt - performing tricks on unpaved slides, flying up to them due to preliminary acceleration. One of the most dangerous, but at the same time spectacular types of BMX.
Downhill - downhill from the mountain on a special mountain bike on unprepared tracks, the main thing in which is the time of the descent. The track contains natural irregularities - mounds, pits, tree roots, stones, as well as sharp turns (on which the final time primarily depends) and especially steep descents.
But the most dangerous of all is undoubtedly freeride. This is a style of cycling on very difficult tracks, involving overcoming cliffs of tens of meters, riding very steep slopes, jumping over streams and ditches at great speeds. The name itself says that anything can be included in the track.
The Third Place
There are a lot of different disciples of cycling. The most dangerous ones are:
BMX (Bicycle Moto eXtreme) - one of many varieties of cycling, which uses a special bike with the same name, which is much smaller than usual. One of the most popular BMX directions - Street. It consists in performing tricks using the familiar urban obstacles (stairs, railings, curbs).
But the most dangerous of all disciples is Freeride. This is style of riding a bike on a very difficult track. It implies overcoming the cliffs, cycling on very steep slopes, jumping over the streams and ditches at the tremendous speeds. The name itself suggests that the track can include anything.
2nd place - rock climbing
It is difficult to imagine something more life-threatening than a fall from a dozen meters high onto bare stones, and therefore rock climbing is one of the most dangerous sports today. Of course, half a century of history and new technologies make it possible to reduce the number of victims, but it will not be possible to avoid them at all. The most dangerous is, of course, climbing on unprepared routes, as well as "solo" (climbing without insurance), as it does not forgive the climber a single mistake. Recently, such a variety as Deep water solo has appeared, which involves using rocks located above the water so that when the climber falls, he falls into the water.
The Second Place-Rock Climbing
It’s hard to imagine anything more dangerous for life than a fall from a dozen meters in height on the bare rocks, and so climbing today - one of the most dangerous sports. Of course, new technologies can reduce the number of victims, but it's impossible to avoid them at all. The most dangerous types are rock climbing routes on unprepared tracks and "solo" (rock climbing without insurance), as climber does not have the right to make mistakes.
1st place - base jumping
This is a type of parachuting based on jumping from high-altitude objects. The term BASE was introduced by Carl Boenisch, who created the name from the first letters of the words Building, Antenna, Span, Earth.They translate as: building, antenna, bridge, ground and are the main objects for base jumpers to jump. During the jump, it is very important to align the body before opening the parachute, because the fall occurs from very low altitudes, and if the parachute is not opened at the right time, the skydiver will get into an uncontrolled rotation and may become tangled in the lines. There is also the danger of a collision with the object from which the jump occurs.
For such jumps, of course, special equipment is needed, since during the time that an ordinary parachute opens, a parachutist flies about 100-200 meters, which in base jumping is about a third of the entire flight. A beyser parachute opens in 15-20 meters of fall, and besides, it is usually only one, that is, there is no spare. Also a strong difference from conventional parachuting is the landing area, which is usually very limited on all sides, and the base jumper requires some training and parachute piloting skills.
The First Place – BASE Jumping
This is the kind of parachuting basedonjumping from high-rise buildings. The term BASE introduced Carl Boenisch, who created the title from the first letters of the words Building, Antenna, Span, Earth. During a jump it is very important to align the body before opening the parachute because BASE jumpers fall from low altitudes, and if the parachute does not open in the right moment, the parachutist will get into an uncontrolled rotation and entangle in slings. There is also a danger of collision with the object from which the jump occurs. there is usually only one parachute, there is no substitute one.
The popularity of extreme sports among young people. Poll of schoolchildren
The popularity of extreme sports is growing every year, especially among young people. Therefore, we decided to conduct a survey of schoolchildren in our school. We asked students 4 questions.
Extreme Sport's popularity among young people. The survey of students
Extreme sport’s popularity grows every year, especially among young people. So, we decided to conduct a survey of students at our school. Weaskedstudents 4 questions.
1 question. Have you ever done extreme sports?
Among the 80 respondents (students of grades 9-11), 23 people went in for extreme sports at least once in their lives.
1 question. Have you ever gone in for extreme sport?
Among 80 interviewed students (forms 9-11) there were 23 people who did extreme sport at least once.
2 question. If yes, what sport?
The most popular answers to this question are skiing, snowboarding, climbing and cycling.
2 questions. What kind of sport?
The most popular answers to this question are skiing, snowboarding, rock climbing and cycling.
3 question. What attracts you to extreme sports?
Most of all, students are attracted to getting adrenaline, overcoming fears and keeping fit.
3 questions. What do extreme sports attract you with?
Mostly students are attracted with getting the adrenaline, overcoming the fears and keeping fit.
4 question. What pushes you away from extreme sports?
The most common answers are: it is life-threatening, there is no opportunity for activities and their own fears.
4 questions. What repels you from doing extreme sports?
The most common answers are: it’s dangerous for life, there is no opportunity for extreme sport classes and own fears.
Development of extreme sports in the Rostov region
The development of extreme sports in the Rostov region is not very fast, however, various events dedicated to this are still held. For example, motocross in Novocherkassk and competition-festival of youth culture "Extreme Element" in Rostov.
In the presentation you can watch our film report on these events.
The development of extreme sports in Rostov region
The development of extreme sports in Rostov region is not very fast, but there are different arrangements which are dedicated to it. For example, there were such ones as motocross in Novocherkassk and Contest-festival of youth culture "Extreme Element" in Rostov.
In the presentation, you can seatour film report about these events.
Conclusion
Summing up our research, we can say that extreme sports have many advantages, but they also have disadvantages. Of course, people understand this, but do not stop doing them. Therefore, these days, extreme sports are becoming more and more popular, especially among young people, as we can see after a survey in our school.
The Conclusion
To sum up, we can say that extreme sports have a lot of advantages, but they have disadvantages, too. Of course people understand this, but they don't stop doing them. So, nowadays extreme sports are becoming more and more popular, especially among the youth, as we can see after the survey at our school.
Sources. The Sources.
vnovocherkassk. net/ news/ v- rostove- proidet- festival- youth- sports- yekstrim. html
http:// vidabonito. en/ health and wellness/ pochemu- lyudi- lyubyat- extremalnye- vidy- sporta
INTRODUCTION
Tourism is life in all its diversity, concentrated on a short period of time, characterized by a certain goal setting and method of implementation.
Extreme tourism is a sport of courageous people, overcoming difficulties, people prove how inexhaustible human capabilities are. Extreme tempers the character of a person.
Many organizations are involved in tourism, but they do not prepare people for extreme situations. Extreme tourism is like a doctrine of survival, the main thing is not just to know how to behave in a given situation, but also to be able to do it, because when there is a risk, it is too late to start learning something.
Extreme tourism is the top of all tourism. When a person has already achieved a lot in overcoming the obstacles that lie in wait on the passes and rifts, then immediately there is a feeling that something is missing and this means that the time has finally come to cross the line.
Extreme is not a sport, it is a pleasure and an interesting pastime. Adventure tourism is a way of life! This is what I will try to prove in my work.
1. Basic concepts and definitions
Extreme tourism is a promising direction in the field of recreation and entertainment. Since about the 2000s, many people, especially those living in economically developed countries, lack the thrill. A person, having arranged his life, having protected himself from natural disasters, begins to understand that he lacks adrenaline.
First of all, you need to consider the concept of "extreme".
There is no specific definition of what exactly should be considered an extreme sport or tourism. There are various types of professional activities or entertainment associated with great risks to health and life in general. But what is extreme for some people may be work for others.
The same route can be very extreme for a person who is just starting to do it and a very easy walk for a trained tourist or athlete.
A sedentary lifestyle of a modern, especially an urban person who does not regularly go in for sports or just physical activity, leads to the fact that a person absolutely cannot bear any load. Strange as it may sound, but the ever faster pace of society leads to a less mobile way of life for its members. Man lacks physical activity and movement. This implies that for such tourists, the usual 5-kilometer hike with a light backpack or climbing a hill 300 m high becomes a serious test. Even any tourist trip of IV-V category of difficulty, according to many experts, is already considered extreme. Difficulty category in extreme and sports tourism is determined by the duration of the trip in days (for category IV, at least 13 and for V, at least 16 days) and the length in kilometers. The minimum distance is determined for mountain hikes (IV category - 150 km, V - 160 km). For walking trips, this figure is determined at 220-250 km, skiing - 250-300 km, water - 225-250 km, cycling - 800-1100 km, motorcycle - 3200-4000 km, car - 4500-5000 km. Therefore, the concept of "extreme tourism" is very relative.
In this regard, many adventure tourism companies introduce their own categories of routes.
Now many new exotic terms have appeared in the tourism industry: “trekking”, “rafting”, “jeeping or jeep safari”, “diving”, etc. However, upon closer examination, these are the same old types of pedestrian, water, automobile, underwater and other tourism.
Of course, new technologies, materials and equipment have made it possible to switch over to traditional tourist destinations on a qualitatively new level. In addition, in connection with the general democratization and the acceleration of the exchange of information in the world, the number of regions open for visiting and studying has increased dramatically. Thanks to active research activities Every year, hundreds of new amazing objects of nature, history and culture are discovered by scientists and enthusiasts in the world. It should be noted that the opinion that almost all corners of the planet Earth have been examined and there is nothing special to discover is greatly exaggerated. Until now, in many places (and not necessarily very remote and inaccessible from the centers of world civilization), the human foot has not yet set foot.
Along with the traditional ways of active recreation and entertainment, over the past few decades, many completely new, and even exotic options for using free time have appeared in the tourism industry.
Some of them, such as kiting, have arisen on the basis of a combination of other types of extreme sports and combine water-air or air-land entertainment. Others, such as water skiing or space tourism, are completely new.
An innovative direction in extreme tourism is also theatrical entertainment (“military tourism”, travel in the style of “Indiana Jones”, etc.), as well as historical and research (archaeological, geological, paleontological, ornithological, etc.) types of tourism.
A very large distribution in the late XX - early XXI centuries. received ecological tourism, which is very often associated with extreme sports.
Russia is one of the few countries on the planet that have preserved their natural wealth by the beginning of the 3rd millennium. Its potential for the development of ecological (including extreme) areas is enormous. In recent years, a large number of state nature reserves and national parks have been created in Russia - at present their number has exceeded 130. Many of them offer a wide variety of tourist products and services, including those for lovers of "sharp" emotional impressions. Some of the most famous are the national parks "Pillars" (Krasnoyarsk region), "Elk Island", "Yugyd-Va", Vodlozersky, Kenozersky and others.
Currently, there is no established classification of species extreme tourism and entertainment. As already mentioned, this is due to the relativity of the extreme. Therefore, the classification below should be considered as a generalized one, characterized by the main definitions of tourism.
2. Classification of types of extreme tourism
2.1. Water sports of extreme tourism
Diving is one of the most popular types of extreme tourism.
Diving is one of the most extreme sports. It is very dangerous, but at the same time surprisingly fascinating. In Russia, after perestroika, diving became massive. In the 90s, the first diving clubs appeared. By 2001, in our country, the number of divers who received a diver's certificate was about 15 thousand.
But compared to other countries, diving in Russia is very poorly developed and expensive, so most tourists prefer to do it abroad. For example, in Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt or in Southeast Asia and other countries.
Wakeboarding - is a combination of water skis,snowboarding, skateboarding and surfing. The boat moves at a speed of 30-40 km / h with additional ballast on board. The boat leaves behind a wave, which the raider uses as a springboard. Jumping from the so-called springboard, the raider can perform various tricks. Just like diving, wakeboarding began to develop in the 90s. Wakeboarding requires a specialized boat, which is very expensive, so in Russia it is underdeveloped due to its high cost.
Water skiing - one of the most famous types of outdoor activities. This type of extreme tourism was born in America when an American decided to experience ordinary winter skiing on the water. After that, this sport began to progress constantly. Now it has become so spectacular and popular that in 1998 the Olympic Committee even advised to introduce water skiing into the program of the Athens Olympics in 2004. True, the IOC did not make a final decision on this issue. Now water skiing in Russia is practiced perhaps only on the Black sea. True, it will be quite difficult for an ordinary tourist to fully enjoy water skiing, or rather very expensive ... Windsurfing - it is an oval carbon fiber board with a rough surface for stability, with stabilizer fins on the underside and a small sail attached to the board. Windsurfing originated from surfing. The surfer is helped to move on the surface of the water by the force of the movement of the wave, and the windsurfer is by the force of the wind. With a good wind, you can reach speeds of up to 10-12m/s, and the record for today is acceleration to 70m/s. Kayaking- very popular abroad and slowly gaining popularity in Russia. There are three main directions in kayaking - rowing slalom, rodeo and rafting. Slalom kayaking is the ability to maneuver, feel and feel the boat and the water. Rodeo, unlike slalom, is also an element of the game. Freestyle kayak is the performance of certain tricks on a boat due to the various reliefs of the river. During the rafting, you can go kayaking along the rivers of any complexity, or you can choose some mountain river and conduct game rafting. You can choose individual obstacles in the form of shafts and waterfalls. And in order to feel confident, you need to have the skills of slalom and rodeo techniques. kitesurfing it's a surfboard with a kite attached to it. This board allows you to feel the power of the wind and the sliding of the board on the water. With the help of the wind, kitesurfing will lead where the tourist wants, not the wind. This type of extreme tourism can be practiced in almost all beach resorts in Russia. Rafting - this is a descent along a mountain river on special rafts or canoes. Rafting is one of the most visited tours, absolutely safe even for the youngest tourists. Rafting tours are carried out almost anywhere in the world. 2.2. Terrestrial types of extreme tourism Speleology. Judging by the fact that speleologists are people who go to caves with huge backpacks in their free time, then this is tourism. But at the same time speleology is a science. Literally: "the science of caves", a section of geology, namely cartography and hydrogeology. And most importantly, the caves are the last white spots on the world map, the last opportunity to go where not only a human foot has not set foot, but also where the eyes of his eyes or cameras have not fallen. Speleologists are engaged in the study of this mysterious underground world. Spelestology - it is the science of artificial underground structures. Spelestology is closely related to speleology, only speleologists are not interested in caves. They are interested in penetrating into any underground city structures that are inaccessible or uninteresting to others. In order for any dungeon to be of interest to cavers, it must be unused at the present time and of some historical interest. These include abandoned quarries, mines, conduits, wells, underground passages, underground temples and monasteries, and so on. X-racing- this is when the same people are so well and universally prepared that they can climb rocks, ride a horse, raft in a kayak or raft along the rapids, rush through the mountains on a bicycle and go down the ropes under a waterfall ... These people unite in teams, and participate in competitions where their goal is to cover a distance of 3-4 hundreds of kilometers as quickly as possible using their skills. This is called “multisport”, or “extreme” (and more often even “adventure”) racing. In the West, more than 200 extreme races are held annually. For example, the largest races in the UK, organized by the "Extreme Racing Association of the United Kingdom and Ireland".Jeeping. With the development of the automotive industry and the increase in the number of road transport, car tours are becoming more common.
Now traveling by car is commonly called jeeping. Jeeping is an extreme trip in jeeps and other off-road vehicles, which usually takes place off-road. Often, interesting tourist sites are located far from well-trodden convenient roads or highways, and tourists have to follow forest roads, steppes or deserts, overcome natural obstacles, including water fords.
To overcome obstacles, vehicles must have increased cross-country ability. Jeeps or SUVs meet these goals. Currently, almost all automobile factories or concerns produce a variety of SUV models. The state of roads in Russia makes this type of transport one of the most popular in our country.
A jeep safari is a trip to nature or to a nature reserve in jeeps. For those who want to get a thrill in the tourist centers, off-road trips to the mountains, deserts and other sparsely populated and inhabited areas are organized.
To drive cars in difficult conditions, you must have certain driving skills. Off-road driving training is one of the most important tourist services, which is provided both before and during the jeep safari adventure tour.
2.3. Mountain types of extreme tourism Mountaineering - considered one of the most extreme types of recreation. As a rule, mountaineering is practiced mainly in summer, but for thrill-seekers it can be done in winter as well. Difficult weather conditions and avalanches only add to the thrill of the journey. One of the main problems of mountaineering in Russia, in addition to its high cost, is a small number of experienced instructors. And they are necessary for climbing amateur climbers. Basically, there are few mountaineering instructors due to low wages. And by the way, it is not uncommon to meet a Russian instructor abroad. Alpine skiing and snowboarding. Alpine skiing is one of the oldest types of outdoor activities. But, despite this, every year the number of people who want to go skiing only increases. In addition, now the ski service is much more diverse than 10 years ago. Almost on any ski resort There are slopes for both professionals and beginners. Snowboarding - descent through the snow from the mountain slopes on a specially equipped board. Compared with skiing it is a more aggressive, active and extreme look. In Russia, snowboarding received mass recognition in the 90s. Now in Russia you can buy a variety of equipment from the world's leading manufacturers, as well as get skating lessons from experienced instructors.Freeride - These are off-piste slopes. The possibility of avalanches, difficulties in orienteering and other mountain hazards limit the capabilities of advanced riders. To one of the best places for off-piste skiing in the world, many include Krasnaya Polyana and Dombay (Caucasus).
2.4. aerial views extreme tourism
Classic skydiving. It includes 2 types: jumps for accuracy of landing and a complex of figures in free fall.
group acrobatics consists of what paratroopers line up different figures from the maximum quantity. The number of skydivers in a team is 4 and 8. There are also teams of 16 athletes. Usually those figures that should appear are announced in advance (for example, "star").
Dome acrobatics consists in building formations from the canopies of opened parachutes. It is very different from other types of parachuting, because the work on the result goes before the opening of the parachute itself. When performing figures, skydivers come into contact with the parachutes of other athletes, so blockages often occur. Therefore, this requires special equipment. Domes must be stable and well loaded. After all the figures are built, the most dangerous part of the exercise comes, this is when the paratroopers must separate from each other and make a landing approach. If the canopies are caught on each other, then even actuating the canopy release locks may not help, and the canopy will not come off. Opening the reserve parachute in such a situation is quite dangerous. This makes dome acrobatics one of the most risky types of skydiving. Freestyle - one of the youngest types of skydiving. When a skydiver is in free fall, his task is to beautifully display complex elements. Working out and training these figures on the ground requires special equipment, which is not available at every drop zone. A small amount of equipment is the main reason for the underdevelopment of freestyle in Russia. Skysurfing - this is ski jumping to perform various figures in free fall. In Russia, skysurfing appeared relatively recently and immediately became popular. The aerodynamics of a skier is very different from a simple free fall, so ski jumping is practically a different sport. All elements are carried out in a state of free fall. B . A . S . E . jumping - e It is one of the most dangerous sports even against the backdrop of extreme sports. The base jumper does not require an airplane or other flying equipment. He manages with an ordinary elevator, and often with his own legs and arms, plus climbing equipment. Beiser climbs onto the roof of a high-rise building, mountain or rock, TV tower and jumps down. In Russia, there are very few firms specializing in this type of outdoor activity. Such types of recreation as ballooning and hang-gliding are very popular. hang gliding is one of the world's fastest growing sports. Today, there are about 90,000 hang gliders around the world, plus about a thousand new hang glider pilots take to the skies every year. Today's aircraft are incredibly stable, durable, and flying on them can only be limited by weather conditions and the experience of the pilot himself.2.5. Exotic types of extreme tourism.
Space tourism - it is the most expensive and most exotic look extreme tourism - travel to the Earth's orbit. While space tourists can be counted on the fingers - this is the American millionaire Denis Tito and South African citizen Mark Shuttleworth. First week stay at the International space station cost $ 12 million, the second - $ 14 million. Later, the lead singer of the N "Sync group Lance Bass was preparing for the launch on the ISS, but due to lack of funding, his launch did not take place. However, Rosaviakosmos claims that in the future will be able to reduce the cost of tours and will gladly accept applications for space trip from any citizen of the Earth. But after the well-known crash of the Shuttle, sending tourists into space stopped indefinitely. Kitesurfing. A person standing on a board accelerates with the help of a kite, the rope from which he holds in his hands. A mandatory and perhaps the only condition is the wind. You can go in for kitesurfing in the fields, in the mountains and on flat terrain, and it is considered the most chic to ride a board on ponds covered with ice crust and covered with snow. And the channels of rivers or lakes are perhaps the most windy places. Amazing all-weather versatility allows you to use kites in winter and summer. The kite allows you to reach speeds that are more than twice the speed of the wind. Really achievable speed is 60-70 km/h. jailoo tourism is also one of the most exotic and extreme types of tourism. It lies in the fact that the tourist lives in a primitive tribe with all the charms of a nomadic life. This type of tourism is developing very well in the pastures of Kyrgyzstan. It is offered to sleep right on the floor of the shepherd's yurt, next to the smoky hearth, fresh lamb and koumiss, as well as horseback riding in the mountains and pastures. Tourism to the North and South Poles. More recently, cruises to the Arctic and Antarctic have begun. A lot of people want to visit extreme climatic conditions and look at exotic animals. And the Arctic and Antarctic are the most ecologically clean places on Earth. Travel to exotic places of the planet. For example, you can go to Chernobyl or take a trip through the virgin jungle. In Chernobyl, you can watch an eerie picture: an extinct city, concrete slabs covered with tall grass and wild nature. New plants appeared in the zone and practically extinct animals revived. White-tailed eagles, lynxes and gray wolves live here. And in the wild jungle, the tourist literally merges with nature, having renounced the entire civilized world. So, having considered the main types of extreme tourism, we can observe a great variety in its directions. Some types of tourism were born from classic sports (skiing, cycling etc.), others are completely original categories of tourism. Every day there are new ones extreme entertainment, since human imagination and the desire to test oneself for strength are limitless, and technological progress helps in this. 3. Psychological characteristics of people involved in extreme tourism. 3.1. Psychology of extreme situations. Recently, interest has grown in the problem of psychological preparation of a person for action in extreme situations. This is the reason for the increased attention to the mental state of athletes, which requires psychotherapeutic and psycho-prophylactic work. Extreme situations include: cold, heat, thunderstorms, precipitation, earthquakes, fires, forest fires, avalanches, floods, storms, rockfalls, landslides, landslides, thin ice, solar radiation, biohazards. Participation in extreme tours is accompanied by mental and emotional stress. Such situations can often bring not only pleasure, but also lead to overstrain and breakdown of higher nervous system. The situation becomes stressful. Because of all this, some extreme tourists develop neurotic disorders. Under these circumstances mental preparation extreme tourist is one of the most important medical events in tourism. It determines the ability to carry out high-quality mental activity while maintaining the optimal level of psycho-emotional stress, physical and mental health regardless external conditions and adverse factors.Engaging in extreme types of tourism allows us to consider this activity as a natural model of emotional stress, and its study is of practical interest in solving the problem of adaptation, behavioral disorders and prevention of mental health disorders.
3.2. Psychology of people's behavior in emergency situations.
Certain conditions in which a person may find himself cause a state of psychological and emotional tension in him. For some, this causes the mobilization of all internal resources, while for others it causes a decrease in working capacity, deterioration in health, physiological and psychological stress phenomena. It depends mainly on the individual characteristics of a person, working conditions and upbringing and understanding of the degree of danger.
Psychological condition human and moral hardening plays a decisive role in all extreme conditions and difficult situations. They determine readiness for conscious, confident and prudent actions at any critical moments.
3.3. Psychological readiness.
Extreme situations require high moral and psychological stamina, endurance and determination and readiness to help the victims.
The heavy picture of destruction and devastation, the immediate threat to life negatively affects the human psyche. In some cases, they can disrupt the process of normal thinking, weaken or completely eliminate self-control, which leads to unjustified and unpredictable actions. As a rule, overcoming fear is facilitated, first of all, by a sense of personal responsibility, awareness of the significance of the work that is being done. Danger and risk to health, the importance of the work performed - all this raises the significance of what is done in their own eyes and in the opinion of society as a whole.
Psychologically unprepared, unhardened people have a feeling of fear and a desire to escape from a dangerous place, while others have a psychological shock accompanied by muscle numbness. At this moment, the process of normal thinking is disrupted, the control of consciousness over feelings and will is weakened or completely lost. Nervous processes (excitation or inhibition) manifest themselves in different ways. For example, some pupils dilate - they say, “fear has big eyes”, breathing is disturbed, a heartbeat begins “the heart is ready to burst out of the chest”, spasms of peripheral blood vessels - “turned white as chalk”, cold sweat appears, muscles weaken - “hands dropped or the knees are bent”, the timbre of the voice changes, and sometimes the gift of speech is lost. There are even cases of death due to sudden fear.
Contrary to popular belief, we should not - and cannot - avoid stress. But we can use it and enjoy it if we get to know the mechanism better and develop an appropriate philosophy of life.
3.4. Optimal stress level.
Favor and gratitude, as well as their antipodes - hatred and a thirst for revenge - more than all other feelings are responsible for the presence or absence of harmful stress (distress) in human relationships.
Strong positive or negative feelings are closely related to conditioned reflexes, which were first studied by the Russian physiologist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. Unlike innate unconditioned reactions, conditioned reflexes are acquired as a result of repeated combinations and learning. We experience the need to avoid everything that causes negative emotions or leads to punishment, and we learn those forms of behavior that bring encouragement and reward, that is, cause positive feelings. At the cellular level, learning depends mainly on chemical conditioning and is reduced to the production of protective substances such as hormones or antibodies and the modification of their action with other chemical compounds (for example, nutrients). We have seen many times that short-term stress can lead to gains and losses. They lend themselves to accurate accounting, it is possible to objectively measure the signs of physiological resistance. When the whole body is subjected to short-term intense stress, the result is either beneficial (as in shock therapy) or harmful (as in a state of shock). When only a part of the body is stressed, the result can be increased local resistance (adaptation, inflammation) or tissue death, depending on the circumstances. The response to a stressor is regulated in the body by a system of opposing forces, such as corticoids, which either promote or suppress inflammation, and nerve impulses, which release adrenaline or acetylcholine. We have also learned to distinguish syntoxic compounds from catatoxic ones, which are signals - to endure or attack. There is a stereotyped physical model of the response to stress, regardless of its cause. The outcome of interaction with the environment depends as much on our reactions to the stressor as on the nature of this stressor. It is necessary to make a reasonable choice: either accept the challenge and resist, or give in and submit. We have discussed at some length the medical aspects of the complex relationship between the chemical stimuli to which we are exposed and the body's responses to those stimuli. Mental stress caused by relationships between people, as well as their position in society, is regulated by a remarkably similar mechanism. At some point, there is a conflict of interest - a stressor; then there are balanced impulses - orders to resist or endure. The body's involuntary biochemical reactions to stress are governed by the same laws that govern voluntary interpersonal behavior.
Thus, we come to the conclusion that any person who wants to engage in any kind of extreme tourism must be psychologically prepared. On the one hand, tempering of character occurs naturally - after all, most people involved in extreme tourism - professional athletes. The formation of their character, skills, behavior patterns occurs from childhood, when they begin to go to one or another sport sections. For them, it really is a way of life.
But it also happens that an ordinary person at a certain stage of life wants to test himself for strength, assert himself or just get a new interesting experience. In such cases, preparation is necessary, both physical and psychological. For this, there are special training centers, extreme clubs.
Any person should understand the risk that accompanies such hobbies and should be fully aware of what they are doing. Therefore, the training must be professional and comprehensive in order to exclude dangerous moments for the health and life of an extreme tourist or to help cope with any difficulties.
4. Geography of distribution of types of extreme tourism.
The geography of extreme tourism is very rich and diverse.
In all countries of the world, tourists looking for thrills will find something to their liking.
For example, in New Zealand, which in general is the birthplace of numerous types of extreme tourism, local residents claim that they invented rafting many years ago.
Many factors contributed to the emergence of extreme sports in New Zealand. The country is not particularly rich in historical and architectural monuments, but it has the most magnificent nature and conditions (a lot of caves, protected areas, high mountains and turbulent rivers). New Zealanders are very imaginative and creative in the field of extreme tourism. To attract tourists, they come up with and complicate various attractions. For example, if we consider diving, many experts believe that the most interesting place for it is the Bay of Islands - on the northern island of New Zealand. There are magnificent coral reefs and in one place called Port Gore you can even see a whole cemetery of sunken ships, and moving around it is sometimes very dangerous. For example, one of the sunken ships here is the cruise ship Mikhail Lermontov. Many divers say that the souls of the dead sometimes appear in these places. And also for fans of extreme sports, there is such an opportunity as climbing into a special cage and descending to a depth where they can meet with real white sharks, which are one of the most dangerous predators in the world.
The famous "Bungee", which is also called Bungy Jumping, was also invented in New Zealand. Jumping from a tower or bridge head first is the best way release of adrenaline. More recently, special extreme athletes have been offered jumps from helicopters or in a canyon, in which the height is up to 400m. And some specialized travel agencies arrange such jumps even into the mouth of volcanoes, well, of course, they are no longer active.
One of the newest extreme sports is the water bug. A man in a helmet and in a life jacket lies down on the board and rushes into a stormy river. The athlete flies over rapids and rapids, clinging to a rescue board.
Jetboat is also one of the extreme sports in New Zealand. This is rafting on metal boats on calm rivers, and the extreme itself lies in the fact that this boat is equipped with a powerful engine, which allows you to quickly spin in place, swim against the current and write out various pirouettes at high speed.
Traveling through the caves (Caring) - the New Zealanders also managed to complicate. Now tourists do not just move around the caves, but have the opportunity to do it with the help of canoes or inflatable rafts along underground rivers or lakes and admire stalactites and stalagmites from the water.
New Zealanders and karting did not bypass. They replaced the small wheels of cars with huge tires that allow you to overcome large bumps, pits and sometimes even rivers.
In New Zealand, in the center of Auckland, there is an extreme attraction called the Slingshot. This is the so-called "catapult chair". Two people are put in this chair, fastened, and then they press a button. The chair flies into the sky, turns over several times, and then gently lands on the ground.
Zorb is one of the newest types of recreation. These are two huge plastic balls (one is slightly smaller than the other and is inside). A person is placed inside this ball, his arms, legs and belt are fastened, and then the ball is dropped from the mountain and he flies at a breakneck speed, jumping over bumps.
The Americans are also not far behind, in the USA there is such a type of extreme tourism as tornado hunting. The task of this hunt is that the tourist must drive as close as possible to the tornado and photograph it point-blank. This is very mesmerizing, because. A tornado or tornado is one of the most dangerous natural phenomena. In the United States, most tornadoes and tornadoes occur in areas such as Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska and Texas. In these places, the months from April to June are especially dangerous. But the most extreme hunting for tornadoes is hunting in a thunderstorm and in pitch darkness at night. Tour operators are also engaged in this adventure, only for such a dangerous extreme you should choose a reliable and trusted tour operator.
Travel agencies in Rio de Janeiro offer guests to get acquainted with the dark side of the city. They give tours and meetings with gangsters from local gangs. This adventure is very dangerous for tourists and the local authorities question this kind of gang walking because it is very unsafe. One of these travel agencies was accused of idealizing criminal activity, to which the owner of the organization replied that the government was to blame for the criminogenic situation in the city.
In Las Vegas, there is a very extreme attraction called the Big Shot. Here tourists are shot as if from a cannon, this allows you to make compressed air. The tourist flies up to a height of 160 feet for a few seconds.
In Thailand, thrill-seeking tourists can enjoy a motto taxi. Thai moto taxi drivers at a very fast speed, sliding between cars and violating the rules, will take a tourist anywhere in the city. The main thing for a tourist is not to forget to wear a helmet.
Mexico is not far behind. In Mexican Acapulco, water parachuting is not badly developed. Tourists can experience a sea of adrenaline and at the same time admire the local beauties.
In Spain, the encierro bull races have become very popular. Many people come here for this interesting and life-threatening adventure. The tourist runs away from the angry bull through the narrow streets. He gets a sea of adrenaline risking his life every second.
In South Africa, not far from Dyer Island, as well as in New Zealand, such an unforgettable and no less dangerous extreme adventure as diving among white sharks has become the most popular. A person is put in a special cage and lowered into the water, and the sharks, in turn, try to get their prey.
In Russia, they came up with such an extreme journey as flying on a Mig-29 jet plane. This is not a very cheap pleasure, but a tourist can feel almost like an astronaut. He is lifted to a height of 25 kilometers, where he can observe the Earth from the stratosphere, dark space and the bright sun.
And some travel agencies in Russia offer tourists trips to abandoned cities in the areas of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster. Many experts say that this is a completely safe trip for health, but still I think you need to purchase special equipment to make the trip 100% safe. This trip is very popular among Europeans.
In the Perm Territory, the first track for SUVs has recently appeared, which meets all international standards. This "wonder track" was opened by the company "Dilos-Extreme". A track for snowmobiles and ATVs has been opened in Demidkovo. The discovery of this object is not only big step to a safe holiday on extreme equipment, but also a great contribution to the tourism of the Perm Territory.
Dissertation abstract on the topic "Gender features and the structure of motivation for choosing extreme sports"
As a manuscript
GANOL Andrey Sergeevich
Saint Petersburg 2011
As a manuscript
GANOL Andrey Sergeevich
Gender features and structure of motivation for choosing extreme sports
Specialty 13.00.04 - theory and methodology of physical education, sports training, health and adaptive physical culture(psychological sciences)
Saint Petersburg 2011
The work was carried out at the Department of Psychology of the Federal State educational institution higher professional education “National State University of Physical Culture, Sports and Health named after P.F. Lesgaft, St. Petersburg" (FSEI VPO "NSU named after P.F. Lesgaft, St. Petersburg")
Scientific adviser: Doctor of Psychology, Associate Professor
Doctor of Psychological Sciences MYAKONKOV Viktor Borisovich
PhD in Psychology, Associate Professor Korotkina Tatyana Ilyinichna
LEADING ORGANIZATION - Military Institute of Physical Culture - branch of the Federal State Educational Institution "Military Medical Academy. CM. Kirov.
The dissertation will be defended on October 23, 2011 at 13:00 at a meeting of the dissertation council D. P.F. Lesgaft, St. Petersburg" at the address 190121, St. Petersburg, st. Dekabristov, 35, educational building 1, assembly hall.
The dissertation can be found in the library of the Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "NSU named after P.F. Lesgaft” and on the website of the University (www.lesgafl.spb.ru)
VORONOV Igor Anatolievich
opponents:
Official
Honored Worker of Physical Culture of the Russian Federation,
Scientific Secretary
dissertation council,
Honored Worker
physical culture of the Russian Federation,
candidate of pedagogical sciences, professor
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF WORK
Relevance. In our time, the so-called extreme sports are gaining popularity. Now there are about 3 dozen types: aquabike (jet ski racing), base jumping (parachuting from fixed objects), Bicycle Moto eXtreme - BMX (stunts or cross-country bicycles ); skiing (downhill on special skis), hang gliding (flying on a hang glider), parkour and freerunning (overcoming various obstacles without using additional funds), snowboarding (descent from snow-covered slopes and mountains on a snowboard); trial (overcoming obstacles on a bicycle, motorcycle or car) and many others. etc. They are characterized by original sports equipment and uniforms, acrobaticism, sharpness of sensations on the verge of injury or mortal danger and, in connection with this, a certain halo of heroism and even some mystery.
According to US experts (http://www.scienceline.org/), at the end of 2010, the number of people seriously involved in extreme sports is growing at a very fast pace in the world: according to statistics, the number of extreme sports over the past 30 years in the United States, some European countries, Australia has tripled, and in Russia (over the past 20 years) it has grown almost 1.5 times. The number of extreme sports is also growing.
In early April 2011, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) officially included several new sports in the program of the Sochi Games in 2014, among which there are extreme ones - ski halfpipe for men and women. It is possible that several other sports will be introduced.
Sometimes the difference between ordinary people”and“ extreme sportsmen ”(further without quotes) it comes to the point that many are simply unable to understand extreme sportsmen, and their behavior seems to them simply absurd, if not crazy - the motives for extreme sports are still poorly understood. At the same time, psychologists have long been trying to understand the craving of extreme sports enthusiasts for the constant receipt of more and more thrills, often associated with a direct risk to life. In the scientific literature, there is a wide range of explanations for the causes of such behavior: from congenital character pathologies to incorrect genes or gender problems. According to international data, the popularity of extreme sports is growing fastest among teenagers, but today the majority of extreme sportsmen are people of mature age who, in general, are not prone to rash and impulsive actions.
The study of the motivational sphere of extreme athletes is necessary, firstly, in connection with security issues - direct communication with the natural environment or technical means, which is prerequisite extreme sports often lead to injury and sometimes death. Secondly, in connection with the commercialization and fashion for these sports, because this is a branch of the economy with a fairly large financial turnover. Thirdly, in connection with the prospects
active penetration of extreme sports into the system of higher education. And finally, the disclosure of this phenomenon will allow us to solve a number of social problems related to the adaptation of the individual in society.
The dissertation was completed at the Department of Psychology, NSU named after P.F. Jlec-gafta in accordance with the consolidated R&D plan of the Ministry of Sports, Tourism and Youth Policy of the Russian Federation for 2011-2014, topic 01.02.03 "Analysis and evaluation of motivations for physical education and healthy lifestyle of life in various groups of the population of the Russian Federation.
In this regard, the object of the study was chosen - men and women aged 14 to 65 years old involved (experimental group) and not involved (control group) in extreme sports. Subject of study: Motivational features of men and women involved in extreme sports.
Research hypotheses: 1) It is assumed that with the help of paired and multivariate analyzes of psychological testing data, psychological characteristics and differences between those involved and not involved in extreme sports will be revealed; 2) in men and women involved in extreme sports, the structure of motives that encourage them to choose this type of activity will be revealed; 3) the identified regression models of motives for choosing extreme sports can be practically used at various stages of the educational and training process, in particular, to identify psychological readiness for activity and readiness for competitions.
Objectives: 1. Conduct a comparative gender analysis between groups involved and not involved in sports. 2. To reveal the structure of motives for choosing extreme sports among men and women. 3. To experimentally reveal the possibilities of using regression models of motives for choosing extreme sports at various stages of the educational and training process.
The methodological basis of the study was: firstly, scientific ideas about the motivating and guiding role of motives in activity and behavior (D. Berger, L. Berger, L.I. Bozhovich, S.S. Bogdanovich, P.R. Bibrikh, I.A. Vasiliev , Magomed-Emirov M. Sh., A. A. Verbitsky, V. K. Vilyunas, I. O. Gileva, E. P. Ilyin, S. B. Kaverin, E. A. Kalinin, YL Kiryushin, V. I. Kovalev, T. V. Kornilova, A. N. Leontiev, J. Lingart, M. Sh. Magomed-Eminov, A. Maslow, V. S. Merlin, V. N. Myasshtsev, A. B. Orlov, A. V. Petrovsky, V.M. Rivin, I.V. Rivin, X. Hekhauzen, R. Emmons, P.M. Jacobson and others), which were developed in line with the personal-activity approach (SL. Rubinshtein, A.N. Leontiev, K .K. Platonov, B.F. Lomov); on the motivation for achieving success and the motive for avoiding failure (A.K. Markova, G.V. Litvinova); secondly, ideas about gender differences (T.V. Bevdas, S. Bern, E. Vardanyan, I.V. Vasilenko, O. Weininger, I.S. Kleiina, O.I. Motkov, N.K. Radina , M.V. Shakhtarina and others); thirdly, the work of sports psychologists who touched on the topic of extremeness (V L. A pchel, V.N.
Tsygan, Yu.M. Bludov, I.P. Volkov, I.A. Voronov, B.A. Vetkin, L.D. Gisssn, E.N. Gogunov, B.I. Martyanov, G.D. Gorbunov, E.P. Ilyin, JI.A. Kitaev-Smyk, T. Cox, BJ. Creggy, V.I. Lebedev, A.I. Martynov, R.A. Piloyan, L.K. Serova, N.B. Tu-mar, Yu.L. Khanin and many others. etc.).
Research methods: I. Theoretical analysis and generalization of literary sources; 2. Testing; 3. Mathematical and statistical analysis of quantitative data (MS Excel, SPSS 15.0 for Windows)
Methods” of the study: Multifactorial Personality Questionnaire by R.B. Catgell (Form C); Questionnaire K Leonhard - N. Shmishek; Diagnosis of NPU method "Forecast"; Questionnaire for volitional efforts of Yu. Kul; Achievement needs assessment scale; Methodology for diagnosing personality for motivation to avoid failures T. Ehlers; T. Ehlers' methodology for diagnosing personality for motivation for success; Scale for assessing the need for achievement (Yu.M. Orlov); Questionnaire for volitional efforts of Yu. Kul; Test questionnaire for measuring affiliation motivation by A. Mehrabyan; "Gest-questionnaire for measuring achievement motivation by A. Megrabyan; Method "Studying the motives for doing sports" by V.I. Tropnikov; Method "Motives for doing sports" by A. V. Shaboltas to identify the dominant goals (personal meanings) of playing sports; Method for diagnosing value career orientation "Career Anchors" by E. Shane.
The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that for the first time, on the basis of paired and multivariate analysis of psychological testing data, an attempt was made to create a mathematical model of the motivation structure of persons (taking into account, among other things, the gender aspect) who have chosen extreme sports and apply this model to predict success in chosen activity, to identify psychological readiness for activity and readiness for competitions.
Organization of the study. The study has been conducted since 2008 in the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg. It was attended by 93 people of different sex and age at the stage of creating regression models and 124 people at the stage of testing the methodology - a total of 217 people.
The theoretical significance of the work lies in the fact that the idea of identifying the psychological readiness of athletes for sports activities, in general, and readiness for sports competitions, in particular, according to mathematical regression models of structures of motivation for choosing a sport. In social psychology, for various types of activities, such models were developed by R. Cattell, but it is in sports activities, in the theory and practice of sports psychology, that this concept is poorly developed.
The practical significance lies in the fact that, based on the results obtained, it will be possible to reduce the degree of injury among athletes by attracting specialists in the field of professional sports and methodological support for extreme sports events. Gender preferences have been identified that allow managing the process of formation of new - extreme - sports in Russia.
Russian Federation. Quantitative characteristics of the needs for extreme sports have been determined, which makes it possible to conduct econometric studies in this new branch of physical culture. The methodology for studying motivation and its structure in extreme athletes can be used to solve similar problems in other sports.
The main provisions of the dissertation submitted for defense:
2. The structure of motivation of men and women who have chosen extreme sports has multiparametric differences; 3. Regression models for choosing extreme sports can be used in the preparation of athletes at the stage of initial selection and at the pre-competitive stage in the system of psychological preparation for competitions.
Approbation of the results of the dissertation. Separate provisions and results of the work were reported and discussed: a) at scientific and practical conferences: at the final scientific and practical conference of the faculty of the Federal State Educational Establishment of Higher Professional Education “NSU. P.F. Lesgaft, St. Petersburg" (2009); 6) at a meeting of the Department of Psychology of the Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "NSU named after P.F. Lesgaft, St. Petersburg”; c) LLC Nauka. Sports Health” studied: the level of injury reduction, the number of errors and the level of neuropsychic stability in novice tourists at the training camp (an act of implementing the results of scientific developments into practice was received); d) Avtostop LLC studied the number of errors when driving a motorcycle (an act of implementing the results of scientific developments into practice was received); e) at the faculty of car service of the AHO VPO "Smolny Institute of the Russian Academy of Education", the number of errors in driving a car and the time it took to complete a distance in competitions with the team of the faculty in car racing were evaluated (an act of implementing the results of scientific developments into practice was received).
The structure and scope of the dissertation. The dissertation consists of an introduction, four chapters, conclusions, practical advice, a list of references and five appendices. The volume of the dissertation is 126 pages. The work contains 3 figures, 33 tables. List of uses
sources includes 14B titles in Russian (131) and English(17), including 7 publications of the author.
In the introduction, the relevance of the problem under study is substantiated, its hypothesis is formulated, the object, subject, purpose and objectives of the study are defined, as well as the main provisions that are submitted for defense.
The first chapter "Theoretical analysis of extreme sports as an activity" is devoted to a review of theoretical and experimental works on the topic of the problem under consideration.
An analysis of the literature showed that in modern society, extreme activity in peacetime (after the First and especially after the Second World Wars) began to take shape in different kinds sports, which still do not have a unified classification, but the number of these sports continues to grow. The number of adherents of extreme sports is also growing. According to International Association sporting goods manufacturers SGMA International in 2004 in the United States, 7,110,000 people were involved in snowboarding, 17,348,000 skateboarding, and 11,592,000 skateboarding. Over the past few years, the number of extreme sports in some sports has increased by more than 3 times. This increase is partly due to the arrival of a large number of children and teenagers in extreme sports - according to a study by the children's sports magazine Sports Illustrated for Kids, 57% of American children (12-19 years old) are interested in extreme sports. Average age climbers in the US is 20 years old, and most wakeboarders are 12 to 24 years old. The picture is similar in the UK, where 22.7% of BMX (mountain bike) riders and 27.5% of skateboarders are teenagers between the ages of 11 and 19.
The main factors in choosing extreme sports are: age related to genetics (up to 25 - 60% of cases); dynamic stereotype of behavior (up to 20%); place of residence (up to 2 - 25%); fashion (up to 70% in various social groups); autoaggression (1 - 2%). But the listed factors of choosing extreme sports, however, do not give an answer to the underlying motives, and their causes, patterns of manifestation of these motives. In some cases, the analysis is based on everyday observations, and not on the clear rules of academic science. Therefore, this study is intended to confirm or refute some of the above statements from the standpoint of academic science and to gain knowledge about the motives for choosing extreme sports, in particular, in the regions of Moscow and St. Petersburg.
The first chapter also provides an analysis of scientific psychological motivational theories and the concept of "need", their classifications. A review of studies in the field of the motivational sphere of athletes and its manifestation in sports activities is given. Motivation performs the following functions in the structure of sports activities:
mechanism of activity; maintains the required level of activity in the process of training and competitive activities; regulates the content of activity, the use of various means of activity to achieve the desired results.
The second chapter "Goals, objectives, methods and organization of an experimental study of the motivational characteristics of people in extreme sports" outlines the main provisions of the research program: and on the motivation for choosing extreme sports. On next step(2009) a battery of tests was created and pilot testing of the methods began. Some methods (which did not give statistically significant differences between groups) had to be abandoned over time. The third stage (2009 - 2010) was marked by the creation of the so-called. "training" sample for building regression models, which consists in mass testing of respondents in the control (13 men and 15 women) and experimental (Table 1) groups. The fourth stage (2010 - 2011) was devoted to testing the methodology in some extreme sports clubs (Table 2), mathematical and statistical data processing, interpretation of the results and literary presentation of the dissertation.
Table 1.
Types of extreme sports Number of people
Men Women
Snowboarding 18 8
Alpine skiing 8 5
Mountainboarding 6 0
Diving 6 4
Parkour 4 0
Parachuting 0 1
Total 48 18
The method was tested in sports clubs extreme sports (tab. 2).
Table 2.
Sample structure in extreme sports organizations
Organization M F Total
OOO "Science. Sport. Zdorovye» - beginner tourists (canyoning) 47 31 78
Avtostop LLC - class A drivers (motorcycle) 34 34
Faculty of car service AHO BIIO "Smolny Institute of the Russian Academy of Education" - national team for car racing 12 12
TOTAL 93 31 124
In the third chapter, “Processing the results of a study of motivations for choosing extreme sports,” the primary analysis of the data from the results of an experimental study was carried out using the computer “statistical package for the social sciences” SPSS - Statistical Package for the Social Science, version 15.
At the first stage, based on the results of psychological testing, tables of raw data were created. At the second stage of processing, a comparative analysis of groups not involved in extreme sports (control group - 0) and athletes (experimental group - 1) was carried out according to the method of calculating the level of statistical significance of the difference between the averages according to the /-Student criterion. Since far from all measured parameters there is a statistically significant difference (р<0,05), то, для различения групп был применен дискриминантный анализ (ДА).
Intragroup studies (men and women who chose extreme sports) conducted at the third stage of data processing consisted of correlation (CRA) and multivariate regression analyzes (MRA).
The results of experimental data processing are presented in the form of tables, graphically - in the form of correlation pleiades, as well as in the form of mathematical models - linear regression equations of motives that affect the level of sportsmanship in selected extreme sports for men and women.
Comparative analysis revealed statistically significant differences between the groups of athletes and non-athletes, reflected in Table 3 (the scale unit is “points”).
Table 3
The results of comparing the averages of "extremals" and carried] ztsmen
№ Scale (points) CG EG t R
1 E - "independence - subordination" 4.70 7.05 5.347 0.000
2 N - "courage - timidity" 6.11 7.32 2.668 0.009
3 b - "suspicion - gullibility" 6.96 5.52 2.738 0.007
4 - "radicalism - conservatism" 4.52 8.56 10.488 0.000
5 03 - "high - low self-control" 7.04 5.61 3.368 0.001
6 LSH1 "hyperthymic type" 8.07 14.02 7.094 0.000
7 LSH4 "demonstrative type" 10.37 14.62 5.244 0.000
8 LS5 "dysthymic type" 19.00 6.36 15.444 0.000
9 LSh10 "exalted type" 11.37 17.50 6.908 0.000
10 Mi - internally individually significant m. 17.41 22.21 7.543 0.000
11 MS - internally socially significant motives 14.26 11.77 2.934 0.004
12 Mo - external negative motives 19.93 12.11 7.671 0.000
13 "Neuro-psychic stability - Forecast" 4.04 7.47 7.735 0.000
14 "Motivation for success" by T. Ehlers 16.59 18.67 2.329 0.022
15 “Motivation to avoid failure” by T. Ehlers 14.85 13.12 2.289 0.024
16 KDN - control over action in case of failure (Kul) 5.48 7.52 5.735 0.000
17 AF+ affiliation “striving for acceptance” 115.11 155.85 6.180 0.000
The data of the discriminant analysis of the test results of respondents according to the multifactorial personality questionnaire R.B. Catgell and according to the questionnaire of K. Leonhard - N. Shmishek (studying the types and severity of human accentuations) are illustrated, respectively, by discriminant equations (1) and (2). They testify to the relative homogeneity of each group. Discriminant equations make it possible to classify (recognize) the respondents of the experimental group with an accuracy of no worse than 95.5%, and of the control group - no worse than 96.3%. The grouping variable y takes values from 0 to 1.
Uk \u003d -4& -Yu.5401-0.2503-0.220 + 0.13E + 0.12P + 0.11H-0.1104-0.10V -Yu.09C (1)
Um \u003d 0.54-0.28LSH5 -0.11 LSH1 - LONGER -0.09LSH2 (2)
A comparative analysis of women and men revealed statistically significant differences between the groups of athletes and non-athletes,
reflected in tables 4 (women) and 5 (men).
Table 4
The results of comparing the averages of "extremals" and non-athletes (w)
№ Scale (points) CG eg t R
1 Age - “age” (years) 31.80 20.78 2.804 0.009
2 E - "independence - subordination" 4.13 6.83 3.532 0.001
3 L- "suspicion - gullibility" 7.87 5.22 3.017 0.005
4 M - "impracticality - practicality" 7.11 5.60 2.100 0.044
5 Q1 - "radicalism - conservatism" 4.33 8.67 1.845 0.075
6 Q3 - "high - low self-control" 7.00 5.72 2.575 0.015
7 LSH1 "hyperthymic type" 8.60 13.06 4.501 0.000
8 LSH4 - "demonstrative type" 11.67 14.28 2.153 0.039
9 LS5 - "dysthymic type" 18.27 7.06 10.143 0.000
10 LSh10 - "exalted type" 13.33 18.28 4.437 0.000
11 Mi - internally individually significant m. 16.47 21.28 4.274 0.000
12 Mo - external negative motives 20.13 11.94 5.479 0.000
13 "Neuro-psychic stability - Forecast" 3.87 6.11 2.885 0.007
14 "Motivation for success" by T. Ehlers 16.13 19.22 2.376 0.024
15 KDN - control over action in case of failure 5.20 6.94 2.845 0.008
16 Affiliation “striving for acceptance” 111.87 151.22 3.753 0.001
17 TMD w - achievement motivation (women) 84.80 146.33 7.649 0.000
Table 5
The results of comparing the averages of "extreme" and non-athletes (m)
№ Scale (points) CG EG t R
1 V - “limit. thinking - quick wit" 4.33 3.81 2.049 0.045
2 C - "emotional stability" 7.58 9.19 2.611 0.011
3 E - "independence - subordination" 5.42 7.13 3.054 0.003
4 N - "courage - timidity" 5.42 7.17 2.725 0.008
5 01 - "radicalism - conservatism" 4.75 8.52 7.680 0.000
6 O 2 - "independence - suggestibility" 6.58 8.27 2.646 0.010
7 03 - "high - low self-control" 7.08 5.56 2.585 0.012
8 LS1 "hyperthymic type" 7.42 14.38 5.349 0.000
9 LSH4 - "demonstrative type" 8.75 14.75 5.301 0.000
10 LSH5 - "dysthymic type" 19.92 6.10 11.331 0.000
11 LSh10 - "exalted type" 8.92 17.21 6.476 0.000
12 Mi - internally individually significant m. 18.58 22.56 5.132 0.000
13 MS - internally socially significant motives 14.58 11.88 2.037 L_0.046
14 Mo - external negative motives 19.67 12.17 5.019 0.000
15 "Neuro-psychic stability - Forecast" 4.25 7.98 7.353 0.000
16 “Motivation to avoid failure” by T. Elsrs 13.33 15.33 2.142 0.036
17 KDN - control over action in case of failure 5.83 7.73 4.206 0.000
18 AF+ affiliation “striving for acceptance” 119.17 157.58 4.182 0.000
19 TMD m - achievement motivation (men) 116.50 152.00 4.067 0.002
A comparative gender analysis of data from athletes who chose extreme sports showed that statistically significant differences
observed on the scales presented in table 6.
Table b.
Comparison results of average male and female athletes
No. Scale (points) F M t R
1 Age - "age" (years) 20.78 30.46 2.761 0.008
2 USM (nominative variable)* 1.22 2.46 2.463 0.016
3 Sports experience 1.50 4.38 2.822 0.006
4 O - "anxiety - calmness" 6.61 5.77 2.376 0.020
5 LSH 7 - "pedantic type" 13.39 8.08 3.785 0.000
6 "Neuro-psychic stability - Forecast" 6.11 7.98 2.885 0.007
7 “Motav of social self-assertion” (mSS) 8.11 18.42 5.962 0.000
8 Stability of work 8.30 7.72 2.535 0.014
9 Stability of place of residence 3.14 1.59 3.682 0.000
10 Entrepreneurship 5.72 6.52 2.132 0.037
*) USM - "level of sportsmanship" (nominative variable): 5 - ms, 4 - km, 3-1st category, 2 - 2nd category, 1 - 3rd category, 0 - no category
Multivariate regression analysis of data from athletes who have chosen extreme sports, conducted on the entire sample of measured parameters, revealed the following linear regression equations for women (3) and men (4).
USMf = -9.17 + 1.73 Tpsychic + 0.26 LS7 P + 0.16 Mi - 0.09 LS6 3 - 0.47 KDR (3)
USMm \u003d -3.36 -Yu.48 Yaaezavis + 0.34R + 0.17LSH6 - K), 15shRV + 0.11Cgag - 0.03Af + -0.41 Tagawa (4)
Multivariate regression analysis was also carried out with only variable motives (not taking into account personal characteristics), which made it possible to reveal the structure and strength of motives influencing a sports career and the choice of extreme activities. The analysis data are illustrated with linear regression equations for women (5) and men (6).
USMzh \u003d -25.75 +1.21 Yacall +1.05 Tphysich +0.98 Tesgeg + 0, ShsgabRabmy + + 0.60 Yapredpr +0.45shGP +0.41 Tzdorov (5)
USMm \u003d -10836 + 3.54 Thealthy + 3.35Gesthet + 234KDN + 1.97 Ggeneral + 1.86G cognized + + 1 ^ Sh1 atsr + 13 Tpayu1h + Ts4 Tmemya + 1.14 yizavis + 1.11 M (N-1.11 Tsh1lekp (V + + 1.05 YasgabWork +0.56 Yacall +0.46 Yapredprishm +0.42shSS -0.46Mi -0.74To,abren --0.95shGP-2.04Tpalezn (6)
Correlation analysis, carried out separately in the groups of women (P) and men (M), revealed numerous statistically significant relationships. An analysis of the relationship with the variable "level of sportsmanship" (SSM) showed that women (Fig. 1.) have a more complex personal and motivational picture than men (Fig. 2).
E LS1 LS7 Ms T, ■ shgs I go "■ I:
: : : : mental ■ physical shu1- . . w "y: independent
R: ": ■" cdr: LSH9 I ■ shEU * 5 shSM;
I " . " ♦ 4 #
Rice. Fig. 1. Correlation galaxy of personal-motivational connections among women who have chosen extreme sports (statistically significant connections - at the level R> 0.3; top row - positive connections, bottom row - negative)
D£e experience .. E .. H f "■ H-; Af +
I\r-i,;■■."■ I
R ■ . LS6 Integral Precpr StabRai
Rice. Fig. 2. Correlation galaxy of personal-motivational connections among men who have chosen extreme sports (statistically significant connections at -level 0.3; top row - positive connections, bottom row - negative)
In the fourth chapter "Approbation of the obtained models in extreme sports", the obtained and described in Chapter 3 tender models involved in extreme sports were used in various sports organizations in the professional selection of applicants with subsequent control of the level of professional compliance.
OOO "Science. Sport Health" - studied: the level of injury reduction, the number of errors and the level of NPU among beginner tourists at the training camp (an act of implementing the results of scientific developments into practice was received).
Avtostop LLC - the number of errors when driving a motorcycle (an act of implementing the results of scientific developments into practice was received).
Faculty of car service AHO VPO "Smolny Institute of the Russian Academy of Education" - the number of mistakes when driving a car and the time it took the team of the faculty in car racing were estimated (an act of implementing the results of scientific developments into practice was received).
Experiment 1. For a number of years, Nauka. Sport. Zdorovye” together with a number of tourist organizations and universities in St. Petersburg organizes a tourist gathering for beginners in the canyon of the river. Lava Leningrad region. Beginning tourists are children, teenagers, boys and girls aged 12 to 25 years. A total of 78 people (Table 7).
The canyon, more than 100 m deep, is located in a picturesque corner of the Leningrad region, 80 km. east of St. Petersburg. The collection plans included (safety briefing is carried out in preparation for the departure): a 6-kilometer hike to the canyon from the Zhi-Kharevo railway station, gathering at an agreed place, secondary safety briefing, distribution into groups of 10- 12 people and the passage of "parking": kindling a fire, setting up a tent, orienteering, first aid, descending to the bottom of the canyon on ropes with safety equipment, crossing the canyon on ropes, climbing out of the canyon, etc.
Table 7
Sample structure of novice tourists
GRO G 1 Total
Total 28 50 78
Before leaving for the canyon, all participants were tested according to the methods and regression models given above, and belonged to one of two groups, conventionally called "extreme sports fit" (1) and "unfit for EVS" (0).
During the passage of the stops, the sum of errors for each subject at each stop was calculated, which can lead to injury (errors in the harness when descending into the canyon, errors in the technique of climbing ropes through the canyon, etc.)
This procedure was carried out for both women and men (Table 8). As a result of the experiment, the following data were obtained: the number of errors in men was statistically significantly less in group 1 than in group 2 by 2.81 (1=2.194; p=0.033); in women, it was statistically significantly less in group 1 than in group 2 by 3.22 (1=2.264; p=0.031).
Table 8
The results of comparing the averages in the subjects of the control and experimental groups
No. Scale (points) Kg Eg t 2_
1 Canyoning (men) (number of errors) 14.00 11.19 2.194 GoGozz
2 Canyoning (women) (number of errors) 14.58 11.26 2.264 0.031
There were no statistically significant differences between the M and F groups, however, the regression models for selecting into the groups of extreme sportsmen and non-athletes for men and women are different, which confirms the correctness of the hypothesis and regression models.
Experiment 2. Avtostop LLC, one of the driving schools in St. Petersburg, conducts scheduled training for class A drivers (motorcycle). Several sets (a total of 34 people - young people aged 18 to 25. There were no women. Almost all of them made up the group of the so-called "bikers") were tested before training according to the methods given above and according to the regression models developed by us, belonged to one of two groups, conditionally named "suitable for extreme sports" (1) and "unsuitable for EVS" (0). During the exam, driving errors were recorded (Table 9). The mean values of the samples of groups 0 and 1 were compared according to the 1-Student's test. Results: the experimental group made almost two times less errors than the control group (1=2.680; p=0.012).
Table 9
Average comparison results
No. Scale (points) Kg Eg t R
1 Motorcyclists (number of errors) 2.50 1.15 2.680 0.012
Experiment 3. The experiment was also carried out with the team of the auto service department of the AHO VPO "Smolny Institute of the Russian Academy of Education" in car racing. The national team has 6 crews of 2 people - a total of 12 athletes - men. The number of errors in driving a car and the time it took to cover the distance of each of them were assessed before and after specialized testing and professional conversations about the personal motives of each of the athletes.
A statistically significant difference was obtained in terms of the “driving error” parameter - the number of errors during the passage of the distance by the crews almost halved (1=2.607; p=0.048), and the time for passing the distance in one of the exercises, although it turned out to be not statistically significant (t=2.458 ; p=0.057) (one of the reasons is a small sample), but decreased by an average of 4.2% for the team, which we consider as a positive result (Table 10).
Table 10
Average comparison results
in the subjects of the control and experimental groups _
| Scale (points)) Kg 1 Eg j t j р
1 "Driving error" (number of errors) 4.00 2.17 2.607 0.048
Distance travel time (min.) 5.718 5.481 2.458 0.057
Compared to female athletes, men are more calm and self-confident. According to the types of accentuations, athletes - "extreme", in comparison with "non-athletes", practically do not differ from women - they also predominantly have a more "exalted type" with the addition of a "dysthymic type". But the sportswomen showed themselves brighter on the “pedantic type” scale, which indicates the presence of signs (below average) in them of relatively increased rigidity of mental processes, a greater tendency to accuracy and pedantry.
The combination of high rates of neuropsychic stability in extreme athletes with the tendency of extreme sportswomen to be accurate and pedantic quite likely creates a state of "mutual attraction" and affects the specific atmosphere of extreme sports.
3. A comparative gender analysis of the data of athletes who have chosen extreme sports has shown that statistically significant differences between men and women are observed by age - women involved in extreme sports are younger than their male counterparts, and women have been playing sports for one and a half years on average, and men 4.38 years. This, apparently, explains the fact that the "level of sportsmanship" in men on average in the group is higher than that of women.
Men have a stronger desire to prove themselves, which is expressed in the fact that playing sports and the successes achieved at the same time are considered and experienced from the point of view of personal prestige, respect by acquaintances, spectators. As for value orientations in a career, against the background of higher rates for men on the scale of entrepreneurship, women gravitate more towards some sort of stability. At the same time, the predominant motive for women is the stability of their place of residence.
In men, the success of a sports career is associated with the following parameters: Age, Length of service, E - "independence - subordination"; С?3 - "high self-control - low self-control"; Af + - the need for affiliation "the desire for acceptance." They interfere with a career - P - "concern - carelessness"; "Stuck type"; integration of lifestyles; entrepreneurship; Work stability.
USMf \u003d - 9.17 + 1.73 T mental + 0.26 Lsh7 P + 0.16 Mi - 0.09 Lshb 3 -0.47 KDR;
USMm = -3.36 +0.48Yanzavis +0.34R +0.17LSh6 +0.15shRV +0.11Experience-0.03 Af + -0.41 Tslava;
from which it follows that women, when choosing extreme sports, are more guided by personal internal motives with a focus on internal states, in contrast to men who tend to solve socially significant tasks - self-realization in society, independence, struggle, while not necessarily for the sake of fame.
6. Studies of the structure and strength of motives for choosing extreme sports among men and women, carried out using multivariate regression analysis, revealed that 17 variables affect the dependent variable USMC. The following motives have the strongest positive impact (in descending order): challenge to society (1.22), physical perfection (1.05), aesthetic pleasure and thrills (0.98), work stability (0.87), entrepreneurship (0.60), civil-patriotic motive (0.45), improvement of well-being and health (0.41), motivation for success (0.11). Negative influence (in descending order) - the following motives: rational-volitional (recreational) motive (-0.20), motive for achieving success in sports (-0.09), motive for emotional pleasure (-0.09), motive for preparing for professional activity (-0.09)
The dependent variable USMM is affected by 42 variables. Of these, the following motives have a positive impact (in descending order): improving well-being and health (3.54), aesthetic pleasure and thrills (3.35), control over action in case of failure (2.34), communication (1.97 ), knowledge (1.86), material goods (1.28), development of character and mental qualities (1.24), freedom and independence (1.14), internally socially significant motives (1.11), collectivist orientation ( 1.11), stability of work (0.67), challenge to society (0.56), entrepreneurship (0.46), motive of social self-affirmation (0.42), integration of lifestyles (0.41), preparation for professional activity (0.40), motivation to avoid failures (0.40), management (0.36), motive to achieve success in sports (0.36), physical perfection (0.35), etc. The greatest negative impact (in order of decreasing) - the following motives: acquisition of skills and knowledge useful for life (-2.04), civil-patriotic motive (-0.95), approval (-0.74), internally individually significant motives (-0.46) and others
7. Experimental testing of regression models of motives for choosing extreme sports and the technology of psychological training created on their basis showed a positive effect, in various ways.
extreme sports, which confirms our hypothesis about the use of regression models both at the stage of primary selection and at the precompetitive stage.
1. Ganol, A.C. Development of methods for monitoring the state of preparedness of athletes / A.S. Ganol, S.A. Tsvetkov, A.Ya. Zelenkin // Materials of the final scientific-practical conference of the faculty of the university for 2009 / St. Petersburg: NGU im. P.F. Lesgaft. Saint Petersburg. - 209 e., S.71-72
2. Ganol, A.C. A new system of teaching sailing sports in the elementary training group of children's and youth sports schools / A.S. Hanol, B.C. Kulikov, A.V. Timashov // Materials of the final scientific and practical conference of the faculty of the university for 2009 / St. Petersburg: NGU im. P.F. Lesgaft. Saint Petersburg. -209 e., S.180-181
3. Ganol, A.C. Development of technologies for improving the accuracy of shooting from sports weapons using the RVS-nanostructured surface / A.S. Ganol, D.S. Tsvetkov, I.N. Savelyeva // Materials of the final scientific and practical conference of the faculty of the university for 2009 / St. Petersburg: NGU im. P.F. Lesgaft. Saint Petersburg. 2009. - 46 p.
4. Ganol, A.C. Theoretical foundations for the formation and maintenance of motives for sports activities in bodybuilding / A.S. Ganol, A.B. Taymazov, T.V. Vedrova, I.N. Savelyeva, M.J1. Antipov // Health as a national treasure. Collective monograph - St. Petersburg: Izd. P.F. Lesgafta, 2010. - 690s., S. 295-344
5. Ganol, A.C. Sports and health tourism in the system of physical culture, sports and tourism / A.S. Ganol, A.B. Taymazov, Fedotov Yu.N., V.K. Shemanaev, D.S. Tsvetkov, E.V. Tsvetkova, A.A. Fedotova // Health as a national treasure. Collective monograph - St. Petersburg: Izd. P.F. Lesgafta, 2010. - 690s., S.447-499.
6. Ganol, A.C. Gender features of the structure of motivation for choosing extreme sports / A.S. Ganol // Scientific notes of the University named after P.F. Lesgaft: Scientific-theoretical journal of the NSU named after. P. F. Lesgaft, St. Petersburg, 2011. No. 2 (72). With. 52 - 57.
Signed for publication « // » 2011 Volume 1.0 pp. . Circulation 100 copies. No. ЗЗР - Г1
Printing house of FGOU VPO “NSU named after P.F. Lesgaft, St. Petersburg, 190121, St. Petersburg, st. Decembrists, 35
Dissertation content author of the scientific article: candidate of psychological sciences, Ganol, Andrey Sergeevich, 2011
Introduction.
Chapter 1. Theoretical analysis of extreme sports as an activity.
1.1. Kinds of extreme sports, their classification and analysis of choice motives.
1.2. Review of scientific psychological motivational theories
1.2.1. Basic definitions of the concepts "motive" and "motivation".
1.2.2. Study of the function and characteristics of the motive.
1.2.3. Foreign psychological motivational theories.
1.2.4. Study of the concept of need and its classification.
1.2.5. Modern psychological theories of needs research.
1.3. The study of the motivational sphere of athletes and its manifestation in sports activities.
1.3.1. Motives for choosing a sport and practicing it at different stages of a sports career.
1.3.2. Individual features of sports motives.
1.3.3. Athlete motivation management.
1.3.4. The study of the volitional sphere of athletes and its manifestation in sports activities.
Chapter 2. Goals, objectives, methods and organization of an experimental study of the motivational characteristics of people in extreme sports.
2.1. Goals, objectives and research methods.
2.2. Organization and conduct of a study to identify motivational characteristics of those involved in extreme sports.
2.3. Research stages.
Chapter 3. Processing the results of a study of the motivations for choosing extreme sports.
3.1. Comparative analysis of samples of the control group and athletes who chose extreme sports.
3.1.1. Data from a comparative analysis of the results of testing respondents according to a multifactorial personality questionnaire by R.B. Cattell.
3.1.2. The data of the discriminant analysis of the test results of respondents according to the multifactorial personality questionnaire R.B. Cattell.
3.1.3. Data from a comparative analysis of the results of testing respondents according to the questionnaire of K. Leonhard-N. Shmishek: the study of the types and severity of human accentuations.
3.1.4. Data of discriminant analysis of the results of testing respondents according to the questionnaire of K. Leonhard - N. Shmishek: studying the types and severity of human accentuations.
3.1.5. Data from a comparative analysis of the results of testing respondents in the study of the motivations for choosing a profession, the functions of volitional processes and aggressiveness.
3.2. Gender intergroup differences.
3.2.1. Women.
3.2.2. Men.
3.3. Comparative gender analysis of data from athletes who have chosen extreme sports.
3.3.1. Intragroup differences between men and 89 women.
3.3.2. Correlation analysis of groups of men and women, 98 who chose extreme sports.
3.3.3. Multivariate regression analysis of data from 102 extreme sports athletes.
3.3.4. Multivariate regression analysis of the motive for choosing 103 extreme sports in women.
3.3.5. Multivariate regression analysis of the motive for choosing 105 extreme sports in men.
4.1. Identification of the number of errors in novice tourists.
4.2. Identification of the number of errors among drivers of vehicle A (motorcycle).
4.3. Application of regression models of motives for choosing extreme sports in the preparation of racing car drivers for competitions.
Dissertation Introduction in pedagogy, on the topic "Gender features and the structure of motivation for choosing extreme sports"
Relevance. Nowadays, the so-called extreme sports are gaining popularity. Now there are about 3 dozen types of them: aquabike (racing on jet skis), base jumping (parachuting from fixed objects), Bicycle Moto eXtreme-BMX (stunts or cross-country bikes); Alpine skiing (descent from the mountains on special skis), hang gliding (flying on a hang glider), parkour and freerunning (overcoming various obstacles without the use of additional funds), snowboarding (descent from snowy slopes and mountains on a snowboard); trial (overcoming obstacles on a bicycle, motorcycle or car) and many others. etc. They are characterized by original sports equipment and uniforms, acrobaticism, sharpness of sensations on the verge of injury or mortal danger and, in connection with this, a certain halo of heroism and even some mystery.
In early April 2011, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) officially included several new sports in the program of the Sochi Games in 2014, among which there are extreme ones - ski halfpipe for men and women. It is possible that several other extreme sports will also be introduced.
According to one of the US scientific sites (http://www.scienceline.org/), at the end of 2010, the number of people seriously interested in extreme sports is growing at a very fast pace in the world: according to statistics, the number of extreme sports over the past 30 years in the United States, in some European countries, Australia has tripled, and in Russia (over the past 20 years) it has increased almost 1.5 times. The number of extreme sports is also growing.
Sometimes the difference between "ordinary people" and extreme sports reaches the point that many are simply unable to understand extreme sports, and it seems to them that their behavior is simply absurd, if not crazy - the motives for extreme sports are still poorly understood. At the same time, psychologists have long been trying to understand the craving of extreme sports enthusiasts for the constant receipt of more and more thrills, often associated with a direct risk to life. In the scientific literature, there is a wide range of explanations for the causes of such behavior, from congenital character pathologies to incorrect genes or gender problems. According to international data, the popularity of extreme sports is growing fastest among teenagers, but today the majority of extreme athletes are people of mature age who, in general, are not prone to rash and impulsive actions.
The study of the motivational sphere of extreme athletes is necessary, firstly, in connection with safety issues - direct communication with the natural environment or technical means, which is a prerequisite for practicing extreme sports, often leads to injuries and sometimes death. Secondly, in connection with the commercialization and fashion for these sports, because this is a branch of the economy with a fairly large financial turnover. Thirdly, in connection with the promising penetration of extreme sports into the system of higher education. And finally, the disclosure of this phenomenon will allow us to solve a number of social problems related to the adaptation of the individual in society.
The dissertation was completed at the Department of Psychology, NSU named after P.F. Les-gafta in accordance with the consolidated R&D plan of the Ministry of Sports, Tourism and Youth Policy of the Russian Federation for 2011-2014, topic 01.02.03
Analysis and evaluation of motivations for physical culture and healthy lifestyle among various groups of the population of the Russian Federation”.
In this regard, the object of the study was chosen - men and women aged 14 to 65 years old involved (experimental group) and not involved (control group) in extreme sports.
Subject of study: Motivational features of men and women involved in extreme sports.
Research hypotheses:
1) Benchmarking is expected to reveal differences between those involved and non-participants in extreme sports.
2) It is assumed that men and women involved in extreme sports will have a structure of motives that encourage them to choose this type of activity.
3) It is assumed that the identified regression models of motives for choosing extreme sports can be practically used at various stages of the educational and training process.
Purpose: To determine the types of motivation that influence the choice of extreme sports in men and women.
1. Conduct a comparative gender analysis between groups involved and not involved in sports.
2. To reveal the structure of motives for choosing extreme sports among men and women.
3. To experimentally reveal the possibilities of using regression models of motives for choosing extreme sports at various stages of the educational and training process.
The methodological basis of the study was: firstly, scientific ideas about the motivating and guiding role of motives in activity and behavior (D. Berger, JI. Berger, L.I. Bozhovich, S.S. Bogdanovich, P.R. Bibrikh, I.A. Vasiliev , Magomed-Emirov M. Sh., A. A. Verbitsky, V. K. Vilyunas, I. O. Gileva, E. P. Ilyin, S. B. Kaverin, E. A. Kalinin, Yu. Ya. I. Kovalev, T. V. Kornilova, A. N. Leontiev, J. Lingart, M. Sh. Magomed-Eminov, A. Maslow, B. C. Merlin, V. N. Mya-sishchev, A. B. Orlov, A. V. Petrovsky, V.M. Rivin, I.V. Rivina, X. Hekhauzen, R. Emmons, P.M. Jacobson and others), which were developed in line with the personal-activity approach (S.L. Rubinshtein, A.N. Leontiev , K. K. Platonov, B. F. Lomov); on the motivation for achieving success and the motive for avoiding failure (A.K. Markova, G.V. Litvinova); secondly, ideas about gender differences (T.V. Bendas, Sh. Bern, E. Vardanyan, I.V. Vasilenko, O. Weininger, I.S. Kletsina, O.I. Motkov, N.K. Radina , M.V. Shakhtarina and others); thirdly, the work of sports psychologists who touched upon the topic of extremeness (V.Ya. Apchel, V.N. Tsygan, Yu.M. Bludov, I.P. Volkov, I.A. Voronov, B.A. Vyatkin, L. D. Giessen, E. N. Gogunov, B. I. Martyanov, G. D. Gorbunov, E. P. Ilyin, L. A. Kitaev-Smyk, T. Cox, B. J. Cretti, V. I. Lebedev, A I. Martynov, R. A. Piloyan, L. K. Serova, N. B. Tumar, Yu. L. Khanin and many others). Research methods:
1. Theoretical analysis and generalization of literary sources
2. Psychological testing
3. Mathematical and statistical analysis of quantitative data (Microsoft Excel, SPSS 15.0 for Windows).
Research methods:
Multifactorial personality questionnaire R.B. Cattell (Form C);
Questionnaire for volitional efforts of Yu. Kul; questionnaire K Leonhard - N. Shmishek;
Diagnosis of neuropsychic stability (NPU) method "Forecast";
Methodology for diagnosing personality for motivation to avoid failures T. Ehlers;
T. Ehlers' methodology for diagnosing personality for motivation for success;
Methodology "Motive for choosing a profession"; scale for assessing the need for achievement (Yu.M. Orlov);
Test questionnaire for measuring affiliation motivation by A. Mehrabyan;
Test-questionnaire for measuring achievement motivation by A. Mehrabyan;
Methodology "Studying the motives for doing sports" V.I. Tropnikova;
Methodology "Motives for sports" by A. V. Shaboltas;
Methodology for diagnosing value orientations in a career "Career Anchors" by E. Shein.
The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that for the first time an attempt was made to create a mathematical model of the motivation structure of persons (taking into account the gender aspect) who chose extreme sports and apply this model to predict success in the chosen activity.
Organization of the study: The study was conducted since 2008 in the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg. It was attended by 93 people of different sex and age at the stage of creating regression models and 124 people at the stage of testing the methodology - a total of 217 people.
The theoretical significance of the work lies in the fact that, based on the analysis of a wide range of information sources, it was revealed that the psychological (as opposed to genetic) motivational component, when choosing an activity, takes up to 80 -
90%. The structure of motives for choosing extreme sports, determined in the study, makes it possible to better identify the value orientations of today's youth. Allows you to improve the quality of psychological professional selection and psychological training at various stages of the training process.
The practical significance lies in the fact that, based on the results obtained, it will be possible to reduce the degree of injury among athletes by attracting specialists in the field of professional sports and methodological support for extreme sports events.
Gender preferences are revealed that allow managing the process of formation of new sports - extreme - in the Russian Federation.
Quantitative characteristics of the needs for extreme sports have been determined, which makes it possible to conduct econometric studies in this new branch of physical culture.
The methodology for studying motivation and its structure in extreme athletes can be used to solve similar problems in other sports.
The main provisions of the dissertation submitted for defense:
1. Motivational features involved in extreme sports explain the psychological attractiveness of these sports;
2. The structure of motivation of men and women who have chosen extreme sports has significant differences in many respects.
3. Regression models for choosing extreme sports can be used in the preparation of athletes at the stage of initial selection and at the pre-competitive stage in the system of psychological preparation for competitions.
Applicant's personal contribution. The study is the result of a three-year work (2008 - 2011) on the study of gender characteristics and the structure of the motivation for choosing extreme sports, during which the relevant psychological literature was analyzed, a program for studying the motivation for choosing extreme sports was developed, experimental work was carried out, and experimental data were processed. research, interpretation of results.
Approbation of the results of the dissertation. Separate provisions and results of the work were reported and discussed:
At scientific-practical conferences: at the final scientific-practical conference of the teaching staff of the NSU. P.F. Lesgaft, St. Petersburg (2009);
At the meeting of the Department of Psychology on October 26, 2010, NSU named after P.F.Lesgaft, St. Petersburg, st. Decembrists d.35.
LLC "Science. Sports Health” studied: the level of injury reduction, the number of errors and the level of NPU among novice tourists at the training camp (an act of implementing the results of scientific developments into practice was received);
Avtostop LLC studied the number of errors when driving a motorcycle (an act of implementing the results of scientific developments into practice was received).
At the faculty of car service AHO VPO “Smolny Institute of the Russian Academy of Education”, the number of errors in driving a car and the time it took to complete a distance in competitions with the team of the faculty in car racing were evaluated (an act of implementing the results of scientific developments into practice was received).
The validity and reliability of the results is ensured by a sufficient sample of subjects, research methods that are adequate to the goals and objectives of the work, and the accuracy of using statistical methods for analyzing data from an experimental study.
The structure and scope of the dissertation. The dissertation consists of an introduction, four chapters, conclusions, practical recommendations, a list of references and five appendices. The volume of the dissertation is 126 pages. The work contains 3 figures, 30 tables. The list of sources used includes 148 titles in Russian (131) and English (17) languages, including 7 publications of the author.
Dissertation conclusion scientific article on the topic "Theory and methods of physical education, sports training, health-improving and adaptive physical culture"
1. As a result of a comparative analysis between groups involved and not involved in extreme sports, it was revealed that extreme athletes have an original psychogram, statistically significantly different from "non-athletes" in a number of personal qualities: self-confidence, dominance, courage, risk appetite, wealth emotional reactions, the ability to get along with people, to interact well in a team, radicalism, sometimes non-compliance with the rules, submission to one's passions; according to the type of accentuation, athletes are more likely to have an “exalted type” with manifestations of signs of “dysthymic”, “demonstrative” and a little (presence of signs for this type of accentuation) “hyperthymic type”.
2. Gender differences between athletes and non-athletes in men and women have a number of similar parameters, but there are also differences.
Women - "extremes" are more characteristic of a relatively young age (in the range from 14 to 42 years, with an average value of about 21 years), self-confidence, the ability to get along with people, to interact well in a team; sometimes I show a rich imagination, but a certain helplessness in practical matters; have some tendency to experiment, question existing principles, radicalism, submission to their passions; often show agitation, irritability, impatience, an excess of impulses that do not find discharge, agitation;
Men - "extremals" against the background of lower values than men of the control group, "intelligence B" have relatively high rates of emotional stability, demonstrate stability in behavior in difficult situations, self-confidence, dominance, courage, risk appetite, increased willingness to have business in unfamiliar things, craving for experimentation, doubt in existing principles, radicalism, independence in views, independent decisions, actions; it is not uncommon for athletes to fail to comply with generally accepted rules, to submit to their passions.
Compared to female athletes, men are more calm and self-confident. According to the types of accentuations, athletes - "extreme", in comparison with "non-athletes", practically do not differ from women - they also predominantly have a more "exalted type" with the addition of a "dysthymic type". But the sportswomen showed themselves brighter on the “pedantic type” scale, which indicates the presence of signs (below average) in them of relatively increased rigidity of mental processes, a greater tendency to accuracy and pedantry.
The combination of high levels of neuropsychic stability in extreme athletes with the tendency of extreme athletes to be accurate and pedantic quite likely creates a state of "mutual attraction" and affects the specific atmosphere of extreme sports.
3. A comparative gender analysis of the data of athletes who have chosen extreme sports has shown that statistically significant differences between men and women are observed by age - women involved in extreme sports are younger than their male counterparts, and the experience of playing sports for women is one and a half years on average, and men 4.38 years. This, apparently, explains the fact that the "level of sportsmanship" in men on average in the group is higher than that of women.
Men have a stronger desire to prove themselves, which is expressed in the fact that playing sports and the successes achieved at the same time are considered and experienced from the point of view of personal prestige, respect by acquaintances, spectators. As for value orientations: in a career, against the background of higher rates for men on the scale of entrepreneurship, women gravitate more towards some kind of stability. At the same time, the predominant motive for women is the stability of their place of residence.
4. Correlation analysis of data from groups of women (P) and men (M) revealed numerous statistically significant relationships in each group. Moreover, the analysis of relationships with the variable "level of sportsmanship" (SLM) showed that women have a more complex personal-motivational picture than men. Apparently this, to some extent, explains the more successful sports careers for men - while women need to satisfy a lot more conditions in order to become successful in extreme sports.
A woman's career requires a high degree of independence, "pedantry", motives for mental and physical perfection, an internally socially significant motive, a motive for social self-affirmation, a motive for achieving success in sports. Factors hindering success in sports for women: P - "concern - carelessness"; M - "impracticality - practicality"; cdr - control over the action during implementation; Excitable type, motive of emotional pleasure, social and moral motive.
In men, the success of a sports career is associated with the following parameters: Age, Length of service, E - "independence - subordination"; C) 3 - "high self-control - low self-control"; Af + - the need for affiliation "the desire for acceptance." They interfere with a career - And - "concern - carelessness"; "Stuck type"; integration of lifestyles; entrepreneurship; Work stability.
5. Multivariate regression analysis of data from athletes who have chosen extreme sports, carried out for the entire sample of measured parameters, revealed the following linear regression equations:
USMzh \u003d -9.17 + 1.73 T mental + 0.26 LS7 P + 0.16 Mi - 0.09 LS6 3 - 0.47 KDR;
USMm = -3.36 +0.48Yanzavis +0.34R -Yu.ShShb +0.15shRV +0.11Experience -0.03Af + -0.41Tslavy; from which it follows that women, when choosing extreme sports, are more guided by personal internal motives with a focus on internal states, in contrast to men who tend to solve socially significant tasks - self-realization in society, independence, struggle, while not necessarily for the sake of fame.
6. Studies of the structure and strength of motives for choosing extreme sports among men and women, carried out using multivariate regression analysis, revealed that 17 variables affect the dependent variable USMC. The following motives have the strongest positive impact (in descending order): challenge to society (1.22), physical perfection (1.05), aesthetic pleasure and thrills (0.98), work stability (0.87), entrepreneurship (0.60), civil-patriotic motive (0.45), improvement of well-being and health (0.41), motivation for success (0.11).
Negative influence (in descending order) - the following motives: rational-volitional (recreational) motive (-0.20), motive for achieving success in sports (-0.09), motive for emotional pleasure (-0.09), motive for preparing for professional activity (-0.09)
The dependent variable USMM is affected by 42 variables. The following motives have a positive impact in descending order: improving well-being and health (3.54), aesthetic pleasure and thrills (3.35), control over action in case of failure (2.34), communication (1.97 ), knowledge (1.86), material goods (1.28), development of character and mental qualities (1.24), freedom and independence (1.14), internally socially significant motives (1.11), collectivist orientation ( 1.11), stability of work (0.67), challenge to society (0.56), entrepreneurship (0.46), motive of social self-affirmation (0.42), integration of lifestyles (0.41), preparation for professional activity (0.40), motivation to avoid failures (0.40), management (0.36), motive to achieve success in sports (0.36), physical perfection (0.35), etc. The greatest negative impact (in order of decreasing) - the following motives: the acquisition of skills and knowledge useful for life (-2.04), civil-patriotic motive (0.95), approval (-0.74), internally individually significant motives (0.46), etc.
The motives of women have a more internal, personal coloring than that of men, where external social motives prevail more.
7. Experimental testing of regression models of motives for choosing extreme sports and the technology of psychological training created on their basis showed a positive effect in various extreme sports, which confirms our hypothesis about the use of regression models both at the stage of primary selection and at the pre-competitive stage .
8. Thus, the study revealed that the development of extreme sports in the modern world is aimed at satisfying a fairly wide range of human needs: people of different sex, age, interests can find, and find, their “ecological niche” here for maximum full realization in the society of their needs of various levels of hierarchy - both basic and higher.
All this speaks of the high social significance of extreme sports, the prospects for their development in human society.
Thus, the tasks of the study are fulfilled, the goal is achieved.
To introduce the results of the study into the system of psychological selection, monitoring and control of readiness for activities in extreme sports, it is necessary:
1. To recommend that extreme sports coaches at the initial qualifying and pre-competitive stages conduct a comprehensive psychological testing of applicants in order to identify potential readiness for this type of activity.
2. To recommend sports organizations of extreme sports to prepare methodological manuals for conducting psychological testing and analyzing its results using regression models developed in the dissertation.
3. Apply to the leadership of the extreme sports federations and the relevant departments of the sports committees of the cities of the Russian Federation with a proposal to hold seminars and gatherings for psychologists and coaches of teams in extreme sports.
List of references of the dissertation author of scientific work: candidate of psychological sciences, Ganol, Andrey Sergeevich, St. Petersburg
1. Apchel, V.Ya. Stress and stress resistance of a person / V.Ya. Ap-chel, V.N. Gypsy. St. Petersburg: BMA, 1999. - 86 p.
2. Volkov, I.P. Sports psychology in the works of domestic specialists / I.P. Volkov. St. Petersburg: Peter 2002. - 384 p.
3. Voronov, I.A. Psychotechnics of martial arts. East Asian classical concept of psychological training of martial artists / I.A. Voronov. -Mn.: Harvest, 2005. -432s.
4. Voronov, I.A. Modeling and determination of extreme situations from the standpoint of a systematic approach / I.A. Voronov // Proceedings of the Department of Biomechanics: Interdisciplinary collection of articles. Issue. 3. St. Petersburg: NSU im. P.F. Lesgaft, 2009.
5. Vyatkin, B.A. Mental stress management in sports competitions / B.A. Vyatkin. M.: Physical culture and sport, 1981.- 140 p.
6. Genov, F. The problem of mobilization readiness: author. dis. .doc. psychol.nauk / F. Genov; GTSOLIFK. -M.: 1969. -51s.
7. Giessen, L.D. Time of stress. Substantiation and practical results of psychoprophylactic work in sports teams / L.D. Giessen. -M.: Physical culture and sport, 1990. 192 p.
8. Gogunov, E.H. Psychology of physical education: textbook. allowance for universities. / E.H. Gogunov, B.I. Martyanov.-M.: Academy, 2002, -288s. -ISBN 5-7695-0500-1.
9. Gorbunov, G.D. Psychopedagogy of physical education and sports: Ph.D. dis. .doc. psychol. Sciences / G.D. Gorbunov; SPb GAFK im. P.f. Lesgaft. SPb., 1994. -58s.
10. Gorbunov G.D. Psychopedagogy of sports / G.D. Gorbunov. M.: Soviet sport, 2006. - 296 p.
11. Demin, V.A. Methodological issues of sports research in the aspect of the theory of activity, abstract of diss. .cand. ped. Sciences / V.A. Demin; RGAFK. M., 1974. - 26s.
12. Evstafiev, B.V. On some methodological approaches to the definition of basic concepts in the theory of physical culture: materials for lectures. / B.V. Evstafiev. -JL: GDOIFK them. P.F. Lesgafta, 1990. -36s.
13. Ilyin, E.P. Psychology of sports / E.P. Ilyin. SPb. Peter, 2009.-352 p.
14. Kelishev, I. G. Sports orientation of personality / I. G. Kelishev: Personality and sport. M.: Enlightenment, 1975. - 111s.
15. Kitaev-Smyk, L.A. Psychology of stress / L.A. Kitaev-Smyk. -M.: Nauka, 1983.-368 p.
16. Kitaeva, M.V. Psychology of victory in sports / M.V. Kitaev. - Rostov n \ D .: Phoenix, 2006. 199 p.
17. Cox, T. Stress / T. Cox, Ed. G.I. Kositsky, M.: Medicine, 1981.-280 p.
18. Cretti, B.J. Psychology in modern sports / B.J. Crete. -M.: Physical culture and sport, 1978. -224p. ill.
19. Lebedev, V.I. Personality in extreme conditions / V.I. Lebedev. M.: Politizdat, 1989. - 304 p.
20. Lebedev, V.I. Extreme psychology / V.I. Lebedev. M.: Unity, 2001.-431 p.
21. Marishchuk, V.L. On the issue of extreme factors and stress / V.L. Marischuk. // Proceedings of scientific conference. - L.: 1968. pp. 29-31.
22. Martynov, A.I. Psychology of mountaineering / A.I. Martynov. -M.: SportAcademPress, 2001. 260 p.
23. Messner, M. Masculinity and professional sports / M. Messner // Anthology of gender theory. Minsk: Propylen, 2000. - 430 p.
24. Nekrasov, V.P. Psychoregulation in the training of athletes / V.P. Nekrasov, H.A. Khudadov, L. Pikkenhainen, P. Frester. -M.: Physical culture and sport, 1985. -176s.
25. Piloyan, P.A. Motivation for sports activity / P.A. Pilo-yan. M.: Physical culture and sport, 1984. - 198 p.
26. Sports psychology in terms, concepts, interdisciplinary connections. Reference dictionary / comp. E.H. Surkov; SPb GAFK im. P.F. Lesgaft. -M.: Physical culture, education and science. 1996. -451p. -ISBN 589022-029-2.
27. Psychology of extreme situations: Reader / Comp. K.V. Selchenok. Mn.: 2000. - 480 p.
28. Psychology of extreme situations for rescuers and firefighters / Ed. Yu.S. Shoigu. M.: Meaning, 2007. 319 p.
29. Puni, A.Ts. Essays on the psychology of sports / A.Ts. Puni. M.: Physical culture and sport, 1959. - 212 p.
30. Puni, A.Ts. Psychological preparation for competitions in sports / A.Ts. Puni. M.: Physical culture and sport, 1969. - 348 p.
31. Puni, A.Ts. Psychological foundations of volitional training in sports / A.Ts. Puni. - L .: GDOIFK im. P.F. Lesgaft, 1977. 423s.
32. Rudik, P.A. Psychology / P.A. Rudik. M .: Physical culture and sport, 1967. - 320 p.
33. Self-regulation and prediction of the social behavior of the individual / Ed. V.A. Yadov. L.: Nauka, 1979. 264 p.
34. Selye, G. Stress without distress / G. Selye. M.: Progress, 1982. - 124 p.
35. Serova, L.K. Psychology of the athlete's personality / L.K. Serov. -M.: Soviet Sport, 2007. 116 p.
36. Singer, R.N. Myths and reality in the psychology of sports / R.N. Singer. M.: Physical culture and sport, 1980. - 152 p.
37. Smirnov, B.A. Psychology of activity in extreme situations / B.A. Smirnov, E.V. Dolgopolov. Kharkov, Humanitarian Center, 2007. - 276 p.
38. Stress and anxiety in sports / Comp. Khanin Yu.L. M.: Physical culture and sport, 1983. - 180 p.
39. Tumar, N.B. Psychotechnics of stress resistance in hand-to-hand combat / N.B. Tumar // The phenomenon of karate-do: philosophical, ethical, psychological and legal aspects: collection of articles. USSR Academy of Sciences, Philosophical Department, - M .: b.i. 1989. -p.128-131.
40. Khanin Yu.L. Psychology of communication in sports / Yu.L. Khanin. M.: Physical culture and sport, 1980. - 208 p.
41. Shlahter, V.V. Man-weapon / V.V. Schlachter. St. Petersburg: Tertsiya, 1998.- 160 p.
42. Shustov, D.I. Auto-aggressiveness and the illusion of immortality / D.I. Shustov // Journal of Practical Psychology and Psychoanalysis. 2005. No. 1.1. Psychology of motivations
43. Berger, D. Encyclopedia of systems of motivation and wages / D. Berger, L. Berger. M.: Alpipa Business Books, 2008. - 761 p.
44. Bogdanovich, S.S. Motivation at the stage of formation of the image of activity / S.S. Bogdanovich. Abstract .cand. psychol. Sciences. Mn.: Nat. Institute of Education, 1999. - 24 p.
45. Bozhovich, L.I. Selected psychological works: Problems of personality formation / L.I. Bozovic, under. ed. D. I. Feldstein. -M.: Intern. ped. acad., 1995. 352 p.
46. Bibrich, R. R. Motivation and goal setting in behavior with a regular and random outcome / P.P. Bibrich, A.B. Orlov // Questions of psychology. 1985. No. 1. S. 84-92.
47. Vasiliev, I.A. Motivation and control over action / I.A. Vasiliev, Magomed-Emirov M.Sh. M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1991. - 144 p.
48. Verbitsky, A.A. Formation of cognitive and professional motivation / A.A. Verbitsky, T.A. Platonov. M.: Academy, 1986.-240 p.
49. Vilyunas, V.K. Theory of activity and problems of motivation / V.K. Vilyunas // A.N. Leontiev and modern psychology. Collection of articles in memory of A.N. Leontiev. M.: Progress, 1983. - p. 42 - 51.
50. Vilyunas, V.K. Psychology of needs: steps towards reality / V.K. Vilyunas // Questions of psychology. 1985. No. 2.
51. Vilyunas, V.K. Psychological mechanisms of human motivation / V.K. Vilyunas. M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1990. - 288 p.
52. Vilyunas, V.K. Instinct in the light of the emotional concept of motivation / V.K. Vilyunas // Vestnik Mosk. university Ser. 14. Psychology. -1997. -No. 1. with. 3 - 14.
53. Vilyunas, V.K. Psychology of development of motivation / V.K. Vilyunas. - St. Petersburg: Speech, 2006.-458 p.
54. Hanol, A.C. Gender features of the structure of motivation for choosing extreme sports / A.S. Ganol // Scientific notes of the University named after P.F. Lesgaft: Scientific-theoretical journal of the NSU named after. P. F. Lesgaft, St. Petersburg, 2011. No. 2 (69).
55. Gileva, I.O. System-structural analysis of motivational readiness for creative activity: diss. cand. psychol. Sciences / I.O. Gilev. Barnaul, RSL, - 2002., - 161 pages.
56. Gushchina, I.B. Labor motivation as a factor in improving labor efficiency / I.B. Gushchina // Man and labor. 2000. No. 1. p. 169174.
57. Grishchenko, D.Yu. Motivation for choosing the profession of a psychologist: diss. . cand. psychol. Sciences / D.Yu. Grishchenko: Krasnodar, KGU, 2003. -217 p.
58. Dodonov, B.I. Structure and dynamics of activity motives / B.I. Dodonov // Questions of psychology. 1984. No. 4.
59. Ilyin, E.P. Motivation and motives / V.P. Ilyin. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2000.- 512 p.
60. Kaverin, S.B. Labor motivation / S.B. Kaverin. M.: IP RAN, 1998.-214 p.
61. Kalinin, E. A., Yu. Ya. Kiryushin // Issues of sports mental hygiene. M., 1975. Issue. 3
62. Kovalev, V.I. Motives of behavior and activity / V.I. Kovalev. M.: Progress, 1988. - 192 p.
63. Kornilova, T.V. Diagnosis of motivation and risk appetite / T.V. Kornilov. M.: Nauka, 1997. - 208 p.
64. Coombs, F. Motivator / F. Coombs. Translation from English. M.: GIP-PO, 2006.-306 p.
65. Leontiev, A.N. Needs, motives, emotions / A.N. Leontiev. -M.: Nauka, 1971.-422 p.
66. Magomed-Eminov, M.Sh. Achievement motivation: structure and mechanisms: Abstract of the thesis. doc. psychology of sciences. / M.Sh. Magomed-Eminov: M., Moscow State University, 1987.-44 p.
67. Magomed-Eminov, M.LLI. Personality transformation / M.Sh. Magomed-Eminov. M.: Nauka, 1998. -496s.
68. McDougall, W. Motivation and activity / W. McDougall, X. Hekhauzen. St. Petersburg: Piter, 2003. - 260 p.
69. Maslow, A. Motivation and personality / A. Maslow. St. Petersburg: Eurasia, 1999.-478 p.
70. Maslow, A. Motivation and personality / A. Maslow. St. Petersburg: Piter, 2006. - 352 p.
71. Nutten, J. Motivation / J. Nutten // Experimental Psychology. T. V. M.: Progress, 1975. - p. 15 - 110.
72. Nyutten, J. Motivation, action and prospects for the future / J. Nytten. M.: Meaning, 2004. - 607 p.
73. Orlov, A.B. Development of theoretical schemes and conceptual systems in the psychology of motivation / A.B. Orlov. // Questions of psychology. 1989. No. 5.
74. Orlov, C.B. Man and his needs / C.B. Orlov, H.A. Dmitriev. SPb.: Peter. 2007. - 160 p.
75. Needs and motives of activity // Psychology / Ed. A.A. Smirnova, A.N. Leontiev, S.L. Rubinstein, B.M. Teplov. M.: Uchpedgiz, 1956. - 365 p.
76. Pieron A. Needs / A. Pieron // Experimental psychology. T. III. - M.: Proress, 1970. - 147 p.
77. Rivin, V.M. On the endocrine mechanism of conscious and unconscious stages of motivation development / V.M. Rivin, I.V. Rivina // Unconscious, vol. I. Tbilisi. 1978. 422 p.
78. Samoukina, N.V. Personnel motivation as a problem / N.V. Samoukina // Personnel Management. 2004. No. 7. pp.62-66.
79. Simonov, P.V. Motivated brain. Higher nervous activity and natural scientific foundations of psychology / P.V. Simonov. -M.: Nauka, 1987.-320 p.
80. Stepansky, V.I. Influence of motivation for achieving success and avoiding failure on the regulation of activity / V.I. Stepansky // Questions of psychology. 1981. No. 6. pp. 34-37.
81. Sudakov, K.V. Biological motivations / K.V. Sudakov. M.: Medicine, 1971. - 304 p.
82. Faivishevsky, V.A. On the existence of unconscious negative motivations and their manifestations in human behavior / V.A. Fayvishevsky // Unconscious: nature, functions, research methods. -Tbilisi: Metsnierba, 1978. pp. 231 - 242.
83. Frankin, R. Motivation of behavior. Biological, cognitive and social aspects / R. Frankin. St. Petersburg: Piter, 2003. - 651 p.
84. Hekhauzen, X. Motivation of affiliation // Motivation and activity / X. Hekhauzen: In 2 volumes / Ed. B.M. Velichkovsky. M.: Pedagogy, 1986.-408 p.
85. Hekhauzen, X. Psychology of achievement motivation / X. Hekhauzen. St. Petersburg: Speech, 2001. - 240 p.
86. Shapkin, S.A. Experimental study of volitional processes / S.A. Shapkin. IP RAS. -M.: Meaning, 1997. -140s.
87. Emmons, R. Psychology of higher aspirations. Motivation and spirituality of personality / R. Emmons. M.: Meaning, 2004. - 416 p.
88. Yakobson, P. M. Psychological problems of human behavior motivation / P. M. Yakobson. M.: Nauka, 1969. - 317 p.
89. Jacobson, P.M. Psychology of feelings and motivation / P.M. Jacobson: Fav. psychol. tr. M.: In-t prakt. psychology; MODEK, 1998. - 304 p.1. Gender psychology
90. Bendas, T.V. Gender psychology / T.V. Bendas. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2005.-431 p.
91. Bern, Sh. Gender psychology / III. Berne. M.: Olma-Press, 2001.- 238 p.
92. Boadella, D. Sexual contact and sexual complexes / D. Boadella. Per. with him. I.Vorobeva. -M.: Energy and character. -1999. -244s.
93. Vardanyan, E. Introduction to tender research / E. Vardanyan. Yerevan: ASOGIK, 2002. - 1 52 p.
94. Weininger, O. Gender and character / O. Weininger. Rostov n / a.: Phoenix, 1998.-606 p.
95. Klyotsina, I.S. Psychology of tender relations: theory and practice / I.S. Kletsin. St. Petersburg: Aleteyya, 2004. - 408 p.
96. Motkov, O.I. Male and female: the illusory nature of traditional ideas about the psychological appearance / O.I. Motkov // Mat-ly int. conf. "Male" in Traditional and Modern Society". M.: Institute of Ethnography and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2003. - pp. 213 - 220.
97. Fundamentals of Gender Research: A Reader. / Rev. ed. O.A. Voronin. M.: MTsGI, 2001. - 368 p.
98. Radina, N.K. On the use of gender analysis in psychological research / N.K. Radina // Questions of psychology. 1999. No. 2. -With. 22-27.
99. Dictionary of tender terms / Ed. A.A.Denisova. M: Information-XX 1st century, 2002. - 255 p.
100. Shakhtarina, M.V. Gender features of social attitudes of modern Russian youth / M.V. Shakhtarin. Abstract dis. . Ph.D. M., 2001. - 20 p.1. General psychology
101. Ananiev, B.G. On the problems of modern human knowledge / B.G. Ananiev. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2001. 272s.
102. Anokhin, P.K. Nodal questions of the theory of functional systems / P.K. Anokhin. -M.: Nauka, 1980. -144p.
103. Godfroy, J. What is psychology: In 2 volumes: Per. from fr. / J. God-Froy. M .: Mir, 1992. - T. 1. - 496 e.; T. 2. - 376 p.
104. Kapustina, A.N. Multifactorial personal method of R. Kettell / A.N. Kapustin. Institute of Psychotherapy and Clinical Psychology. -SPb.:. 2001.-112p. -ISBN 5-9268-0068-4. -ISBN 5-89939-053-0.
105. Krutetsky, V. A. Psychology / V. A. Krutetsky,. M.: Enlightenment, 1980. - 368 p.
106. Melnikov, V.M. Introduction to experimental psychology of personality: textbook. / V.M. Melnikov, L.T. Yampolsky. -M.: Enlightenment, 1985. -3 19s.
107. Petrovsky, A.B. General psychology / A.B. Petrovsky. M.: Academy, 1986. - 201 p.
108. Platonov, K.K. On the system of psychology / K.K. Platonov. M.: Thought, 1972.-216 p.1 19. Cognition and communication / ed. B.F. Lomova, A.V. Belyaeva. -M.: Nauka, 1988.-246s.
109. Popov, C.B. Psychological selection of bodyguards / C.B. Popov. - St. Petersburg: Scythia, 2000.-348s. ill.
110. Rean, A.A. Psychology of personality in the works of foreign psychologists. Reader / A.A. Rean. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2001. - 320 p.
111. Rubinstein, S.L. Being and consciousness / S.L. Rubinshtein, -M.: Nauka, 1957. -438s.
112. Rubinstein, S.L. Fundamentals of general psychology / S.L. Rubinstein. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2002. - 720 p.
113. Frager, R. Personality: theories, experiments, exercises / R. Frager, J. Feidiman. - St. Petersburg: Prime-Eurosign, 2002. - 864 p. (Psychological Encyclopedia) -ISBN 5-93878-015-2; -ISBN 0-321-01192-9.
114. Solodkov, A.S. Human physiology. General. Sports. Age: textbook / A.C. Solodkov, E.B. Sologub; -M.: Olympia PRESS, 2001. -520s., Ill.-ISBN 5-93127-113-9.
115. Literature in foreign languages
116 Alschuler, A.S. Teaching achievement motivation A.S. Alschuler, D.M. Tabar, I.I. Intire. middle town. Conn., 1970. 76 p.
117 Apter, M.J. The Experience of Motivation. The Theory of Psychological Reversals M.J. Apter. N.Y., 1982. 294 p.
118 Arkes, H.P. Psychological theories of motivation. Monterey H.P. Arkes, L.P. Carske. Califonia, 1982. 450 p.
119 Barbuto, W.S. Motivation sources inventory: Development and Validation of new scales to measure an integrative taxonomy of motivation. Psychological Reports W.S. Barbuto, R.W. School. 1998, 82 p.
120 Butt, D.S. Psychology of Sport. The behavior, motivation, personality and performance of athletes D.S. Butt. -N.Y., 1987. P. 56-65.
121. Csikszentmihalyi, M. The dynamics of intrinsic motivation: a study of adolescents M. Csikszentmihalyi Research on motivation in education. V.3. N.Y., 1989.-P. 45-71.
122. De Charms, R. Motivation enhancement in education settings R, De Charms Research on motivation in education. V. 1. N.Y., 1984. P. 275-310.
123. Granman, C.F. Einfyhrund in dit Psychologe. Pond: Motivation C.F. Granman. Frankfurt M., 1960. 78 p.134. tCunat, P. Changes in performance motivations relateg to social conditions." Intern I. Of sport Psychology" P. Kunat. Rome, 1974. K.l. P. 2734.
124 Madsen, K.B. Modem Theories of Motivation K.B. Madsen. Copenhagen, 1959.-121 p.
125 Maslow, A.H. Motivation and Personality A.H. Maslow. N.Y., 1954. P. 35-46.
126. Mc Clelland, D. C. What is the effect of achievement motivation training in the schools? D. C Mc Clelland Teachers College Record. 1972. V. 74/2/. P. 129-145.
127. McDougall, W. Outline of Psychology N. Y, 1923
128 Murray, H. A. Variables of personality, 1938
129. Nuttin, I. Motivation, planning and action. A relational theory of behavior dynamcs 1 Nuttin. New Jersey, 1984. 251 p.
130. Ogilwie, B. The Motivational Iventory. In Sholastic Coach B. Ogilwie, T. Tutke,-L. Lyon. San Lose, 1976. 172 p.
131. Ryan, R.M. A motivational analyzes of self-determination and sel-fregulation in education R.M. Ryan, I.P. Connell, E.L. Dici Ames R. /Eds./ Research on motivation in education, N.Y., 1985. V.2. P. 13-49.
132. Vroom, V.H. Work and motivation V.H. vroom. N.Y., 1964. 132 p. .1. Electronic resources:
133. Karpova, O.P. Extreme sports as a model of adaptation in conditions of psycho-emotional stress / O.P. Karpova // http: // www.psychiatry.ua/ articles/ paper033.htm
134. Molodchiy, P.A. Reasons why people do extreme sports / P.A. Molodchiy //http://psykrug.narod.ru/ sbornik/ simple29.html
135. Youth extreme frightens psychologists // True. 09/14/2006 // http: // www.pravda.ru/ society/ how/ relax/ 197084-0/
136. Murray, G.A. Classification of motives based on the relationship of personality and environment / G.A. Murray // Heckhausen X. Motivation and activity. St. Petersburg, 2003. P. 126-130 // www.psychology-online.net
137. Psychology of extreme // Journal "On the edge" // http: // www.exparty.ru/ articles.html?id= 144applications
Extreme is a special impulse of the soul and body to throw out as much adrenaline and emotions as possible. Extreme - a state of "on the verge", it is a simultaneous outburst of positive and negative emotions, awareness of one's own greatness and powerlessness.
Extreme people are people who are ready to risk their own (and not only their own) lives all day long. These are those who clearly understand what they are risking, but, nevertheless, are constantly on the verge, filling their lives with fresh bright colors.
Philosophy of extreme
The philosophy of extreme is ambiguous. For many, it is about getting the ultimate thrill, balancing on the verge of life and death. There are also people for whom extreme sports are an opportunity to constantly maintain a heightened sense of life. Extreme athletes usually differ in such characteristics as courage, strong willpower, excellent physical shape (despite the abundance of injuries).
Extreme and sports
Some modern sports that have been promoted in the world since the 50s of the 20th century have gradually come to be called extreme. These sports include: BMX, trial, skateboarding, snowboarding, skydiving, rock climbing. Extreme sports are born every day. They are characterized by a high degree of danger to the life and health of the athlete, a large number of acrobatic stunts, a high level of adrenaline, which is released from the athlete during sports.
extreme sports
Aquabike - racing on jet skis.
Base jumping - skydiving from fixed objects.
Wakeboarding - water skiing with tricks.
Bicycle Moto eXtreme (BMX) - performing tricks or cross-country on special bikes.
Alpine skiing - descent from the mountains on special skis.
Kitesurfing - movement on the surface of the water under the action of the traction force developed by the kite held and controlled by the athlete.
Canyoning - overcoming river canyons without the help of floating facilities.
Kayaking.
Mountainboarding.
Mountain biking - descent from the mountain on a special bike.
Paragliding - flying on a paraglider using the energy of ascending air currents.
Parkour - overcoming obstacles of a different nature without the use of additional means.
Rafting is rafting on a special kind of inflatable boat.
Surfing - riding a wave using surfboards or short fins and special gloves.
Power Extreme.
Climbing - climbing on natural or artificial terrain.
Skateboarding - performing tricks on a skateboard.
Snowboarding - descent from snow-covered slopes and mountains on a special snowboard equipment.
Trial - sports involving overcoming obstacles on a bicycle, motorcycle or truck.
Freeboarding - descent from asphalted slopes on a special freeboard projectile.
Extreme roller skating (Agressive inline skating)
It is known that when people engage in extreme sports, a large amount of adrenaline is released.
Adrenaline (epinephrine) (L-1 (3,4-Dioxyphenyl) -2-methylaminoethanol) is the main hormone of the adrenal medulla, as well as a neurotransmitter. According to the chemical structure, it is a catecholamine. Adrenaline is found in various organs and tissues; it is formed in significant quantities in chromaffin tissue, especially in the adrenal medulla.
One of the most rewarding activities is sports. Some do it because they want to look good, others because they like the boost of energy that sports give them. But there are those who go in for extreme sports to get a good dose of adrenaline. Not everyone dares to do this sport, as it is quite dangerous. In this rating, we will talk about the most extreme and dangerous sports.
11
This is a young, rapidly gaining popularity sport, the basis of which is movement under the action of the traction force developed by a kite held and controlled by an athlete. This is a very fashionable and dynamic, spectacular and rather extreme sport. With the help of the wind, the kite tows you where you want, not the wind. For kitesurfing, any place with wind towards the shore is suitable. A large open body of water and a comfortable place to take off and land a kite are very important. Many people are engaged in kitesurfing along the coast of the ocean, as well as on large lakes and rivers. It all depends on the level of the surfer and his place of residence.
10
It is the art of moving and overcoming obstacles, a discipline based on a simple philosophy: there are no boundaries, only obstacles. Many practitioners perceive it as a lifestyle. It is currently being actively practiced and developed in many countries. The essence of parkour is the movement and overcoming of various obstacles, both existing architectural structures such as railings, parapets, walls, etc., and specially made structures. A person who does parkour is called a tracer. People who have been doing parkour for a long time do it beautifully and clearly, but sometimes beginners cannot do without abrasions, bruises and fractures.
9
Downhill skiing on a long skateboard in the prone position appeared in Southern California in the 70s of the last century. Over time, the organizers of the races have become more serious about safety, track regulation and inventory requirements. Street lagging rules are now regulated by several racing associations, and the sport itself is included in the demonstration program of the summer X-Games. In total, there are about 1200 active riders in the world, but it can be assumed that there are many more of them and not all of them live according to the rules of official organizations.
Of the safety equipment, riders only have a helmet, elbow and knee pads, gloves and a tracksuit. This is quite a bit, considering that it is difficult to force a skateboard that has accelerated to slow down quickly. In street lagging, riders slow down on any objects that get in their way - walls, cars, stones and trees. Obviously, only the luckiest riders don't get hurt with this way of stopping!
8
This is a time rafting on mountain rivers with the passage of natural and artificial obstacles on special 6-, 4- and 2-seater inflatable boats. Rafting is a team sport and each participant performs certain functions during the rafting, and the crew as a whole follows the instructions of the leader-captain. As a sport, it was included in the All-Russian Register of Sports in 2003. Rafting is a commercial type of rafting, which means that no previous experience is required to participate in the rafting. It is also quite a dangerous sport, especially when it comes to routes of the 3rd and higher category of difficulty. The main dangers are: overcoming powerful rapids and waterfalls, falling into rubble and underwater pockets, getting injured, hypothermia, remoteness from civilization and, as a rule, lack of communication with rescue services.
7
Diving with special equipment that provides an autonomous supply of air for breathing under water from several minutes to 12 or more hours, depending on the depth, type of breathing apparatus and consumption of the gas mixture by the diver. There are 3 types of diving: recreational diving - diving for recreation and pleasure, professional diving and sport diving. To be a scuba diver, you need to have a set of skills to deal with the vast majority of diving problems. These skills and knowledge are acquired during the training process and are confirmed by a certificate from one of the diving associations. Diving is always associated with a danger to life and health. Main hazards: drowning, decompression sickness, barotrauma, gas poisoning and oxygen depletion or technical breakdown.
6
Bull taming or Rodeo is a cowboy sport that includes taming a wild horse, riding a horse bareback, lassoing a bull, grappling with a wild bull and taming it with a lasso, riding a wild bull. Distributed in the USA, Canada and Australia. The cowboy must not only stay on horseback for 8 seconds, but also show the potential of the animal by spurring it. No other sport can be as dangerous in terms of bodily injury as bull rodeo. Here is a complete set for medical research: sprains and ruptures of muscles and ligaments, fractures of various degrees of severity, blows, etc. The rider takes a risk every time he mounts a bull.
5
A type of technical diving done in caves where the so-called overhead environment exists. In fact, this is the same diving, only in underwater caves. It is a very dangerous sport and places extremely high demands on the skills of the swimmer, the reliability of the equipment and the configuration of the equipment. The main danger of cave diving is that it is difficult or impossible to make an emergency ascent. But there are other dangers as well. The risk of getting lost or not calculating the air supply - therefore the air reserve. There is always a chance of being left without artificial light, so you need to be able to swim and navigate in complete darkness. There is a danger of damaging the equipment by hitting a wall or ceiling. A large amount of silt can obstruct visibility for a long time, and just like in the dark, you have to look for a way out blindly.
4
Paragliding is paragliding using the lift force of ascending air currents. Such currents arise due to wind and terrain, for example, when the wind blows towards a mountain or when there is an updraft of heated air. A steam glider is a simple system of a fabric wing, ropes and a system. The movement is carried out due to the special shape of the wing of the steam plane, into which air is drawn, due to which it is picked up by the wind and carried in any direction. Paragliding is a rather dangerous, but very fashionable kind of aviation extreme sport.
The athlete is required not only to be in good physical shape, but also to have a good knowledge of physics, the atmosphere, the behavior of air flows, etc. As a rule, the flight begins at the top of mountains, hills or rocks, where a powerful air flow rushes up at high speed, skirting the top. The pilot should not be either an alarmist or a scorcher. It's the same with risk - smart calculation is always better. And not only for the pilot himself. After all, he is not alone in the sky and, risking himself, can create a dangerous situation for other paragliders.
3
The top three most extreme sports are mountaineering - climbing the tops of mountains. The sporting essence of mountaineering is to overcome the obstacles created by nature on the way to the top. In sports competitions in mountaineering, the object of the competition is the height of the peak, the technical complexity of the route traveled, its nature and length. When passing mountainous terrain and glaciers, there is a danger of falling, dislocations, fractures, avalanches and other dangerous situations that can happen even if safety precautions and all mountaineering rules are observed.
2
A kind of alpine skiing, freeride, the essence of which is to descend along untouched snowy slopes, far from prepared tracks, with an ascent to the beginning of the descent by helicopter. The use of a helicopter for ascent allows you to find various options for descending from the mountains in the conditions of pristine nature, untouched by man, where there is no other way to quickly climb. Depending on the type of helicopter, its carrying capacity, there may be several people in a group of skiers. The group, as a rule, is accompanied by a guide who knows well the peculiarities of the descent along certain slopes. Where there are mountains, there is always risk and danger. To practice heli-skiing, skiers must have a good command of the technique of descending on virgin lands on slopes of various steepness. To ensure safety, each skier must have an avalanche beacon, an avalanche probe, a shovel and other necessary equipment to quickly search for people in an avalanche, because. there is a risk of falling into an avalanche.
1
The most extreme and dangerous sport that uses a special parachute for jumping from fixed objects. Base jumping is considered the most dangerous type of skydiving and is currently considered as an extremely extreme sport. The height from which the base jumper jumps can be from 40 to 1000 meters, while ordinary skydivers jump from a height of at least 1000 meters. The lower the object, the higher the jumper's skill is considered, and the more dangerous the jump. Another difficulty of this particular sport is that you need to open the parachute in just a few seconds at the very beginning of the jump.
For base jumping, specially designed parachutes are used, which are significantly different from ordinary ones. They do not have a reserve parachute, since it will not be useful at such a low altitude, and there are no belay devices. The difficulty in base jumping lies in the fact that landing usually occurs on limited surfaces, and therefore requires a lot of experience from the base jumper piloting a parachute. Attempts to base jump independently without the proper equipment and skills usually result in severe injury or death.
