Mimic muscles are the muscles of the face. Their specificity lies in the fact that they are attached at one end to the bones, and at the other - to the skin or other muscles. Each muscle is clothed in fascia - a connective sheath (thin capsule) that all muscles have. What's happened fascia, every housewife can imagine - when cutting meat, we get rid of white films, which, due to their density, worsen its soft texture. In relation to the mimic muscles of the face, in comparison with the muscles of the body, these membranes are so transparent and thin that, from the point of view of classical anatomy, it is believed that the mimic muscles do not have fascia. In any case, the surface of each muscle fiber on the face has a denser structure than its inner part. These connective tissue membranes are woven into the structure of the entire fascial system of the body (through aponeuroses).

It is the contractions of facial muscles that give a variety of expressions to our face, as a result of which the skin of the face shifts and our face takes on one expression or another.

Muscles of the skull

A large percentage of the muscles of the cranial vault is complex in structure supracranial muscle, which covers the main part of the skull and has a rather complex muscle structure. The supracranial muscle is composed of tendon And muscular parts, while the muscular part, in turn, is represented by the whole muscle structure. The tendon part is formed from connective tissue, so it is very strong and virtually indestructible. There is a tendon part in order to stretch the muscle part as much as possible in the areas of its attachment to the bones.

schematically, supracranial muscle can be represented as the following diagram:

The tendon part is very extensive and is otherwise called the tendon helmet or the supracranial aponeurosis. The muscular part consists of three separate muscular bellies:
1) frontal abdomen located under the skin in the forehead. This muscle consists of vertically running bundles that start above the frontal tubercles, and, heading down, are woven into the skin of the forehead at the level of the superciliary arches.

2) occipital abdomen formed by short muscle bundles. These muscle bundles originate in the region of the highest nuchal line, then rise up and are woven into the posterior sections. tendon helmet. In some sources, the frontal and occipital abdomen are combined into fronto-occipital muscle.

Figure 1. Frontal, occipital abdomen. Tendon helmet.

3) lateral abdomen is located on the lateral surface of the skull and is poorly developed, being a remnant of the ear muscles. It is divided into three small muscles suitable for the auricle in front:

Lateral belly:

• Front ear muscle moves the auricle forward and upward.
• superior ear muscle shifts the auricle upward, pulls the tendon helmet. A bundle of fibers of the superior auricular muscle, which weaves in a tendon helmet, called temporoparietal muscle . Front and upper muscle covered by the temporal fascia, so their depiction in anatomy textbooks is often difficult to find.
• Posterior auricular muscles A pulls the ear back.

Figure 2. Lateral abdomen: anterior, superior, posterior ear muscles

Muscles of the eye

The muscles of the circumference of the eye consist of three main muscles: eyebrow wrinkling muscleproud muscles and circular muscles of the eye.

Eyebrow wrinkling muscle, starts from the frontal bone above the lacrimal bone, then goes up and attaches to the skin of the eyebrows. The action of the muscle is to reduce the eyebrows to the midline, forming vertical folds in the region of the bridge of the nose.

Figure 3. The muscle that wrinkles the eyebrow.

Muscle of the proud (pyramidal muscle)- originates from the nasal bone on the back of the nose and is attached at the other end to the skin. During contraction of the proud muscles, transverse folds form at the root of the nose.

Figure 4. Muscle of the proud

Circular eye muscle is divided into three parts:

• ophthalmic, which starts from the frontal process of the upper jaw, and follows along the upper and lower edges of the orbit, forming a ring consisting of a muscle;
• century- it is a continuation of the circular muscle and is located under the skin of the eyelid; It has two parts - top and bottom. They begin at the medial ligament of the eyelids - the upper and lower edges and go to the lateral corner of the eye, where they attach to the lateral (lateral) ligament of the eyelids.
• tearful- starting from the posterior crest of the lacrimal bone, it is divided into 2 parts. They cover the lacrimal sac in front and behind and are lost among the muscle bundles of the peripheral part. The peripheral part of this part narrows the palpebral fissure, and also smoothes the transverse folds of the skin of the forehead; the inner part closes the palpebral fissure; the lacrimal part expands the lacrimal sac.

Figure 5. Orbital muscle of the eye

Orbicular muscle of the mouth

The circular muscle of the mouth has the appearance of a flat muscle plate, in which two layers are distinguished - superficial and deep. The muscle bundles are very tightly adherent to the skin. Muscle fibers of the deep layer go radially to the center of the mouth.

Figure 6. Orbicularis muscle of the mouth

The superficial layer consists of two arcuate bundles surrounding the border of the lips and repeatedly intertwined with other muscles approaching the oral fissure. That is, in the corners of our mouth, in addition to the fibers of the circular muscles of the lips themselves, the muscle fibers of the triangular and buccal muscles are also woven. This is very important for understanding the biomechanics of aging of the lower part of the face in the section "Spasm of mimic muscles".

The main function of the circular muscle of the mouth is the narrowing of the oral fissure and the extension of the lips.

Muscular system nose

The muscular system of the nose is formed by the following muscles - the nasal muscle, the muscle that lowers the nasal septum, the muscle that raises the upper lip and the wing of the nose.

nasal muscle represented by the transverse and wing parts, which perform different functions.

A) Outer or transverse part, bends around the wing of the nose, expands somewhat and at the midline passes into the tendon, which is connected here with the tendon of the opposite side muscle of the same name. The transverse part narrows the openings of the nostrils. Let's see the picture:

b) The inner, or wing part, attached to the posterior end of the alar cartilage of the nose. The wing part lowers the wing of the nose.>

Figure 7. Transverse and alar parts of the nasal muscle.

Muscle that depresses the nasal septum, most often part of the alar part of the nose. This muscle lowers the nasal septum and lowers down the middle of the upper lip. Its bundles are attached to the cartilaginous part of the nasal septum.

Figure 8. Muscle that depresses the nasal septum.

Muscle that lifts the upper lip and ala of the nose plays a significant role in the formation of nasal folds in team with the nasal muscle and the muscle that lowers the nasal septum. It starts from the upper jaw and is attached to the skin of the wing of the nose and upper lip.

Figure 10. The muscle that lifts the upper lip and wing of the nose.

Cheek muscles

In the area of ​​the cheekbones are the small and large zygomatic muscles, the main function of which is to move the corners of the mouth up and to the sides, forming a smile. Like all facial muscles, both zygomatic muscles have a solid point of upper attachment - the zygomatic bone. At the other end, they are attached to the skin of the corner of the mouth and the circular muscles of the mouth.

Malaya zygoma muscle starts from the buccal surface of the zygomatic bone and is attached to the thickness of the nasolabial fold. By contracting, it raises the corner of the mouth, and changes the shape of the nasolabial fold itself, although this change is not as strong as with contraction of the zygomatic major muscle.

Figure 11. Minor zygomatic muscle

Large zygomatic muscle is the main muscle of laughter. It attaches simultaneously to both the zygomatic bone and the zygomatic arch. The large zygomatic muscle pulls the corner of the mouth outward and upward, greatly deepening the nasolabial fold. Moreover, this muscle is involved in every movement in which a person needs to lift the upper lip and pull it to the side.

Figure 12. Large zygomatic muscle

buccal muscle

The buccal muscle has a quadrangular shape and is the muscular base of our cheeks. It is located symmetrically on both sides of the face. Contracting, the buccal muscle pulls the corners of the mouth back, and presses the lips and cheeks to the teeth. Another name for this muscle - "muscle of the trumpeter", rightly appeared because the muscles of the cheeks affect the compaction and purposefulness of the air stream in musicians playing wind instruments.

The buccal muscle originates from the upper and lower jaws and is woven with another, narrower end into the muscles surrounding the oral fissure. The surface of the buccal muscle from the side of the oral cavity is covered with a thick layer of adipose and connective tissue.

Figure 13. Cheek muscle

Muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth (triangular muscle)

The muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth is located below the corners of the mouth. In shape, it forms a small muscle triangle, which determined its second name - the Triangular muscle. The broad base of the triangular muscle begins at the edge mandible, and the top is woven into the circular muscle of the mouth.
The action of this muscle is directly opposite to the action of the zygomatic muscles. If the zygomatic muscles lift the corners of the mouth to create a smile, the triangular muscle lowers the corner of the mouth and the skin of the nasolabial fold. This forms an expression of contempt and displeasure.

Current page: 4 (total book has 13 pages) [accessible reading excerpt: 9 pages]

Forehead wrinkle reduction

Exercise technique

1. Place the index finger of one hand with the entire side surface above the eyebrow. With your thumb, create an emphasis, setting it as far as possible from the index finger and providing skin tension in a horizontal direction.

2. With the other hand, throwing it over your head, write out large spiral circles, starting from the eyebrow line and moving up to the hairline. It is necessary that with each new spiral the skin is pulled up and the eyebrow rises higher and higher.

3. Perform the exercise on the other side.

4. Process the middle line of the forehead. Place your palms on your forehead. The little fingers touch each other and are pressed to the midline of the forehead. Massage spiral movements move from bottom to top, rolling out wrinkles.

The direction of the spirals is from the bottom up and from the center of the forehead to the periphery, in the direction of the frontal muscles.

Focus on pushing the little fingers up the midline of the forehead, pushing them with a mimic raising of the eyebrows.

Anatomical structure of the frontal muscles

Elimination of wrinkles in the décolleté area

Wrinkles in the décolleté area are provoked by contraction thoracic towards the center due to stooping and the habit of sleeping on the side, huddled into a ball. In addition, the skin in the décolleté area is thin and very vulnerable, as it has few sebaceous glands. Performing techniques for the décolleté area, we provide the décolleté area with good nutrition and restore microcirculation.

Exercise technique

1. Put your fingers right hand on the skin in the hollow between the breasts, the fingers of the left - on upper part sternum.

2. Bring your fingers as close as possible to each other in a crease. Hold for 30 seconds. Stretch. Fix. Do this technique in two directions - vertical and horizontal.

Lips

Let's look at the second risk area - circular muscle of the mouth.

Orbicular muscle of the mouth

Unlike the rest of the skin, which usually more or less loosely covers the muscles, circular muscle mouth firmly “glued” to the skin, so this area always creates problems during plastic surgery, it cannot be torn off and straightened. In the case of severely wrinkled skin in this area, the plastic surgeon offers other procedures for its rejuvenation - resurfacing or chemical peeling.

Usually shrinkage circular muscles of the mouth leads to the sinking of the mouth inside, to the thinning of the mucosa of the lips.

Structure circular muscles of the mouth plays one of the main roles in the formation of "flews", lowered corners of the mouth and various folds and wrinkles going down from them. All these defects are formed because with age the muscle begins to contract to a point, twisting both centrifugally and centripetally. For those who have forgotten what this means, I explain: centripetal is when all tissues are compressed towards the center, and centrifugally, when the fibers of the muscles of the mouth begin to twist to the periphery - into its corners. Therefore, you should understand the structure of the circular muscle of the mouth in more detail. It has the appearance of a flat muscular plate, in which two layers are distinguished: deep and superficial. The muscle fibers of its deep layer go radially to the center of the mouth - this is exactly the direction in which the “labial” vertical wrinkles so hated by us are laid.

The surface layer consists of two arcuate tufts running along the upper and lower edging of the mouth. Thanks to them circular muscle of the mouth has the peculiarity of “rolling into a tube” - as a result, with age, thin faded flagella remain from beautiful lush young lips.

Arcuate bundles mouth muscles repeatedly intertwined with other muscles suitable for the oral fissure - triangular And buccal muscles.

With age when circular muscle of the mouth begins to shrink towards the center, i.e. close, like the diaphragm of a camera, the fibers of these muscles twist in the corners of the mouth, forming lumps.

Relaxation of the red border of the lips, reduction of wrinkles in the corners of the mouth

Exercise technique

1. Lower the lower jaw as much as possible and open your mouth.

Tighten your lips, stretching them out with a tube, as if pronouncing the sound "O".

2. Press the index fingers of both hands on the corners of the lips, and at the same time resist this movement with the lips (Fig. 1).

Wait 30 seconds. The exercise is over.

Relaxation of the circular muscle of the mouth from the inside. Tongue massage

Exercise technique

You can do tongue massage, repeating this exercise many times during the day - when you watch TV, cook dinner, ride in transport, etc.

1. Feel the most problematic, hard, that is, the most spasmodic place in your mouth with your tongue. You should always start from the worst place - this is very important.

2. Rest against this spasm with your tongue and, without reducing your effort, count 30 seconds.

3. Thus, go through all the spasmodic areas of the oral mucosa. Do not forget to go through the tongue along the inner line of the red border of the lips. Without this finishing touch, the effect will not be complete. Rest no longer under the lips, but in the very red border of the lips, pulling it with your tongue from the inside and relaxing in the same way.

4. Conduct a verification test - feel the difference in sensations before and after the exercise. To do this, before starting the massage, remember your feelings.

At the end of the exercises, check them - the difference will be colossal, the inner surface of the mouth in width will resemble a bottomless barrel, into which it is impossible to rest your tongue!

When performing this exercise, a chin lift and a study of the chin lymph nodes occur at the same time.

Creases and sagging

As mentioned earlier, all folds are laid in a very early age. It will be difficult for an unprepared reader to believe that this happens almost from birth.

It is believed that the normal cellular process of aging of the skin and muscles begins at the age of 25. But it has nothing to do with the formation of folds. This type of deformation arises so early that it is possible to explain why we do not see it only with stereotypes and patterns that “blur” our eyes. We are used to the fact that we should look for nasolabial folds on the face after 35 years. Alas, they are laid a little earlier. And not at the age of 25, and not even at 15. So, the nasolabial folds near the nose begin to form in the muscle layer (like all deep wrinkles and folds) already in childhood.

Predisposition to the appearance of nasolabial folds in the lower part of the face ("Jews") (left) and in the upper part of the face (right).

Look at these photos of smiling or crying children: their facial expressions are already showing a characteristic picture of the most common nasolabial folds. Suddenly discovering them in yourself after 30 years, you will begin to nod at age and stretched skin.

In fact, the beginning of these folds was laid in childhood, one might say - from birth. The only difference is that after 30 you no longer have to grimace to find them.

Do you want to verify this? Compare the two faces (Fig. 1) and you will easily find that the nasolabial folds of an adult woman come from childhood.

Tests

If you want to know if you are in the “risk group” for predisposition to nasolabial folds, do a couple of tests. Repeat the same facial movements shown by the babies in the photos above. With a predisposition to nasolabial folds, a smile either further increases the density of tissues around the mouth, or spasms nasal muscle, moving the tissues up vertically along the nose. Ideally, when smiling, the folds should not remain static, framing circular muscle of the mouth, but should slide up, diverging towards the temples.

If you open your mouth and round the elongated, tense lips in the form of the letter “O”, lowering the jaw as much as possible, you can see hard sides coming from the wings of the nose. In the absence of a predisposition to nasolabial folds, this area should look completely smooth.

Also, tactilely, you can feel this area through the oral mucosa and find, at the site of the formation of the nasolabial wrinkle, the beginning “flagella” of a denser structure than the rest of the mucosa.

If you are convinced that the nasolabial folds are already "ripening", do not wait until they are in full bloom. It is better to work with beginning folds prophylactically. The sooner you start fighting them, the more effective will be its outcome. The ability to change one's "genetic" predisposition to them (in this context, the word "genetic" means only "weak link") really exists. True, some will succeed without difficulty, while others may encounter difficulties along the way.

And all just because the problems are hidden not only in the muscles themselves, but also under them. After all, the muscles are stretched over the skull, the bones of which are a mobile biomechanical structure, the complex laws of interaction of which determine our appearance.

And if we want to understand why our youth is so short and where lies the enemy that often changes our faces beyond recognition (when strangers cannot recognize us in photographs taken in youth), we must go a little deeper into anatomy.

We will start with the simplest - with the muscle layer connecting the two parts of the facial skull - the lower and upper jaw.

Our skull consists of 29 bones (in different sources these figures vary), but only the lower jaw is its only actively mobile bone (with muscular connection and a large amplitude of movement).

In addition to the usual age-related processes that occur with the bone mass of the skull (decrease in its mass, shortening of the height of both jaws, especially due to loss of teeth, etc.), its muscular part becomes the main risk zone. Actually, most often this problem is primary, leading to resorption (resorption) of bone mass. It is here, at the junction of its two halves - the upper and lower jaws, that the first base for changing the face is laid. This connection is carried out by a small group of chewing muscles: chewing muscle, temporal, medial and lateral pterygoid muscles. They are attached to the bones with two ends, just like all the skeletal muscles of the body. These chewing muscles with age, they begin to deform, straining, sometimes in a state of compression, then, on the contrary, stretching, as they participate in complex motor processes of chewing, yawning and other jaw facial expressions. And following these changes, the face also begins to change its shape.

Without seeing what is happening under the skin, in most cases we skip the initial stage of the metamorphosis that occurs to us, and the first unpleasant amazement usually strikes us when viewing amateur photographs or videos where the lens “caught” us in an unfavorable angle or lighting. Some shadows on the face, sunken eyes, dips on the cheeks, deepened nasolabial folds, a sagging oval line, a second chin ... In Everyday life when we look at ourselves in the mirror, we instinctively tighten the muscles of the face, lift the chin, stretch the neck. Therefore, traces of destruction caused by time elude our attention. But those who are not afraid to face the truth can get to know their own face better.

Tests

Start with the eyes. Try to raise your eyebrow with your fingers. And if it freely goes up, then your eyebrow has long been out of place. And once an eyebrow drooped, then the folds hung on upper eyelid. Good way to test a face is to look at your profile with a second mirror, lowering your head slightly to have a true idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe line of your oval. This is usually how others see us. Perform the second stage of the examination lying down, probing with your fingers the skin in front of the ears and the posterolateral part of the neck. If the skin in these areas is sluggish, loosely stretched, then this is already the first alarm signal. If folds hang over the ears and neck, this is the minimum skin that the surgeon will cut off during plastic surgery as superfluous. And this "extra" skin hanging over your ears when you lie down will become the main component of your "flews", "dog cheeks", "bulldogs" and nasolabial folds when you get up. And the last, third examination of your face is best done after taking something soothing, especially if you are over 40, and the mirror that you take will have a magnifying effect. Tilt your face over this mirror, and everything will immediately become clear to you: nasolabial folds hanging from the ears to the lips and pouches of the skin of the upper and lower eyelids, in general, a sedative will definitely not hurt. And as already mentioned, in most cases, the cause of aesthetic defects is trivially simple - muscle hypertonicity, age-related shrinkage of muscles and the associated loss of soft tissue tone!

As the most striking evidence, I would like to once again give an example that is understandable to everyone, confirming that it is hypertonicity that spoils our face, and not “age-related muscle atony” - this is the effectiveness of botulinum injections in the fight against wrinkles.

But! We must not forget that botulinum toxin is not at all so harmless. The quick effect on smoothing wrinkles is based precisely on the ability of this toxin to block the work of nerves, which, with its constant use, leads to their atrophy. But this is not the end of the matter. The bones of our skull are prone to shrinkage, like, in fact, all the bones of our skeleton, which demonstrates the well-known phenomenon of age-related osteoporosis.

Losses in the volume of the skull lead to the appearance of excess soft tissues formed. And these losses, it must be said, are not small. Japanese scientists cite the following facts: the volume and weight of the brain in the cranium decreases significantly with age. By the end of life, losses reach 1/10 of its former weight (100-120 gr.)! Accordingly, the dimensions of the cranium itself also decrease by the same amount. Remember the skull of "poor Yorick" lying on the hand of the great Smoktunovsky: Hamlet seems to refer not to the skull of an adult man, but to the skull of a child.

And indeed, as confirmed by British studies, the mass of the skull noticeably melts with age, decreasing especially strongly in the center of the face, i.e., in the place where typical nasolabial folds form. And this is quite logical: deep muscle hypertonicity is always accompanied by a spasm of the bone to which the muscle is attached. In addition to the middle part of the face, the same process occurs with the jaw bones, which are affected by the spasm of the masticatory muscles. Like a saboteur operating from within, he inflicts huge damage jaw, leading to its resorption (resorption). And this is understandable - when the muscle is normally supplied with blood, the bone to which it is attached retains elasticity, moisture and, accordingly, volume.

Presented research results by American aging specialist David Kahn at a conference on plastic surgery in America have shown that changes in facial bones human: significant deformities in the angles of the jaw and loss of total cranial volume.

Another Phys-Org report: Howard Langstein, head of plastic and reconstructive surgery at the American University Hospital, based on his numerous studies, claims that with age there is a change in the angle of the mandible (shown in yellow), the length and height of the jaw body itself .

Skull of a young man

Skull of an old man

And since the lower jaw is the main bone of the facial part, any changes in it affect general form faces.

Undoubtedly, the volume of the skull, as well as the work of the brain, directly depends on the work of the facial and masticatory muscles. At the same time, they must work physiologically - as they are supposed to by nature - any "pumping" of facial muscles only leads to an increase in hypertonicity - blocks that prevent the normal blood supply to the skull bones, and therefore, to their even greater resorption.

At the same time, attempts to relieve this hypertonicity with the help of botulism toxin lead to immobility of the facial muscles. And this, in turn, leads to secondary osteoporosis, that is, osteoporosis is not age-related, but is the result of fractures and other injuries leading to temporary immobilization (immobilization) of the limbs. Experiments on mice prove that after injections of botulinum, their bones did not restore the amount of calcium lost, even after the mice gained motor activity. In the course of scientific experiments, a single dose of Botox was injected into mice in the region of the musculature of the knee joint with the aim of inducing limb paralysis for 3-4 weeks. The mice continued to use the damaged legs to maintain balance, i.e., the pressure of body weight on the bone remained the same. After 21 days, the mass of the Botox-treated muscle was significantly reduced, in addition, signs of osteoporosis were evident. 12 weeks after the injection, the difference between the legs was still evident, which means that the osteoporosis is only partially reversible.

Even if the active work of the muscles of the body of mice is not able to fully return calcium to the bones, what can we say about the muscles of the human face!

Therefore, in those who abuse the introduction of botulinum injections into the central part of the face, the upper jaw on x-rays strikes dentists with its "leakage", which prevents qualified assistance to their clients.

Counteracting the shortening of the jawline

Do the exercise with oil or cream. Before doing the exercise, mentally divide the jaw arch into 2 halves. Work with each half separately, fixing the fabrics in the middle.

Exercise technique

1. With one hand, fix the triangular muscle (the muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth) on the jaw arch. With two fingers of the second hand, grasp the jaw line: with the index finger on top, with the thumb - under the lower jaw. Move your hand along the jaw line along the masticatory muscle to the angle of the jaw, smoothly and slowly stretching the jaw arch (Fig. 1).

2. Change the position of the hands. Now fix the angle of the jaw together with the masticatory muscle adjacent to it and draw tightly along the jaw line with the index finger and thumb of the other hand towards the chin. Slowly and smoothly stretch the jaw arch (Fig. 2).

The only thing that can compensate for the loss of muscle and bone mass (in the absence of muscle hypertonicity) is the normal blood supply to the face. And only the neck is responsible for this.

Neck

Without any exaggeration, we can say that our face begins precisely with the neck, the beauty of which gives the face nobility, and aging primarily betrays our age. And again, the appearance of a young neck is not always determined by the youth of her skin. One of the characteristic indicators of age, rather, is her proper fit– preservation of its statics (physiological bending).

Who does not know the coinage depicting the famous profile of Nefertiti? The ideal of beauty, recognized for centuries. Everyone who saw the portrait of this Egyptian queen, first of all, noted the harmony and beauty of her neck. Unfortunately, in our time, 90% of women who stare at themselves in the mirror, so to speak, “in front”, completely forget about their “profile”. And this profile, alas, is not in the best condition. Especially if a woman spends 8 or more hours a day sedentary work: at the desk, computer and other things. The maximum that she notices at the same time that her hump is growing on rear surface neck - the so-called "withers" (Fig. 1 on the right).

Rice. 1. Correct physiological bend A=A 1 (left). Cervical hyperlordosis - B more B 1 (right)

And again, she explains the growth of this hump exclusively with “salts” - osteochondrosis and does not associate it with the changed statics of her spine. Normally, the spine, as you know, should not be straight, like a stick, but should have physiological curves. In particular, the cervical region, which consists of 7 vertebrae, should normally be slightly bent inwards (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1 Normal cervical static. Straightening of the neck. Hyperlordosis of the cervical spine

What do we really have? Usually, with age, our spine begins to deform, “sag”, change statics. As a result, a slight physiological bend is hypertrophied, and the cervical vertebrae begin to fall inside the neck, which occurs especially intensively during “sedentary” work.

You look at the face, it seems that the woman is still young, caring for herself. And you look from the side - the old woman hobbles straight - she stooped, her neck leaned forward, her head threw back, her shoulders shrunk. Well, she doesn’t see herself, otherwise she would be very upset.

Due to the fact that the discs between the vertebrae flatten with age, the length of the neck is shortened, and often quite significantly (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. cervical spine

The appearance of transverse wrinkles and folds on the lateral surface of the neck is an accurate sign of this phenomenon.

The lips are covered with dense skin with a large number of sebaceous glands. The skin on the lips of men has hair,
women - fluff. On the lips themselves, the skin passes into a non-keratinizing epithelium, through which the venous network shines through, creating a red border. Behind the moderately pronounced subcutaneous tissue are the muscles (Fig. 33) surrounding the oral fissure and determining its position. The skin of the lips behind the red border passes into the mucous membrane of the vestibule of the mouth.

Rice. 33. Muscles of the mouth area:
1 - m. zygomaticus minor; 2 - m. levator labii superior; 3 - m. levator labii superior alaque nasi; 4 - m. orbicularis oris, pars marginalis; 5 - m. orbicularis oris, pars labialis; 6 - depressor labii inferior; 7 - m. mentalis; 8 - m. depressor anguli oris: 9 - m. zygomaticus major; 10 - ductus parotideus; 11 - m. buccinator; 12 - cut off the coronoid process of the lower jaw. 13 - raphe pterygomandibularis; 14 - m. pterygoideus medialis; 15 - pterygoid process; 16 - m. pterygoideus lateralis; 17 - zygomatic arch cut off.

In the thickness of the lips is the circular muscle of the mouth (m. orbicularis oris), which is divided into the labial and marginal, or facial, parts (Charley). The first part is located within the red border, the second - in the area of ​​the lips lined with skin. The labial part is represented by circular muscle fibers - the sphincter, and the facial part is formed from the binding of circular fibers and muscle bundles, following from the mouth opening to the places of fixation on the bones of the skeleton.

A group of circular mice, when contracting, closes the mouth opening, presses the lips to the teeth, and reduces the visible part of the red border. With an isolated contraction of the peripheral part of the circular muscle, the lips protrude forward, the visible part of the red border increases, contributing to the opening of the oral fissure. The circular muscle is involved in the act of eating and reproducing sounds. Of the muscles following from the circular muscle of the mouth to the places of bone fixation, we will point out the main ones.

The muscle that lifts the upper lip (m. levator labii superior, s. caput infraorbitale m. quadratus labii superior) starts from the lower edge of the orbit and the beginning of the zygomatic process of the upper jaw, follows down and attaches to the skin of the upper lip. When contracting, lifts the upper lip, except for the corner of the mouth. The face gives an expression of sadness, crying.

The muscle that lifts the upper lip and wing of the nose (m. levator labii superior alaeque nasi, s. caput angulare m. quadrati labii superior) starts from the lower edge of the eye and the frontal process of the upper jaw, goes down and attaches to the skin of the upper lip. Contracting, the muscle raises the upper lip and wings of the nose.

The muscle that lifts the corner of the mouth (m. levator anguli oris, s. caninus) starts from fossa canina under for. infraorbitale of the upper jaw, follows with the previously mentioned muscles to the corner of the mouth. Contracting, pulls the corner of the mouth obliquely to the side and. up.

The lesser zygomatic muscle (m. zygomaticus minor, s. caput zygomaticus m. quadrati labii superior) starts from the buccal surface of the zygomatic bone, follows down and inwards and is attached to the corner of the mouth. When contracting, it raises the corner of the mouth, making the expression of sadness, crying, tenderness more pronounced. Artists call this group of muscles “weeping muscles”

The large zygomatic muscle (m. zygomaticus major) starts from the buccal surface of the zygomatic bone, follows down and inwards and is attached to the skin of the corner of the mouth. Contracting, the muscle pulls the corner of the mouth and the nasolabial fold up and back, stretches the oral fissure. Participates in the expression of laughter (m. risorius - "laughter muscle").

The buccal muscle (m. buccinator) starts from the pterygomandibular suture and alveolar processes of the jaws in the region of the molars, together with the buccal scallop of the lower jaw, and is attached to the skin of the corner of the mouth and to the muscles of the upper and lower lips with a partial decussation muscle fibers at the corner of the mouth. Contraction of the muscle leads to a transverse expansion of the oral fissure, takes part in the act of spitting out or blowing air out of the oral cavity (“muscle of trumpeters”).

The muscle that lowers the lower lip (m. depressor labii inferior, s. quadratus labii inferior) starts from the lower edge of the lower jaw, outward from the chin tubercle and is attached throughout the lower lip. During contractions, it pulls the lower lip down, pushes the corner of the mouth outward. The visible part of the red border of the lip increases, the lip turns inside out and the chin-labial fold stands out. Facial expressions reflect disgust, disgust.

The muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth, or the triangular muscle of the mouth (m. depressor anguli oris, s. triangularis oris), starts from the lower edge of the lower jaw outward from the chin tubercle and is attached to the corner of the mouth and adjacent areas of the upper and lower lips. It partially overlaps the previous muscle. The muscle shifts the corner of the mouth and the upper sections of the nasolabial fold down and back; simultaneous muscle contraction contributes to the closure of the oral fissure, and a limited one reproduces an expression of sadness and a more pronounced one - contempt.

The subcutaneous muscle of the neck (m. platysma) lines almost the entire anterior region of the neck with a thin layer and, with its bundles, extending to the region of the face, is woven into the muscles of the region of the corner of the mouth. Contracting, contributes to the displacement of the latter to the side and down.

The development of the oral mimic muscles is not the same, which, together with the individual qualities of the facial skeleton, creates various forms of the mouth. With hyperplasia of the mucous glands and submucosal tissue, a protrusion of a portion of the mucous membrane adjacent to the red border is formed. A double lip is created, more typical of the upper lip (labium duplex).

Branches of the facial artery pass through the thickness of the lips: the upper and lower arteries of the lips (aa. labialis superior et inferior). They are located on the border of the posterior and middle quarters of the thickness of the lips, closer to the mucous membrane, at a distance of 6-7 mm from the free edge (A. A. Bobrov) and form a ring, providing a good blood flow. In addition, the lips receive blood from small branches of a. infraorbitalis and a. mentalis. The veins of the region are of the same name with the arteries and accompany them.

The lymphatic vessels of the lips drain lymph into the submandibular and, in addition, into the buccal, parotid, superficial and deep cervical lymph nodes. Vessels from the middle part of the lower lip carry lymph to the mental nodes. The lymphatic vessels of both sides of the lips anastomose widely with each other. Therefore, the pathological process can cause reactions of the lymph nodes of the other side, which makes it necessary to remove the submandibular lymph nodes on both sides in cancer of the lower lip.

The skin of the lips is innervated by the upper labial nerves (branches of the infraorbital), the lower labial (branches of the chin), and in the region of the corners of the mouth - by the branches of the buccal nerve.

The shape and size of both the oral fissure and the lips vary. With improper embryonic development, their pathological construction is observed.

The face of the embryo is formed from 5 processes or tubercles: a single frontal and paired maxillary and mandibular. These processes limit the nasal-oral fossa. By the end of the second month of uterine life, the frontal process, descending, creates the nose and filtrum of the lip, fuses with the maxillary processes and forms the upper lip and upper jaw, and the lower processes, connecting, form the lower lip and lower jaw. In addition, the frontal process divides into nasal processes and forms the nostrils and the middle part of the upper jaw or the intermaxillary fossa. There are clefts between the mentioned processes: median, transverse and oblique clefts of the face and lateral clefts of the upper lip. Schematic drawings give an idea of ​​what has been said (Fig. 34).

Rice. 34. Scheme of the formation of the human face, the embryo (I) and the hard palate according to Stones (II).
1.1 - frontal process; 2 - maxillary process; 3 - mandibular process; 4 - nasopharyngeal fossa: 5 - median cleft of the face; 6 - transverse cleft face; 7 - oblique cleft face; 8 - peephole; 9 - external nasal process; 10 - internal nasal process; 11 - primary nasal opening. II 1 - nasal septum; 2 - palatine plates; 3 - language. A - palatine plates stand vertically on the sides of the tongue; B - palatal plates accepted horizontal position; B - palatine plates fused together.

In cases where the processes do not fully or partially grow together, a congenital deformity occurs - cleft lips, face and palate. With nonunion of tissues, only in separate layers they speak of hidden crevices. The most common non-union of the external and internal nasal processes, i.e., the preservation of a lateral cleft lip (“cleft lip”). The defect corresponds to the position of the 2nd incisor, can be bilateral and unilateral, more often on the left. A gap is distinguished between a partial one that does not penetrate into the nasal cavity, and a complete one that opens into this cavity. Of the other rare malformations of the lip, we also point out the following: 1) congenital underdevelopment (shortening) of the middle part of the upper lip - brachycheilia; 2) significant fusion of the lateral parts of the lips, reducing the oral fissure - microstomy; 3) absence of lips - acheilia; 4) the absence of the oral fissure - atresia.

Non-union of the maxillary and mandibular tubercles leads to the formation of a pathological, large mouth - macrostomia. The transverse cleft can extend to the temporal region, more often it reaches masseter muscle leads to salivation.

Non-union of the maxillary and frontal processes leads to the preservation of an oblique facial cleft - coloboma. The gap passes through the upper lip, cheek and lower eyelid.

The median cleft of the face corresponds to the midline of the body and can be on the upper and lower lip, it can extend to the upper jaw.

Faceforming. Unique gymnastics for facial rejuvenation Olga Vitalievna Gaevskaya

Muscles of the mouth

Muscles of the mouth

The facial expressions of the mouth are very rich: smirk, laughter, grin, “bow lips”, pursed lips, pain, sadness, despair, embarrassment or arrogance. Only the raised corners of the mouth make the expression cheerful, friendly. Conversely, downturned corners will instantly turn you into a disgruntled, doubting and disappointed person. And the main merit in this is the circular muscle, which, in fact, forms the mouth. To make our feelings visible in their entirety, the circular muscle needs assistants, especially on the chin and cheeks. Filigree struts connect the orbicular muscle of the mouth to the chin, lower jaw, zygomatic bone, nose, and forehead.

The muscles of the circumference of the mouth are divided into two groups: one of them is represented by a circular muscle, the contraction of which narrows the oral fissure, the other - by muscles located radially with respect to the oral fissure, the contraction of which leads to its expansion.

Orbicular muscle of the mouth(m. orbicularis oris) is a bundle of muscle fibers, located in circles in the thickness of the lips, which go in different directions and connect with fibers in the upper and lower lip, cheeks, nose and adjacent areas. When the circular muscle contracts, the mouth closes and the lips stretch forward. The starting point is located in the skin of the corner of the mouth, and the attachment point is in the skin in the midline. Exercises aimed at shaping the contour of the lips and developing the cheeks perfectly strengthen and tone the lips, which, in turn, improves the appearance of the lips.

Muscle that lifts the upper lip(m. levator labii superioris), plays a significant role in the formation of nasal folds in team with the nasal muscle and the muscle that lowers the nasal septum. It starts from the upper jaw and is attached to the skin of the wing of the nose and upper lip. Contracting, this muscle lifts the upper lip and makes the nasolabial fold deeper.

Muscle that lifts the corner of the mouth(m. levator anguli oris), together with the zygomatic muscles, shifts the corners of the lips up and to the sides. The starting point is in the canine fossa of the upper jaw, and the place of attachment is in the skin of the corner of the mouth.

Muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth(m. depressor anguli oris), located below the corners of the mouth. In shape, it forms a small muscle triangle, which determined its second name - the triangular muscle. The broad base of the triangular muscle begins at the edge of the lower jaw, and the apex is woven into the circular muscle of the mouth.

The action of this muscle is directly opposite to the action of the zygomatic muscles. If the zygomatic muscles lift the corners of the mouth to create a smile, the triangular muscle lowers the corner of the mouth and the skin of the nasolabial fold. This forms an expression of contempt and displeasure.

Muscle that lowers the lower lip(m. depressor labii inferioris), or the quadrangular muscle, is located under the lip, in the middle of the chin. She twists her lower lip, and this gives our face an expression of disgust. With bilateral contraction, this muscle is even capable of turning the entire lower lip inside out.

Partially, the muscle that lowers the lower lip is covered by the triangular muscle of the mouth. This means that these two muscles are in an interdependent position. When one muscle is deformed, the location of another changes, which is important for understanding the biomechanics of aging.

Chin muscle(m. mentalis) forms a bulge in the chin area and is a bundle of muscle fibers collected in the shape of a cone. This muscle originates in the lower jaw and is woven into the skin of the chin with the other end. shrinking chin muscle tightens the skin of the chin and protrudes the lower lip, which gives the face a certain arrogance. That is why strengthening this muscle can correct the shape of the lower lip.

Square muscle of the upper lip(quadratus labii superioris), or « crying muscle. It starts from the lower edge of the orbit, its fibers go down through the nasolabial fold and are woven into the middle of the upper lip; part of the internal fibers is woven into the wing of the nose.

A weak contraction of the muscle lifts the middle of the upper lip, bends the nasolabial fold with a bulge outwards and upwards, and slightly widens the nostril (wailing expression). With a strong contraction of the muscle (during crying), the upper lip rises higher and the nasolabial fold is strongly pulled up, its upper end is wrapped down towards the nose. The wing of the nose stretches upward, the nostril is more strongly expanded; wrinkles stretch outward from the inner corner of the eye, along which tears roll. A separate contraction of the internal bundles slightly expands the nostrils (the person sniffs slightly).

Quadratus muscle of the lower lip(quadratus labii inferioris) is a small quadrilateral muscle that pulls down the lower lip.

buccal muscle(m. buccinator) is a wide, thin muscle located on both sides of the face under the cheeks. The buccal muscle originates from the upper and lower jaws and is woven with another, narrower end into the muscles surrounding the oral fissure. The surface of the buccal muscle from the side of the oral cavity is covered with a thick layer of adipose and connective tissue.

The buccal muscle has a quadrangular shape and is the muscular base of our cheeks. Another name for this muscle - "muscle of the trumpeter" - rightly appeared because the muscles of the cheeks affect the compaction and purposefulness of the air stream in musicians playing wind instruments.

The buccal muscle contributes to the sucking process. When contracted, it pulls the corners of the mouth back, and also presses the lips and cheeks to the teeth.

In the area of ​​the cheekbones allocate small zygomatic muscle(m. zygomaticus minor) And zygoma major muscle(m. zygomaticus major). Both muscles move the corners of the mouth up and to the sides, forming a smile. Like all facial muscles, both zygomatic muscles have a solid point of upper attachment - the zygomatic bone. At the other end, they are attached to the skin of the corner of the mouth and the circular muscles of the mouth.

Laughter muscle(m. risorius) is unstable (not everyone has it), is a continuation of the large zygomatic muscle, varies greatly in size and shape. Its task is to stretch the corners of the mouth to the sides. It is a narrow bundle of fibers, the widest part of which is located at the base. The starting point is located in the skin near the nasolabial fold and masseter muscle, and the attachment point is in the skin of the corners of the mouth. It participates in smiling by pulling the corners of the mouth towards the side teeth and also provides dimples to the cheeks while smiling.

From the book Traumatology and Orthopedics author Olga Ivanovna Zhidkova

3. Ausculpation, percussion and measurement of the length and circumference of the extremities In case of fractures of long tubular bones, bone sound conduction is determined in comparison with the healthy side. Bone formations protruding under the skin are selected and, percussing below the fracture,

From book normal anatomy human: lecture notes author M. V. Yakovlev

14. MUSCLES OF THE EAR. CHECKING MUSCLES The superior auricular muscle (m. auricularis superior) originates from the tendon helmet above the auricle, attaching to the upper surface of the cartilage of the auricle. Function: pulls the auricle up. Innervation: n. facialis. Posterior ear muscle (m.

From book latest book facts. Volume 1 author

19. ABDOMINAL MUSCLES. MUSCLES OF THE WALLS OF THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY. AUXILIARY APPARATUS OF THE ABDOMINAL MUSCLES The abdomen (abdomen) is a part of the body located between the chest and the pelvis. The following areas are distinguished in the abdomen: 1) the epigastrium (epigastrium), which includes the epigastric region, right and left

From the book Slim since childhood: how to give your child beautiful figure author Aman Atilov

20. MUSCLES OF THE NECK Among the muscles of the neck, superficial muscles are distinguished (suprahyoid (mm suprahyoidei) and deep muscles(lateral and prevertebral groups). Superficial muscles of the neck. Sternocleidomastoid muscle (m. sternocleidomastoideus) originates from the sternal

From the book Osteochondrosis is not a sentence! author Sergei Mikhailovich Bubnovsky

From the book The Newest Book of Facts. Volume 1. Astronomy and astrophysics. Geography and other earth sciences. Biology and medicine author Anatoly Pavlovich Kondrashov

Neck muscles 1. Sternocleidomastoid muscle. Tilts the head to the sides, forward and backward, rotates the head, participates in lifting the chest up.2. Scalene muscles. Located deep in the neck. Participate in the movement of the spine, lift chest at

From the book Brain vs. excess weight by Daniel Amen

Leg muscles 16. Gluteal muscles. Move the leg in hip joint. The torso bent forward is straightened.17. Quadriceps femoris. Located on the front of the thigh. Extends the leg into knee joint, flexes the hip at the hip joint and rotates it.18. two-headed

From the book Knee Pain. How to restore joint mobility author Irina Alexandrovna Zaitseva

3rd floor (belt upper limbs, pectoral muscles and muscles of the upper back) Hypertension, stroke, parkinsonism Indications: osteochondrosis, hypertension, coronary artery disease, bronchial asthma, Chronical bronchitis, parkinsonism1– 5. "Push-ups": from the wall; from the table;

From the book How to Stop Aging and Become Younger. Result in 17 days by Mike Moreno

From the book The most necessary book for harmony and beauty author Inna Tikhonova

Waist-to-Height Ratio Another way to check if your body weight is normal is to calculate your waist-to-height ratio. Some experts consider this indicator even more reliable than BMI. After all, BMI does not take into account the features

From the book Atlas: human anatomy and physiology. Complete practical guide author Elena Yurievna Zigalova

Muscles The extensor muscles are located on the front of the thigh. As a result of their contraction, the leg is straightened at the knee joint, so that we can walk. The main muscle of this group is the quadriceps muscle. The patella, which is located in

From the book Sculptural gymnastics for muscles, joints and internal organs. author Anatoly Sitel

Muscles There are over 650 muscles in our body, which is half of our body weight. Muscles are attached to bones by strong tissue called ligaments and tendons. They help muscles move bones. We have three types of muscles: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscles- those that work

From book nordic walking. Secrets of the famous coach author Anastasia Poletaeva

262. Muscle or fat? Or maybe what you are going to disperse is not fat at all, but ... muscles? Depending on individual characteristics (gender, weight, health, age and level physical training) each person in the body contains a different amount of adipose tissue. At

From the author's book

Muscles of the neck The area of ​​the neck at the top is bounded by a line running above along the lower edge of the body and the branch of the lower jaw to the temporomandibular joint and the top of the mastoid process of the temporal bone, the superior nuchal line, the external occipital protrusion: below the jugular notch

From the author's book

Muscles Basic motor human functions, levels of segmental innervation spinal cord and the participation of tonic and phasic muscles in them are presented in Table. 1.1 (tonic muscles are denoted by the letter T, and phasic muscles are denoted by F). Table 1.1 The main motor functions of a person,

From the author's book

Muscles Muscles move limbs, move blood around the body, and push food through the digestive tract. They make up a significant part of body weight: in men - 40%, in women - 30%. More than 600 (!) Muscles are distinguished, different in size, shape, type, depending on which

The visceral musculature of the head, which had previously been related to the viscera laid down in the region of the head and neck, partly turned gradually into the skin muscles of the neck, and from it, by differentiation into separate thin bundles, into the mimic muscles of the face. This explains the closest relation of mimic muscles to the skin, which they set in motion. This also explains other features of the structure and function of these muscles.

So, facial muscles unlike skeletal ones, they do not have a double attachment to the bones, but are necessarily woven into the skin or mucous membrane with two or one end. As a result, they do not have fasciae and, by contracting, set the skin in motion. When relaxed, their skin, due to its elasticity, returns to its previous state, so the role of antagonists here is much less than that of skeletal muscles.

Mimic muscles represent thin and small muscle bundles that are grouped around natural openings: the mouth, nose, palpebral fissure and ear, taking part in one way or another in closing or, conversely, expanding these openings.

Contactors (sphincters) are usually located around the holes annularly, and dilators (dilators) - radially. By changing the shape of the holes and moving the skin with the formation of different folds, the mimic muscles give the face a certain expression corresponding to one or another experience. This kind of facial changes are called facial expressions, hence the name of the muscles. In addition to the main function - to express sensations, facial muscles take part in speech, chewing, etc.

The shortening of the jaw apparatus and the participation of the lips in articulate speech led to a special development of facial muscles around the mouth, and, conversely, the well-developed ear muscles in humans were reduced and preserved only in the form of rudimentary muscles.

Mimic muscles or muscles of the face. Muscles of the eye circle

2. M. procerus, muscle of the proud, starts from the bony dorsum of the nose and aponeurosis m. nasalis and ends in the skin of the glabellae region, connecting with the frontalis muscle. Lowering the skin of the named area from top to bottom, causes the formation of transverse folds above the nose.

3. M. orbicularis oculi, circular muscle of the eye, surrounds the palpebral fissure, located with its peripheral part, pars orbitalis, on the bony edge of the orbit, and the inner part, pars palpebralis, on the eyelids. There is also a third small part, pars lacrimals, which arises from the wall of the lacrimal sac and, expanding it, affects the absorption of tears through the lacrimal canaliculi.
Pars palpebralis closes the eyelids. eye part, pars orbitalis, with a strong contraction produces squinting of the eye.

In m. orbicularis oculi allocate a small part lying under pars orbitalis and bearing the name m. corrugator supercilii, eyebrow wrinkler. This part of the orbicular muscle of the eye brings the eyebrows together and causes the formation of vertical wrinkles in the space between the eyebrows above the bridge of the nose. Often, in addition to vertical folds, short transverse wrinkles form above the nose in the middle third of the forehead, due to the simultaneous action venter frontalis. This position of the eyebrows occurs during suffering, pain, and is characteristic of severe emotional experiences.

Mimic muscles or muscles of the face. Muscles of the mouth

4. M. levator labii superioris, the muscle that lifts the upper lip, starts from the infraorbital edge of the upper jaw and ends mainly in the skin of the nasolabial fold. A bundle is split off from it, going to the wing of the nose and therefore received an independent name - m. levator labii superioris alaeque nasi. When contracting, it raises the upper lip, deepening the sulcus nasolabialis; pulls the wing of the nose up, expanding the nostrils.

5. M. zygomaticus minor, zygomatic minor, starts from the zygomatic bone, is woven into the nasolabial fold, which deepens during contraction.

6. M. zygomaticus major, large zygomatic muscle, goes from the facies lateralis of the zygomatic bone to the corner of the mouth and partly to the upper lip. Pulls the corner of the mouth up and laterally, and the nasolabial fold is greatly deepened. With this action of the muscle, the face becomes laughing, therefore m. zygomaticus is par excellence the muscle of laughter.

7. M. risorius, muscle of laughter, a small transverse tuft leading to the corner of the mouth is often absent. Stretches the mouth when laughing; in some individuals, due to the attachment of the muscle to the skin of the cheek, a small dimple is formed when it contracts on the side of the corner of the mouth.

8. M. depressor anguli oris, muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth, begins on the lower edge of the lower jaw lateral to the tuberculum mentale and attaches to the skin of the corner of the mouth and upper lip. Pulls down the corner of the mouth and makes the nasolabial fold straight. The lowering of the corners of the mouth gives the face an expression of sadness.

9. M. levator anguli oris, the muscle that raises the angle of the mouth, lies under m. levator labii superioris and m. zygomaticus major - originates from fossa canina (which is why it was previously called m. caninus) below the foramen infraorbitale and is attached to the corner of the mouth. Pulls up the corner of the mouth.

10. M. depressor labii inferioris, muscle that lowers the lower lip. It starts at the edge of the lower jaw and attaches to the skin of the entire lower lip. Pulls the lower lip down and somewhat laterally, as, by the way, is observed in the mimicry of disgust.

11. M. mentalis, the chin muscle departs from the juga alveolaria of the lower incisors and canine, is attached to the skin of the chin. Raises the skin of the chin upwards, and small dimples form on it, and lifts the lower lip upward, pressing it against the upper one.

12. M. buccinator, buccal muscle, forms the lateral wall of the oral cavity. At the level of the second upper large molar, the duct of the parotid gland, ductus parotideus, passes through the muscle. Outer surface m. buccinator is covered with fascia buccopharyngea, on top of which lies the fatty lump of the cheek. Its beginning is the alveolar process of the upper jaw, the buccal ridge and the alveolar part of the lower jaw, the pterygo-mandibular suture. Attachment - to the skin and mucous membrane of the corner of the mouth, where it passes into the circular muscle of the mouth. Pulls the corners of the mouth to the sides, presses the cheeks to the teeth, compresses the cheeks, protects the mucous membrane of the oral cavity from biting when chewing.

13. M. orbicularis oris, circular muscle of the mouth, lying in the thickness of the lips around the oral fissure. With the reduction of the peripheral part of m. orbicularis oris lips drawn together and pushed forward as if kissing; when the part lying under the red lip border is reduced, then the lips, tightly approaching each other, wrap inward, as a result of which the red border is hidden.
M. orbicularis oris, located around the mouth, performs the function of a pulp (sphincter), i.e., a muscle that closes the opening of the mouth. In this regard, it is an antagonist to the radial muscles of the mouth, i.e., the muscles that radiate from it and open the mouth (mm. levatores lab. sup. et anguli oris, depressores lab. infer, et anguli oris, etc.).

Mimic muscles or muscles of the face. Muscles of the nose

14. M. nasalis, actually nasal muscle, poorly developed, partially covered by the muscle that raises the upper lip, compresses the cartilaginous part of the nose. Her pars alaris lowers her wing. nose, and t. depressor septi (nasi) lowers the cartilaginous part of the nasal septum.

Additionally, we recommend: Table of the facial muscles of the face innervated by the branches of the facial nerve.

Video of the anatomy of facial muscles

Anatomy facial muscles on the preparation of a corpse from Professor V.A. Izranov understands