The most famous sports venues in the world. Specialized parks Sports parks

Any sports facilities should be located among green spaces and, at best, near the water.

sports parks different in size and location - from very small among the existing urban development to vast territories of hundreds of hectares on the outskirts. They can be both independent and adjacent to the park as its continuation.

Architectural and planning solutions sports parks depend on their purpose, natural and climatic conditions, the range of structures, etc.

The range of sports park facilities should meet the diverse needs of various categories of visitors in accordance with their age, desire for certain sports, and physical fitness.

The recreation area (park area) unites all zones and, in turn, is divided into several sections: active rest with playing fields, playgrounds, glades for physical education and sports and quiet recreation with the organization of a network of walking alleys and recreation areas. It is also recommended to create a children's zone, for which the skillful use of the terrain, landscape, plantings is of great importance.

Microclimatic conditions on the territory of sports parks can be significantly improved by a system of planning and engineering measures, with vegetation playing a leading role. Green spaces are necessarily included in each group of sports facilities, they have the property of unifying the environment, making it organic.

In Krasnoyarsk on the Yenisei, a large sports and recreation park on Otdykh Island has become a favorite place for mass festivities and walks for city residents. The composition of the park is free, although its main planning axis coincides with the main traffic routes for visitors (motorway and pedestrian alleys), dividing the park into two parts: an active recreation area (entertainment, sports, fitness) and a zone of quiet recreation and walks.

The center of the space-planning decision of the park is a group of structures with central arena for 30 thousand spectators, a sports and concert hall for 6 thousand people, a small sports arena, outdoor and indoor swimming pools, flat sports facilities, service pavilions, and parking lots are also located there.

The saddle-shaped stadium, round in plan, dominates the landscape of the park and is organically connected with nature by the wide expanses of the river and the mountains visible on the horizon. The sports and concert hall adjoins, on the one hand, pavilions and exposition areas of the flower exhibition, on the other hand, a zone of mass entertainment facilities. A significant area of the park is reserved for the children's area.

The recreation area is a landscape park with a system of picturesque alleys. Along them in the glades - platforms and devices for board games and quiet rest. Placed in the zone

a large pond of irregular shape for swimming and bathing with a well-equipped beach strip. On the bank of the Yenisei there is a boat station with a slipway. The nomenclature of facilities and organization of the park allow it to be used for recreation and activities. physical culture and sports both in summer and in winter period.

Noteworthy are the architectural and planning solutions and the improvement of some foreign sports parks.


Sports park on Otdykh Island in Krasnoyarsk: I - demonstration area. Sports complex: 1 - stadium for 31 thousand spectators; 2 - small sports arena; 3 - open swimming pool; 4 - indoor swimming pool; 5 - dressing room pavilion; 6 - sports grounds; 7 - cash desks; 8 - parking lots; 9 - economic zone; 10 - universal gym for 6 thousand people; 11 - exhibition pavilions; 12 - central exhibition area. Territory of mass entertainment events; 13 - restaurant, dance hall, cinema hall; 14 - gazebo; 15 - pavilions; 16 - Green Theatre; 17 - lawns for games; attractions; II - educational and training zone: 18 - training sports core; 19 - training football field; 20 - sports grounds; 21 - dressing room pavilion; III - children's zone: 22 - area of pioneer parades; 23 - House of Pioneers; 24 - "Old Fortress"; 25 - Marine Club; 26 - playgrounds; 27 - "Flight into space"; 28 - viewing platform; 29 - depot of the children's railway; 30 - club rooms; 31 - children's stadium; 32 - buffet; 33 - labyrinths; 34 - rocket plane; 35 - the town of "merry little men"; 36 - autobicycle route; 37 - children's Railway; 38 - board games pavilion; IV - recreation area: 39 - beach; 40 - swimming pool; 41 - dressing room pavilions; 42 - playgrounds for board games; 43 - cafe; 44 - rental pavilion; 45 - reading room; 46 - veranda; 47 - boathouse; 48 - boat station

Sports park in Tremblay, suburb of Paris: 1 - main entrance; 2- kindergarten; 3 - club; 4 - center water sports; 5 - ice rink; 6 - basketball and volleyball courts; 7- tennis courts; 8 - shooting range for archers; 9 - riding grounds; 10 - athletics center; 11 - sector of recreation and free games	Layout plan of the "Health" park in the Palanga resort in Lithuania: 1-2 - the main entrance and park facilities; 3,4,6 - entertainment sectors; 5 - group of sports devices; 7 - sector physiotherapy exercises; 8 - a group of pools with sea water; 9, 10 - men's beach (general, therapeutic); 11 - common beach; 12, 13 - women's beach (general, therapeutic); 14 - maintenance of beaches; 15, 16 - seaside forest park; 17 - sculpture; 18 - artificial lake; 19 - the road to the balneary

People's Sports Park in Rihimäki (Finland): 1 - sports core; 2 - football field; 3 - summer stage; 4 - platform with terraces for spectators; 5 - tennis courts; 6 - bathing complex; 7 - indoor gyms; 8 - natural park; 9 - car parks

10 km from the center of Paris, architect. Bourbonnet designed a youth sports, recreation and entertainment park. Half of the entire territory (35 ha) is reserved for sports facilities, about 10 ha for parking lots for 3,000 cars and the remaining 30 ha for a recreation area.

Although a territory with a completely flat, uninteresting relief was allocated for the park, the widespread use of artificial relief techniques made it possible not only to functionally separate zones of different purposes, but also to create a modern picturesque park with good natural conditions for recreation and an interesting spatial composition.

The layout of the park is a ray composition, typical for French parks in the second half of the 17th century. Park alleys and roads fan out from the main building of the youth club, located at the entrance to the park; the beams are united by a number of circular alleys. The entire territory is an elliptical bowl. Around the central zone of recreation and walks there is a system of terraces, on which there are physical culture and sports devices. Creating a concave surface allows you to look at all the spaces of the park from any point.

In European countries, popular sports parks have become widespread. In them you can play sports games, go in for physical education, take a walk along the shady alleys, sunbathe on the open lawns. They are designed for visitors to relax in the open air among the greenery.

The main load on the parks occurs in the summer evening hours and on holidays, when equipment and devices for carrying out sports competitions And national games. During weekday morning hours, only sports and training complexes and park areas for quiet recreation are mainly used on the territory. An example is the folk-sports park in the Finnish city of Rihimaki, in which entertainment and entertainment facilities are located directly next to the sports area. All major planar and volumetric sports facilities are close to the entrances to the park from the side of the main highway.

At some distance from the main structures in the meadows, among the greenery, there is a summer stage and a complex of swimming pools. Most of the territory is organized as a quiet recreation area with a network of walking alleys and meadows in green areas.

Of great interest are special sports and recreational parks (LFK), which are widely used primarily in resort cities.

The exercise therapy park is a medical facility that has a close functional connection with sports center, but not adapted for demonstration activities. To organize a park, it is advisable to use the territory of a well-ventilated, dry, sparse forest on the shore of a reservoir or sea.

In the park "Health" in the resort in Palanga (99.5 hectares), most of the territory is occupied by a seaside pine forest with a network of walking alleys. Open glades and lawns are equipped for physical education, games and relaxation. In the western part, where the stream flows, a bathing complex and medical beaches are organized.

Exercise therapy parks are widely known due to the simplicity, accessibility and mass use of natural methods of treatment and strengthening the body with the help of natural factors. In winter, on park flat sports facilities in areas with appropriate natural and climatic conditions, skating rinks are arranged for mass and figure skating, hockey fields, paving ski slopes. Many foreign parks and green areas of cities are equipped with illuminated ski slopes, which Scandinavian urban planners consider "the biggest gain in the field of recreation, which, moreover, are cheaper than other sports facilities."

Olympic parks. An important event in sports life around the world are Olympic Games. For their implementation, unique sports facilities and entire complexes located in green areas are created.

In our century, the preparation of Olympic sports complexes requires the construction of not separate structures, but the creation of an interesting original landscape using various forms of space, combining the ensemble with the surrounding nature, rational use of facilities and the entire park after the end of the games.

Since ancient times, sport has accompanied human life, the history and development of sports are associated with the development of the material and spiritual life of society.

At the end of the 19th century, when economic, cultural and scientific ties between states expanded, it became necessary to hold international sports competitions. By the 1st Olympiad in 1896 in Athens, it was enough to reconstruct the ancient stadium somewhat. The II Olympiad was generally held in the clearing of the Bois de Boulogne in Paris. Later, for the Olympics, they began to build new sports facilities in green areas. The first Olympic stadiums of our time were built in 1908 in London and in 1912 in Stockholm. The X Olympiad was held in Los Angeles (USA, 1932) at a stadium with three-tier stands for 105,000 spectators, located on an area of 40.5 hectares.


Plan of the stadium of the XI Olympic Games in Berlin: 1 - approach from the center of Berlin; 2 - main gate; 5 - central arena; 4 - May field; 5 - open theater; 6 - platforms for gymnastic exercises; 7 - dance floor; 8 - The educational center; 9 - tennis courts; 10 - platform; 11 - restaurant; 12 - station; 13 - hippodrome

Plan of the university sports complex, located south of Mexico City: L-A - Expressway "Rebel Avenue"; 1 - administrative building; 2 - central library; 3 - humanitarian faculties; 4-faculty of exact sciences; 5 - engineering and architectural faculties; 6 - Faculty of Medicine; 7 - university sports grounds and south of them hostels; 8 - Olympic Stadium for 110 thousand viewers

Olympic Complex in Munich: 1 - central arena; 2 - gym; 3 - swimming pool; 4 - cycle track; 5 - universal hall; 6 - hall for volleyball; 7 - fields for field hockey; 8 - training fields; 9 - hall for warm-up; 10 - Olimpic village(for women); 11 - Olympic village (for men); 12 - TV tower; 13 - radio and television center; 14 - press town; 15 - theater; 16 - artificial lake; 17 - hill; 18 - metro station; 19 - high-speed railway station; 20 - parking lot; 21 - photography direction

Olympic Park in Munich: a - a schematic diagram of the park's landscaping; A - the main sports facilities; B - Olympic village; B - higher sport school; G - Olympic Hill; b - placement of adult trees on the main pedestrian alleys laid on the embankment

For the XI Olympiad, the reconstruction of the old stadium in Berlin was carried out. Its construction was carried out in three stages. At that time, the stadium was the largest in the world, its central arena could accommodate 100,000 spectators (35,000 standing places), and even more was the Mayskoye Pole, where up to 250,000 athletes could take part in sports parades at the same time. The longitudinal west-east planning axis of the park, on which the main entrance, the central arena and the Mayskoye Pole are located, goes well with the slanting winding alleys connecting the main sports facilities with various sites. The outdoor theatre, hippodrome, swimming pool are successfully located - they are located on the edges of the forest that begins here.

The 15th Olympic Games in 1952 were held in Helsinki at a reconstructed stadium that could seat 65,000 spectators. The stadium is located in the central park of the city, next to football fields, swimming pool and versatile gym.

The authors succeeded on the territory Olympic Park to create a typical Finnish landscape using granite rock outcrops, boulders, combined with old and minor new plantings, and most importantly, to successfully fit fairly significant sports facilities into it. During the construction of structures, landscaping and landscaping were mainly reduced to the desire to preserve the surrounding nature in its natural state.

At the XIX Olympiad in Mexico City, the main competitions and training took place on sports complex university campus with an area of 300 hectares, where the central stadium "Estadio Olimpico" is located.

The undoubted advantage of the campus is its unity with nature. It is achieved by landscaping, a successful combination of natural and artificial relief, as well as the widespread use of local building material - gray tuff of various shades.

At the XX Olympiad in Munich, all major competitions were held at the new sports facilities of the Olympic Park. On the territory of 300 hectares, the authors of the project managed to achieve an organic combination of nature and architecture, they created a single landscape that includes various forms of space use. The main facilities of the complex - the Olympic Stadium (the capacity of the stands is 80 thousand people), the swimming pool and the sports hall - are located on an elevated earthen platform and close the main Olympic Square on the north side in a semicircle.

On the south side, this space opens onto an artificial lake with a fountain. On the square at the edge of the stadium there is a bowl with the Olympic flame, around it are the flags of the participating countries.

The main pedestrian alley, laid along the embankment, starts from the central square of the park and passes under the cable-stayed covering, the width of which in some places reaches 120 m. up to 7 m high with linear planting along the top. This minimized the negative impact of heavy traffic.

The football field of the central arena is located in an artificially created recess. Under the grass cover at a depth of 25 cm, a system of underground irrigation and heating pipes with a total length of 18.95 km was laid, which allows extending the operation time of the field and improving its grass cover.

The main pedestrian roads on the territory of the complex (up to 20 m wide) are laid on raised (up to 3 m) embankments, all intersections with highways are at different levels. They offer picturesque views of the wide lawns used to disperse spectators after the end of the competition and the expressive sports facilities of the park.

Mature trees were planted along the pedestrian alleys with a grid of 7.5X7.5 m, and some of them were placed directly on the paths, which allowed the flow of spectators along the shaded corridors from bus stops and parking lots to the main sports facilities. The conceptual scheme of planting greenery of the complex was decided on the basis of creating a park on a completely bare spot in an extremely short period of time (2-3 years). And the landscaping scheme made it possible to provide good care for the plants and get the effect in just a year.

Unusual architectural forms of structures, bold engineering and design solutions are further emphasized by the surrounding nature. Abandoning large, monumental squares and parade axes, the authors created a unique and rare beauty of the Olympic Park. Green spaces divided its territory into separate sections, each of which was given an individual character due to the use of various types and forms of green spaces, their high decorative qualities and the use of plant characteristics to change depending on the season and lighting.

The green hills, which owe their origin to the former landfill, have become one of the decorations of the park. Their slopes are lined with low-growing pines, oaks, and shrubs. A network of walking paths is organically inscribed in the relief. Among heaps of granite blocks, artificial streams with waterfalls flow down from the top. At the foot is an artificial lake with an area of 3.6 hectares with an island near the shore, where a stage is equipped for concerts and performances. Spectators sit on terraces with grass, an amphitheater descending to the water. Evening performances take place against the backdrop of illuminated hills, a fountain and a water surface. The lake is used for boating and at the same time as a reservoir for collecting storm water from a huge cover. On the shores of the lake and the canal, lined with willow, water iris, all conditions have been created for visitors to walk along the lawns and groves, paths of free contours have been laid, and recreation areas have been equipped. The lake is especially beautiful in the evening, when the illuminated multi-colored bushes on the slopes of the hills with the snow-white jets of the fountain, beating high in the center of the lake, create an absolutely fantastic picture. During the construction of the park, about 5,000 mature trees and 180,000 bushes were planted. The main tree species is small-leaved linden. 36 tons of grass seeds were used to create lawns (area of 85 ha) and grass cover of sports grounds.

Parking lots for 5,000 cars near the central arena are arranged in an unusual way. The entire territory is divided by rows of mature trees into eight areas covered with granite slabs with seams sown with grass. On ordinary days they are used for holding physical education classes and sports games.

The main sports complex of the Olympics, which took place in Moscow in 1980, was the Lenin Central Stadium in Luzhniki, built in 1956.

The territory of the stadium within the boundaries of the Moskva River and the district railway has an area of 180 hectares, of which 40 hectares are used for organizing entrances, approaches, stops and parking lots of public and individual transport.

The stadium is located on a floodplain terrace with unfavorable hydrogeological conditions. To prevent flooding during spring floods, its entire territory is raised by an average of 1.5 m due to double expansion (up to 250 m) and deepening of the river bed. In total, about 3.5 million m3 of sand were washed. For downgrading high level groundwater, a drainage system with a length of about 6 km was built.

The stadium is compositionally built on two mutually perpendicular axes; dominated by its transverse axis, oriented towards the city and the Lenin Hills. The core of the general plan is the Central Sports Arena, located at the intersection of the main alleys - the main axes of the complex, along which spectators from the metro station, stops and parking lots of ground transport get to sports facilities.

Along the front alley on the embankment there is a park recreation area. In total, more than 40,000 trees aged 5 to 50 years, 400,000 shrubs, and more than 2 million flowers were planted on the territory of the stadium. Moreover, the trees were taken not only from nurseries, but also from the forest; among them are blue spruce, small-leaved linden, maple, white locust, bird cherry, larch, chestnuts, etc. One hedge stretches for more than 30 km. Green spaces cover an area of 78 hectares.

When carrying out landscaping, a variety of techniques were used: in areas with a regular layout near the main structures - ordinary plantings, in a park recreation area - freely, picturesquely located.

Due to the need for construction at an accelerated pace (its construction took 450 days), tree planting was carried out not only in spring and autumn, but also in summer. Moreover, at the same time, the construction of an irrigation water pipeline was carried out, the pipes of which were laid on the surface of lawns with a slight deepening when passing alleys and paths.

A major Olympic center is Krylatskoye, where one of the best Rowing Canals in the world was built at the foot of the Krylatsky Mountains. A large body of water goes well with low, elongated sports facilities. The canal is filled by gravity through water intake facilities due to the difference in water levels of the canal and the Moscow River.

The two green squares (90X90) located between the canal and the ring road are archery fields with stable sports turf.

All buildings are united by a wide park area. When forming the park landscape, natural and artificial reservoirs are used, which serve mainly decorative purposes, floodplain meadows, mountain slopes covered with forests, hills and islands. The earth from the works during the construction of the rowing canal and artificial reservoirs went to create an artificial relief.

Like any sports complex, the Olympiyskiy is primarily interpreted as a park that can provide an opportunity not only for holding major entertainment events, for training athletes and athletes, but also for recreation for residents of nearby urban areas in the bosom of nature. With its green spaces, it significantly affects the improvement of the city's environment.

Boulevards are landscaped areas of a linear shape, created along highways, residential streets and embankments, pedestrian routes in residential areas. Boulevards are intended for pedestrian traffic, walks and short-term recreation of the population.

In urban planning practice, several types of boulevards have developed in the urban environment:

Boulevards along streets and highways, mainly of regional significance;

Boulevards along the embankments along the banks of rivers and reservoirs, lakes, seas - seaside boulevards;

Boulevards in the form of rings, covering the central parts of historical cities and fortifications created on the site - ramparts.

According to their layout, boulevards can be divided into:

Boulevards with a regular layout and symmetrical placement of the main landscape gardening roads and alleys

Boulevards with asymmetric placement of the main alley;

Open-plan boulevards, including elements of regular and landscape planning

The length and width of the boulevard are determined depending on the class of the highway and street, its planning solution and the architecture of the adjacent buildings. All structures should be harmoniously combined with green spaces, as the main planning component of the territory.

Entrances to the boulevard should be provided along its long sides every 150 ... 300 m. On district highways and on streets with heavy traffic, the entrances to the boulevard must be linked to pedestrian crossings and public transport stops. On the short side of the boulevard - "head" - they arrange the main entrance in the form of a wide platform, where they design a fountain, a flower bed or erect a monument.

Boulevards on highways with heavy traffic must be shifted from the axis of the highway, between the carriageway and the sidewalk, for example, towards a shopping center or towards residential development. On busy highways, it is possible to arrange two boulevard lanes relative to the axis of the street. This is primarily due to the accessibility of the territory of the boulevard for pedestrians. Boulevards on residential streets can be placed along the axis of the street.

Esplanade boulevards are created in the city centers, with the predominant parterre solution to reveal the architectural and artistic qualities of the building. The open type of the spatial structure of plantings prevails.

The main planning elements of the boulevards are: the main pedestrian path (planning axis), minor and additional paths for short-term rest, entrances in the form of wide paths or platforms. The width of the tracks is set according to

on the intensity of pedestrian traffic. At the entrances to the playgrounds and along the main path, it is recommended to place benches for relaxation, fountains and pools. The main path of the boulevard must have a durable structure of clothing, covered with tiles or special crushed stone mixtures. Secondary paths may have crushed stone coatings from special mixtures.

When designing boulevards on streets and highways, it should be taken into account that plantings should play both a decorative and sanitary-hygienic, protective role. Along the perimeter of the boulevard lanes from the side of the carriageway, trees and shrubs are provided that are resistant to dust and gases.

When designing boulevards, the density (density) of plantings, as well as the age and size of the planting material, are set individually, depending on the purpose of the boulevard and its location in the urban environment.

Boulevards on the embankments. This type of boulevards actively shape the environment and give it a unique character.

The boulevards along the banks of rivers, lakes, seas, in many respects, in their layout and purpose, resemble wide boulevards on the streets in residential areas. However, their difference lies in the fact that they are directly adjacent to the coastline of one of their sides and should visually unite riverine landscapes and the urban environment. Such "linear" gardens are also created on the banks of large reservoirs. Three main schemes for planning embankments-boulevards can be distinguished:

symmetrical, with a central alley;

asymmetric - the planning axis is shifted towards the coastline;

free - on wide strips over 50 m.

Boulevards, or linear gardens, along the embankments are not recommended to be combined with the traffic of highways. The coastline and the strip along the river or lake (sea) must be used exclusively for recreation and walking. Entrances should be provided both along the long side, along the coastline, and on the short sides that limit the territory. On the territory of the boulevard-embankment, recreation areas are provided, from which perspectives on the water surface are revealed. Part of the layout of such a garden is the descents to the water in the form of stairs, as well as piers, parking lots, cafes, etc.

The volumetric-spatial structure of boulevard plantings on the embankments is mainly of open and semi-open types. In conditions of excessive solar radiation, it is necessary to provide closed spaces, especially in areas of mass recreation and along walking alleys.

Whether you hear the rustle of leaf fall, whether you see the first stalks of grass, the park will always be a place of relaxation for a city dweller. Sports grounds in the parks attract outdoor enthusiasts from toddlers to pensioners.

Now the relevance of sports grounds is increasing - a healthy lifestyle is in fashion. Many manufacturers, in addition to the traditional horizontal bar and bars, offer stationary simulators for exercises for all muscle groups:

power;
cardio equipment;
simulators for the development of balance and coordination.

Proper organization of the sports ground is a guarantee of safety and comfort

For the safe organization of a sports ground, it is necessary to observe the following rules for the selection of equipment and its installation:

Select high-quality simulators either from a trusted manufacturer, or control the thickness of the pillars, the reliability of knots and fasteners. Those parts that are in contact with each other: a movable seat, stops must be equipped with rubber gaskets.
It is best to entrust the installation of simulators to professionals, with a subsequent guarantee. The site must be hard but safe. The installation depth and fixing material must withstand the load of the simulator during operation. Usually, after installation, at least a few days (preferably about two weeks) should pass for reliable fixation of the simulators in the ground.
The location of the simulators should be carefully thought out so that the trainees do not interfere with each other, and the possibility of injury is excluded. In a visited place, some simulators may be duplicated or presented similar to work with the same muscle group.

Features of organizing a playground for the elderly and children

Despite the versatility of most outdoor sports equipment, there are some peculiarities in organizing a sports ground in places where children or the elderly are the main visitors.

Of course, neither barbells nor weight training machines are beyond the power of children, and they are not needed. But everything on which you can hang, swing, and even better jump causes irrepressible delight. All sorts of ladders, handles, nets, ropes and rings will be a huge success with little "monkeys". It is very convenient when all these elements are located on different faces of the polygon. They allow, without falling to the ground, to make a circular sports travel throughout the complex.

In parks, on sports grounds for the elderly, there are special simulators that help to get physical activity in a gentle mode for the joints. For example, stoppers, ski walking simulators, exercise bikes, Treadmills.

An important attribute of children's sports grounds and playgrounds for pensioners in parks should be benches for parents and the athletes themselves.

Today, when the accelerating pace of life tells us the need to preserve our inner potential, health - physical and mental, the transition to a healthy lifestyle is important.

The external form of manifestation of this direction in last years actively advocates the development of sports infrastructure in the country as a major international, all-Russian, regional sports events and locally at the level of small territories.

Speaking about landscape design - as a unique activity to preserve the natural landscape in the urban environment and create unique images of the harmony of nature in various scales of public and private territories - in refraction to the sports environment, a list of sports facilities known to us is drawn, the creation of which is associated with the use of tools and techniques of landscape architecture and design. These are flat structures that have gained development and popularity in the domestic environment (stadiums, universal sports grounds, tennis courts), dynamically developing sports complexes (universal sports and recreation complexes, specialized complexes, athletics arenas, fitness halls) and adjacent territories to them. A special place in their complexity, novelty or scale in the landscape and architectural practice of Russia is occupied by such sports objects like racetracks, golf courses, skate courts, outdoor tennis courts.

In our opinion, in the context of modern trends in the development of sports infrastructure, it is important to ensure mass access to sports facilities so that their use becomes possible for citizens and works in solving social problems for the development of a culture of sports, healthy lifestyle life, self-improvement and spiritual development nation. From this point of view, in our opinion, it is important to create and develop integral natural complexes - sports parks located in the areas of accessibility of residential areas, which could act as:

an active social place for personal development;

a center for the development of many sports at the same time;

daily training grounds for city residents;

a place for active family walks.

In confirmation of the words, I would like to give an example of foreign practice - approaches to organizing places for mass active recreation and sports in the city of New York (USA), which we managed to get acquainted with while on an internship at the American landscape and architectural company Balmori Associates in July-August 2009 of the year. Surprisingly, in conditions mass building territories are uniquely preserved and consciously allocated for mass relaxation, activity, recreation of citizens.

In contrast to the arrangement of other urban areas, it is here that the features of the landscape design of sports facilities are clearly expressed: 1) complexes of sports and cultural recreation areas are successfully combined; 2) a harmonious combination of "green" zones, routes for the movement of visitors has been built, taking into account their occupation various types sports; 3) compliance with the requirements for noise and wind protection, distribution of sunlight is ensured; 4) the planning and development technologies used take into account the potentially high degree of visitor loading of the park territory and ensure the long-term sustainability of its landscape.

An example of modern trends in the landscape design of sports parks in the urban environment in New York City is the famous Central Park, which occupies more than 3 square meters. km of area, is the "core" and "island" of the nature of the city. At first glance, this is a natural complex, but upon closer inspection, there are kilometers of paths for jogging, cycling, skateboarding , roller skating, horse riding. The park has retained the features of the natural landscape of rocky ledges, hilly areas, forest zones, but at the same time, fields for playing football, rugby, golf have been created to meet the needs of park users, and children's sports and entertainment playgrounds have been organized. The natural background surprises visitors with fauna - squirrels, "walking" badgers, "singing" forest and swimming birds.

In recent years, maximum use projects have gained particular popularity. New York city waterfront. On both banks of the rivers (Hudson River, East River), washing Manhattan, there are embankment parks stretching for many kilometers - Hudson River Park East River Park, Riverbank State Park, which have uniquely preserved the historical features of the place and combine modernity, environmental friendliness, harmony of natural content, complete functionality in use, the individuality of the continuation of the city's architecture and its balance with the watery nature of the elements surrounding the island. Thanks to thoughtful work, the implemented projects of these parks have created a unique atmosphere of accessibility and ease of playing sports for any person, regardless of age, social status, position in society.

In the complex of sports parks, without exception, additional features for active recreation and sports for disabled people, who, along with ordinary citizens, have the opportunity to use all the possibilities of functional areas, doing athletics or participating in team sports games. In the evenings, on weekends - sports parks - a cluster of teenagers, adults on playgrounds for playing volleyball, basketball, skateboarding, rollerblading. On the scale of the city, the territory of piers on the water is effectively used, on which the operation of football fields, golf clubs is organized, and their placement is harmoniously included in the space of coastal parks. It is noteworthy that many sports grounds in the parks quickly transform into public skating rinks in winter. A striking example is Bryant Park, located in the center of New York among skyscrapers, where in the summer a recreation area is regularly opened on the lawn parterre, yoga classes, sports dance classes for youth, holding tennis tournaments, cultural events, and in winter, the open lawn area turns into a skating rink to the delight of users for free skating, competitions, celebrations.

Thus, the mass availability of sports facilities - through the organization of sports parks - is a unique opportunity for the development and preservation of the nation. The achievement of functionality, completeness of the idea, individuality of the sports park is determined at the stage of landscape design. In this regard, in order to create a holistic multifunctional natural recreation and sports complex, it is recommended to adhere to the following principles of territory design at the project development stage:

When developing the territory design concept, study the “portrait” of a potential user and form, taking into account his preferences in the project, a complex of functional zones, their order and distance of placement. Include areas for active recreation and sports of all age groups - children, teenagers, adults

Ensure the accessibility of the park's sports facilities relative to residential areas. Restrict sports grounds, running tracks from public transport roads; distinguish between the movements of pedestrians and actively moving people on bicycles, roller skates, skateboards. The location of the facilities to ensure ease of loading and the possibility of quick evacuation of people. Establish conditions for the convenience of servicing sports park facilities

Place sports facilities in green areas or recreate a natural environment around them through the use of coniferous trees, shrubs, grasses, perennial flowers of the field or alpine type in landscape design

Combine sports facilities with areas of the natural environment (natural or artificial reservoirs, natural reliefs, alleys), providing a decorative environment at any time of the year. Provide easy transformation of summer sports facilities into areas winter views sports and recreation. Observe the orientation of sports facilities to the cardinal points

When developing the technical part of a landscape project, it is necessary to provide for the use of natural materials in the arrangement of the territory - wood, stone, gravel.

Germany. Munich Olympic Complex (300 ha). The center of the planning composition is the central arena and the theater, while two zones are clearly distinguished: the sports zone and the zone of the Olympic village. It is an outstanding example of the use of reclaimed territory and its merger with old parks (English Garden, Nymphenburg Castle Park). Previously, the territory included an airfield where the Olympic Village was designed. The site of the former city dump has been turned into a picturesque landscape with green hills with pines, oaks, a chaos of granite blocks, waterfalls, streams, a pond, a canal. The center of the composition is Olympic Square with the stadium. The main alley (in some places up to 120 m wide) is solved under a cable-stayed roof. The main pedestrian roads on the territory of the complex are laid on raised embankments, all intersections with highways are resolved at different levels. External transport is represented by metro, high-speed rail, etc.

Russia. The Olympic complex of the Moscow Olympiad consisted of several territories. The main part of the competition, the opening and closing ceremonies of the Olympics-80 were held in the main sports complex in Luzhniki (area 180 hectares), located in the bend of the river. Moscow (structures: large and small arenas, the Sports Palace, a swimming pool, a multi-purpose sports hall "Druzhba"). The core of the sports park complex is a sports arena for 103,000 spectators, to which the shortest roads lead from parking lots and transport stops (metro, trolleybus, bus). From the embankment of the park offers a view of the river, Sparrow Hills, the city. Other facilities of the complex are located on Prospekt Mira (an area of 20 hectares with a universal indoor hall for 35 thousand people), in Krylatsky (750 hectares with a rowing canal and a cycle track), in the Bitsevsky forest area (equestrian center), in Mytishchi (bullet and trap shooting.

The system of hydroparks to the General Plan of Moscow. It was planned in the western district of the capital on the Moskva River: the Myakininskaya zone (the area of water bodies is 100 hectares), the Stroginskaya zone (the area of water bodies is 120 hectares), Krylatskoye. The hydropark is located 12 km from the city center, the area is 750 hectares, it is designed to serve 100 thousand people in summer, 60 thousand people in winter. The center of the composition is a rowing canal, created artificially and filled by gravity due to the difference in the water levels of the canal and the river. The channel has a length of 2300 m, a width of more than 200 m (channels - 125 and 75 m), in the middle it is divided by a narrow strip of the island. There is a cycling track and a 14 km long cycle track near the canal. The compositional basis of the hydropark is the water system (canals, channels, streams, river deltas, lakes, etc.). The center of the composition of the hydropark forms a complex of structures, less often - a stadium, a central reservoir, sometimes a multifunctional composition is created with a center on each of the islands - a sports zone with a stadium, in Krylatsky - a rowing canal.

Specialized parks

Park of the Palace of Youth (Palace of Pioneers). It was created in Moscow in 1962 according to the project of architects I. Pokrovsky, F. Novikov, V. Egerev, V. Kubasov and others. circle work range. The center of the composition of the park is the building of the Youth Palace with a square for parades, a campfire site and steps of granite stands. The territory of the park is divided into three zones: the central zone with an entrance alley; an active recreation area with a stadium and a swimming pool, athletics arena and attractions; a zone for young biologists with areas for decorative floriculture, vegetable crops, greenhouses, orchard, zoo, fish ponds. The architectural and planning composition of the park is designed taking into account natural conditions in a landscape character.

Disneyland Park was created in Florida, USA, near Los Angeles based on sketches by Walt Disney, designed by architects V. Schell, X. Coser in 1956-1960. The area of the park is 64 hectares, of which 23 hectares are occupied by buildings, 36.8 hectares are park spaces. In the buffer zone there are car parks with an area of 40 hectares. The center of the composition of the park is a complex that imitates the urban development of America in the 19th century. on a reduced scale, taking into account the growth of children - visitors to the park. The central alley divides the territory of the park into parts: the eastern one - the “Country of the Future” and the western one - the “Land of Adventures” with a system of reservoirs and artificial hills (267,400 m 3 of land was used for the construction of hills). Children are met and shown to the park by Disney cartoon characters. The attendants number up to 19 thousand people. The annual attendance of the park is 12 million people. For the convenience of visitors, there is intra-park transport - a railway, a monorail, steamboats and a horse-drawn carriage. Disneyland has a buffer area of 11,000 hectares of protected natural landscape.