What muscles are not attached to the bones mimic. Atlas-reference book of facial muscles

Understanding the anatomy of how the muscles of the face are located is a direct key to eternal youth, smooth toned skin. The whole body is permeated by the muscular system. The outlines of a particular area are determined by its tone, current state. To ensure safety, elasticity, plasticity, to prevent thinning, it is necessary to be aware of how different muscle groups work, to be able to read the structure diagrams.

The value of facial anatomy for cosmetologists

Innovative cosmetic procedures should not be implemented without basic understanding of human anatomy: its structure, characteristics of the epidermis.

This information helps the cosmetologist to build a correct program of work on age-related modifications of the epidermis and improve its condition. They are also necessary when choosing cosmetic effects, massage techniques.

The study of structural features, facial expressions, analysis according to methodological tables, diagrams are the basic information that a cosmetologist should be guided by. Without them, it is impossible to carry out any aesthetic procedure: neither Botox, nor injection therapy.

They are elongated beam-like branches with the thinnest muscular layer. They are located in the skin-connective head structures.

Unlike muscles located in other areas of the human body, facial muscles do not have a double attachment to the bone skeleton. Instead, they are woven with one tip into the internal ligaments.

An exception to this rule is only a small muscle group located on the lateral surface of the face. Responsible for grinding food, it regulates the process of chewing. All facial muscles (except for the circular oral, nasal and supracranial) have a pair, differ in the depth of placement. So, they distinguish superficial, deep, medium.

The work of the deep muscles of the face is regulated by the central nervous system. The brain receives signals-calls about current processes, it reports them to the facial muscle groups. That is, they translate the information received into abbreviations, displaying certain facial movements on the human face.

Any muscle movement is always a detailed reflection of the transmitted nerve impulses.

Muscle contractions can be disturbed in traumatic and infectious diseases. Violations are congenital or acquired (in this case, permanent or temporary) in nature. One of the most significant pathologies is partial paralysis. It provokes an inability to correct muscle contraction, which makes it difficult for a person to close his eyes and jaw.

Platyma: what is it, where is it

Platyma is the thinnest superficial layer of the cervical muscles, responsible for its aesthetics, general appearance. Located in the deep layers of the skin, it fuses tightly with it.

Although the platysmal tissue is not involved in the movement of the neck and head, it is recruited during strenuous exercise. This determines its role in facial expressions.

Platyma has a number of significant differences from other facial muscle groups. It is more susceptible to modifications, quickly loses plasticity. Therefore, it needs carefully selected care that would meet modern cosmetological requirements.

How muscles are connected to massage lines

The facial muscles are an impromptu frame that keeps the skin in good shape, maintaining its firmness and elasticity. Massage is a cosmetic manipulation that has a positive effect on them. Having a tightening effect, it allows you to transform the skin of the face, making it fresher and more rested, getting rid of redness and rashes, creating a clearly defined contour.

The procedure is performed strictly in accordance with the massage lines. These are the directions of movements that the beautician must adhere to.

Massage lines line up in accordance with the flow of lymph, and under certain influences, they can speed it up. This is favorably displayed on the general condition of the skin, relieves the body of toxins and toxins, relieves swelling.

Read on the site about the most popular and effective facial massage techniques in this one.

In the human body, there are over 100 facial muscles located on the head and neck. You can study each of them in more detail, based on the photos, pictures, descriptions below.

On the anatomical side, all facial muscles can be divided into 6 subgroups:

• Mimic;
• cervical musculature;
• chewable;
• Language;
• oral cavity;
• Oculomotor.

Some may be assigned to several subgroups at the same time.

This includes those responsible for regulating chewing movements. Namely:

These muscles provide minimal impact on the overall appearance of the face.

The chewing muscle group is responsible for the movement of the lower jaw during speech activity, grinding food. She is always in hypertonicity, does not need to perform specific exercises. Subject to spasms due to excessive compression of the teeth, it can negatively affect blood flow, activating photoaging processes in the designated area.

This can be said about the pterygoid muscles, whose main purpose is to grind solid food. Care for them is selected according to the testimony of a particular person. This is the only way to achieve positive dynamics: tighten the oval of the face, prevent the development of deep wrinkles, etc.

The functions of facial muscles are reduced to displaying emotions. Due to the extensibility of the epidermis, the construction of folds that appear in the vertical direction, relative to muscle contraction, emotional manifestations are formed. Hence the rule - the more emotional the person, the more likely the formation of mimic creases in the face or neck area.

The facial muscles are divided into three categories:

• Upper facial;
• median;
• Lower facial and cervical.

The former, in case of stretching, provoke the formation of vertical frontal wrinkles, diagonal folds in the bridge of the nose, as well as "crow's feet" under the lower eyelids. The latter provide a feeling of "sunken cheeks", outline the nasolabial folds, make wrinkles under the eyes and in the corners of the lips more noticeable. The mimic muscles of the face of the third group contribute to the protrusion of the lower lip forward, lowering the corners of the mouth.

All indicated defects and problems are easily removed by high-quality working out of the entire muscle zone.

Neck band

By analogy with the facial muscles of the face and neck, the neck is also divided into three categories:

1. Superficial cervical muscle group;
2. Deep cervical muscles (this includes the posterior scalene, anterior and median).

If we talk about the differences, then the cervical, in comparison with the facial and chewing muscles of the face, have five fascia (connective sheaths that cover them from the outside):

1. Surface;
2. own neck;
3. Scapular-clavicular;
4. Internal cervical;
5. Prevertebral.

Neck spasms provoke the formation of skin laxity in the designated area of ​​the body, lead to the development of wrinkles and folds, and trigger photoaging processes. In some cases, there is a second chin, as well as transverse creases.

Topology of facial muscles and their functions

Facial anatomy is a well researched branch of medicine. Therefore, muscle functions do not need additional study - they have long been thoroughly analyzed and strictly defined. In some cases, muscle groups have a "speaking" name, and therefore it is not difficult to guess about their functions.

Muscle of the cranial vault(also known as the "tendinous helmet") is responsible for raising the brow ridges, gathering the skin on the forehead into transverse folds.

Occipital frontal pyramidal muscle raises the eyebrows, leading to the formation of transverse folds and creases. It is a pair - one above both eyebrows, which is why they move independently of each other. This activity affects the opening of the eyes, which gives the face different expressions.

Temporal muscles coordinate jaw movements.

fibers muscles of the proud placed between the eyebrows and stretched to the forehead. The shift of the eyebrows, the wrinkling of the nose are the actions for which they are responsible. Structural features of the muscles of the face cause the appearance of wrinkles between the eyebrows with their tension.

Wrinkling eyebrow muscles set them in motion. They lead the inner eyebrow border to the median line in two directions: inward and upward, as a result of which the edges converge. Hypertonicity provokes the formation of vertical creases between the eyebrows.

Responsible for closing the gaps between the eyes.

Contracting, provokes the motor activity of the wings of the nose. Its contraction causes expansion and narrowing of the nasal passages.

tear muscles lift the upper lip, move the wings of the nose.

Infraocular muscle- also responsible for lifting the upper lip.

Located in the lower region of the face, it will mix the mouth corners in different directions. It is she who is responsible for the smile, can provoke the formation of nasolabial creases.

Pulls and stretches the lips, allows you to compress them.

Modioulos(in Latin) - knot of the corner of the mouth. It is he who gives the aesthetics of the lower facial third.

Needed to stretch the mouth corners. In a number of people, during its contraction, dimples form on the cheeks. In addition to mimic functions, it is of particular importance in the overall aesthetics of the face, its modeling. Competent study of the muscle of laughter allows you to make adjustments to the oval of the face, slightly raise the corners.

They are located immediately above the laughter. They model the cheeks, dispersing the mouth opening to the sides. When the mouth expands, the muscle goes into hypertonicity. An interesting fact about the muscles: there is a layer of fat between the cheek muscle and the epidermis, in men it is narrower than in women. In children, it is noted in the greatest volume.

Triangular muscle (lowering the mouth)- she is responsible for lowering the corners of the mouth. Direction helps in expressing feelings of sadness. In a state of hypertonicity, the face takes on a negative expression.

drooping muscles pull the lips down, giving the face an expression of disgust.

It is represented by two parts that are located under the square of the muscles of the lower lip. At the time of contraction, a dimple may form on the chin.

Neck muscles especially important when turning and tilting the head. Muscular thinning provokes the formation of a second chin, as well as a decrease in the plasticity and elasticity of the skin, and the acquisition of a gray tint of the face.

In addition to the muscle groups described, there are also those that belong to the internal organs (uvula, palate, middle ear, etc.).
How do emotions and muscles relate?

All the muscles included in the mimic group are responsible for displaying a certain emotion:

• Frontal - raises the brow arches, forms horizontal forehead wrinkles, in this way expressing delight, amazement on the face.
• The circular muscle allows you to close your eyes with a strong fright, as well as roll them up or lower them. With its help, a person shows embarrassment, misunderstanding.
• The zygomatic muscles major and minor help in producing a smile by lifting the corners of the mouth.
• The muscles responsible for lowering the mouth corners are active during negative emotions.
• The laughing muscles allow the corners of the lips to stretch in a horizontal direction, forming "pits" at the moment of smiling.
• The greatest activity of the circular muscle is noted when sending air kisses.
• Disappointment, anger, confusion - those emotions that are displayed with the help of the chin muscle (it slightly raises the lower jaw, pushing it forward).
• Fear, disgust and other negative feelings are impossible without a superficial neck muscle that works by straining.

More than a thousand different combinations of muscle contractions have been studied and recorded, displaying one or another feeling on a human face.

Photoaging: age-related muscle modifications

Over time, the muscle structure loses its elasticity and plasticity, changes in size and lengthens. Features of modifications depend on the nature of muscle manifestations in different situations. For example, under stress, during leisure or work, in dialogues with people, etc. Factors such as lifestyle, proper care, and heredity acquire importance.

In those areas where the muscles are not firmly attached to the skin surface, fatty hernias form over the years. They occur due to the pulling of the ligaments under the influence of excessive loads. Where the ligaments remain able to hold the facial muscles, wrinkles, creases and folds occur.

Most people are convinced that age-related changes in tissues occur due to their hypertonicity or excessive relaxation, but the point is different - incessant muscle activity that provokes spasms. With frequent contraction, the muscles fall off in folds, change the relief of the skin, its structure.

For example, spasms in the region of the frontal muscle tissues provoke the development of horizontal and vertical folds in the indicated facial region, and increase the tone of the circular muscles. Gradually, all this leads to the appearance of "crow's feet", nasolabial furrows.

The entire human body, including the head, face and neck, is formed by muscles. And the contours of a particular zone of the human face depend on the tone in which they are located. In order to maintain the elasticity and elasticity of the muscle frame for a long time, you should understand how to work with them correctly, you need to study photos with descriptions and be able to read muscle structure diagrams.

Modern cosmetic procedures cannot be carried out without basic knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the skin.

This information enables the beautician to work correctly on age-related changes in the skin, qualitatively improve its general condition and carry out timely work with the muscles of the face, influencing them with the help of massage movements when performing cosmetic manipulations.

The structure of the muscles of the skin of the face, the study of their descriptions from photographs and diagrams is the basic knowledge of anatomy. Without them, not a single cosmetologist will be able to competently perform a massage, inject Botox under the skin of the face without negative consequences, or perform a microcurrent therapy procedure.

Anatomy of the muscles of the face

What shape are the facial muscles

The facial muscles look like flat elongated bundles with a very thin muscle part.

Where are the muscles located and how are they attached?

This group of muscles is located in the subcutaneous connective tissue of the front of the head. They, unlike the muscles located in other parts of the human body, do not have a double attachment to the bones of the skeleton, but are woven into ligaments at one end.

The exception is a small group of four muscles, which is located on the lateral surface of the head and provides the process of chewing food. The facial muscles are often paired, with the exception of the circular muscles of the mouth, nasal and supracranial. In addition, muscles are classified according to their depth. Allocate deep, medium and superficial muscles.

How to shrink

The activity of the facial muscles is always coordinated by the central nervous system. The brain, receiving a signal about some process occurring from the outside, transmits it to the facial muscles, and they, in turn, translate the information received into the language of muscle contraction and display it on the person’s face in the form of any facial movements.

Any muscle movement is always an accurate reflection of all kinds of nerve impulses.

With nervous diseases, injuries, infections, muscle contraction is disturbed. These changes can be congenital, permanent or temporary. The most serious disease is paralysis of the facial muscles. Because of it, the muscles lose the ability to completely close their eyes and jaws.

Where is platysma

Platyma is a superficial thin layer of neck muscles, which is responsible for its beauty and overall appearance. It is located just under the skin and fuses tightly with it.

Despite this fact, platysma does not participate in the movements carried out by the head and neck, and tenses up only during strong physical exertion or during acute emotional experiences: for example, at a moment of violent anger or with severe physical pain, thus playing a significant role in facial expressions. In many ways, platysma differs from all other muscle groups.

platysma is more susceptible to all sorts of changes and rapid loss of elasticity, so its condition needs timely and high-quality preventive care.

Massage lines and facial muscles - the relationship

Facial muscles are a kind of frame that keeps the skin in good shape, keeping it elastic and elastic. And massage is the manipulation that has a beneficial effect on them, further tightening the skin on the face itself. Massage makes the skin on the face even more fresh and beautiful, helping to get rid of acne and bumps, creating a chiseled contour of the face itself.

This procedure is done strictly along the massage lines - certain directions of movements that the beautician who performs this procedure adheres to.

Direction of massage lines:

• from the middle of the chin along the jawbone;
• from the corners of the lips to the bottom of the ears;
• from the back of the nose in the direction of the temples in both directions;
• from the wings of the nose to its back;
• from the bridge of the nose to the hairline;
• from the space between the eyebrows to the temples and hair.

Massage lines coincide with the direction of the lymph flow, and with certain manipulations contribute to its acceleration. This, in turn, has a good effect on the general condition of the skin and helps rid the body of excess toxins and toxins, relieve swelling.

muscle groups

A person has more than a hundred facial muscles located on the head and neck. Each of them can be seen in detail in the photo with a description and diagrams.

Anatomy divides all these muscles into several conditional groups:

• mimic;
• oculomotor;
• chewing; oral cavity; language;
• neck muscles.

Some of the facial muscles may belong to different groups at the same time.

Chewing muscles

Chewing muscles provide chewing movements.

These include:

• head muscles (temporal, chewing, lateral, medial pterygoid muscles);
• muscles of the neck, the location of which is higher than the hyoid bone (maxillary-hyoid, geniohyoid and digastric muscles).

This group of muscles has minimal impact on the appearance of the face.

The chewing muscle, which is responsible for raising the lower jaw of a person while pronouncing sounds or eating food, is constantly in good shape and does not need additional exercises. However, it tends to undergo spasms due to increased compression of the teeth, and this negatively affects the blood supply to this area of ​​the face and activates the aging process in it.

The same can be said about the pterygoid masticatory muscles, the main purpose of which is to grind coarse products. Care for this muscle group must be competent in order to promote the formation of the correct oval of the face and prevent further formation of deep wrinkles in the lip area.

Mimic muscles

The functionality of facial muscles is to form emotional manifestations on a person's face due to a certain extensibility of the skin and the formation of folds that appear in the transverse direction, relative to muscle contraction. The more emotional a person is, the higher the risk that facial wrinkles will quickly appear on his face and neck.

Mimic muscles are divided into muscles:

• upper front part;
• middle part;
• lower face and neck.

The former, when stretched, form vertical wrinkles on the forehead, horizontal wrinkles on the bridge of the nose and the so-called crow's feet under the eyes, the latter create the effect of "sunken cheeks", deepen the nasolabial folds and wrinkles under the eyes, and in the oral area.

The muscles of the third group - lower the corners of the lips and protrude their lower part forward. A high-quality study of the entire muscle zone will completely remove the listed shortcomings and make the skin relief smoother and even.

Neck muscles

The neck muscles are divided into three subgroups:

• superficial muscles of the neck;
• muscles of the hyoid bone;
• deep muscles of the neck: anterior, middle and posterior scalene muscles.

The cervical muscles, in contrast to the facial muscles, have five fascia (the so-called connective tissue membranes that cover the muscles themselves):

Muscle imbalance and spasm of the neck muscles always provoke the development of skin laxity in this area of ​​the body and contribute to the development of wrinkles and folds on the side of the neck, the formation of transverse folds and the second chin.

Other classifications

In addition to the above muscle groups, there are so-called muscles of the internal organs, such as the tongue, palate, middle ear and eyes.
These muscles also take part in shaping the appearance of the face and facial expressions. You can see them in more detail in the photo with descriptions and diagrams presented in the article.

Facial muscles and emotions

Each muscle belonging to the mimic group coordinates the expression of any emotion:

In total, about 1200 different combinations of muscle contractions have been identified in nature, reflecting one or another emotion on a human face.

Age-related changes in facial muscles

Over the years, the muscular facial tissue loses its elasticity and lengthens. The format of such metamorphoses depends on how the muscles behave in different conditions: in a stressful situation, during a rest or work process, or when talking with people. Such moments as life style, self-care literacy and heredity also have a considerable influence.

In those areas where the muscles are not firmly fixed with one of their parts on the skin membrane, over time, the so-called fatty hernias are formed due to the pulling of the ligaments under the influence of the load that has arisen. And where the ligaments are still able to hold the muscles of the face, folds and creases appear.

There is an opinion that age-related changes in the muscle tissue of the face occur due to tone, elasticity and its increased relaxation, but in fact the point here is different - in the constant tension of the muscles that cause spasms. The skin of the face with increased muscle contraction falls off in a fold, changing the relief and structure of the skin.

In the photo - a diagram and description of the work of the muscles of the face, leading to the appearance of "crying" corners of the lips

For example, a spasm of the muscle tissue of the forehead leads to the formation of transverse and horizontal lines in this area of ​​the face, an increased tone of the circular muscle of the eye - to the formation of wrinkles in the eye area, and contraction of the muscles of the middle facial part - to the appearance of nasolabial furrows.

What muscles of the face are injected with Botox

The introduction of Botox is aimed at eliminating mimic wrinkles and restoring smoothness to the skin relief. Injections of botulinum toxin (purified natural protein) are performed by a cosmetologist subcutaneously or intradermally into the mimic muscles.

These are the muscles where it is necessary to reduce the susceptibility to incoming nerve impulses in order to slow down the process of deepening wrinkles in the skin and tighten sagging skin.

The best injections of botulinum toxin show their action in the following muscles:

• in platysma;
• in the muscle that lowers the corners of the mouth;
• in the circular muscles of the mouth and eyes;
• in the chin muscle;
• in the nasal muscle;
• in the frontal muscle;
• in the muscle of the proud and the muscle wrinkling the eyebrow.

The amount of the drug for each muscle zone is determined by the cosmetologist conducting the procedure for introducing Botox under the skin, on an individual basis. The maximum effect of "hardening" of facial muscles is observed for 3-6 months after the injection.

As soon as the muscles begin to make the first contractions, after this period of time, the effect of botulinum toxin injections under the skin lasts for about another six months.

The muscles of the face (photos with descriptions and diagrams can be seen above) should be studied according to the presented photographs and diagrams. The schemes are presented in Russian and in Latin. On them you can see a detailed description of where this or that group of muscles of the face is located.

If you know the exact location of the facial and neck muscles and become familiar with the principle of their work, having understood this through the study of descriptions, photographs and diagrams, then it is possible, through subsequent competent stimulation of certain muscle groups, to slow down the aging process, while maintaining elasticity and youthfulness of the skin for a long time.

Video on the topic: facial muscles, photos with descriptions and diagrams

How to tighten the muscles of the face and make the perfect oval:

Scheme of self-massage of facial muscles Renaissance:

Description of the procedure for injections of dysport into the muscles of the face:

Face muscle tightening. Photos before and after the operation:

Fundamentals of cosmetology.

Chewing muscles. The chewing muscles include the temporal, chewing, medial and lateral pterygoid muscles. They differentiate from the muscles of the first visceral (jaw) arch. Combined and varied movements of these muscles cause complex chewing movements.

Muscles of the head and neck; side view. 1 - temporal muscle (m. temporalis); 2 - occipital-frontal muscle (m. occipitofrontalis); 3 - circular muscle of the eye (m. Orbicularis oculi); 4 - large zygomatic muscle (m. zygomaticus major); 5 - muscle that lifts the upper lip (m. Levator labii superioris); 6 - muscle that raises the corner of the mouth (m. Levator anguli oris); 7 - buccal muscle (m. buccinator); 8 - chewing muscle (m. masseter); 9 - muscle lowering the lower lip (m. depressor labii inferioris); 10 - chin muscle (m. mentalis); 11 - muscle lowering the corner of the mouth (m. depressor anguli oris); 12 - digastric muscle (m. digastricus); 13 - maxillofacial muscle (m. mylohyoideus); 14 - hyoid-lingual muscle (m. hyoglossus); 15 - thyroid muscle (m. thyrohyoideus); 16 - scapular-hyoid muscle (m. omohyoideus); 17 - sternohyoid muscle (m. sternohyoideus); 18 - sternothyroid muscle (m. sternothyroideus); 19 - sternocleidomastoid muscle (m. sternocleidomastoideus); 20 - anterior scalene muscle (m. scalenus anterior); 21 - middle scalene muscle (m. scalenus medius); 22 - trapezius muscle (m. trapezius); 23 - muscle that lifts the scapula (m. Levator scapulae); 24 - stylohyoid muscle (m. stylohyoideus)

Muscles of the head and neck; deep layer. 1 - lateral pterygoid muscle (m. pterygoideus lateralis); 2 - buccal muscle (m. buccinator); 3 - medial pterygoid muscle (m. pterygoideus medialis); 4 - thyroid muscle (m. thyrohyoideus); 5 - sternothyroid muscle (m. sternothyroideus); 6 - sternohyoid muscle (m. sternolyoideus); 7 - anterior scalene muscle (m. scalenus anterior); 8 - middle scalene muscle (m. scalenus medius); 9 - posterior scalene muscle (m. scalenus posterior); 10 - trapezius muscle (m. trapezius)

temporalis muscle begins fan-shaped from the temporal fossa. Converging downward, the muscle fibers pass under the zygomatic arch and attach to the coronoid process of the lower jaw.

chewing muscle starts from the zygomatic arch and is attached to the outer roughness of the angle of the lower jaw.

The temporal and chewing muscles have dense fasciae, which, attaching to the bones around these muscles, form bone-fibrous sheaths for them.

medial pterygoid muscle starts from the pterygoid fossa of the sphenoid bone and is attached to the internal roughness of the angle of the lower jaw.

All three chewing muscles described raise the lower jaw. In addition, the masticatory and medial pterygoid muscles somewhat push the jaw forward, and the posterior tufts of the temporal muscles back. With unilateral contraction, the medial pterygoid muscle displaces the lower jaw in the opposite direction.

Lateral pterygoid muscle lies in a horizontal plane, starts from the outer plate of the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone and, heading backwards, is attached to the neck of the mandible. With a unilateral contraction, the muscle pulls the lower jaw in the opposite direction, with a bilateral contraction, it pushes it forward.

Superficial muscles of the head and neck

Mimic muscles develop from the muscles of the second visceral (hyoid) arch. With one end they start from the bones of the skull, and with the other they are attached to the skin of the face. These muscles do not have fascia. With their contractions, they displace the skin and determine facial expressions, that is, expressive facial movements.

Mimic muscles are grouped around the natural openings of the face, one of them covers the roof of the skull. Participation in the act of speech determined the differentiation of muscles in the region of the mouth, as well as in the eyes. In the area of ​​the nose (since a person's sense of smell is not of leading importance) and especially around the ears (since a person has ceased to alert them), muscle reduction has occurred.

The mimic muscles include the supracranial (with frontal and occipital bellies); proud muscle; the circular muscle of the eye, wrinkling the eyebrow; circular mouth; muscle that raises the corner of the mouth; muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth; buccal; muscle that raises the upper lip; zygomatic; laughter muscle; muscle that lowers the lower lip; chin; nose muscles and ear muscles.

Skull and facial muscles

Mimic muscles and integuments of the face

supracranial muscle it is mainly represented by a tendon sprain covering, like a helmet, the roof of the skull. Tendon stretch passes into small muscle bellies: behind - occipital, attached to the upper nuchal line; in front - in more developed frontal, woven into the skin of the superciliary arches. If the tendon helmet is fixed by the occipital bellies, then the contraction of the frontal bellies lays horizontal folds on the forehead and raises the eyebrows. With sufficient development of the abdomens of the supracranial muscle, their contraction sets the scalp in motion.

Muscle of the proud starts from the back of the nose and attaches to the skin above the bridge of the nose. Contracting, the muscle forms horizontal folds here.

Circular muscle of the eye located in the orbit and is divided into three parts: the orbital, secular and lacrimal. The orbital part is formed by the most peripheral fibers of the muscle; contracting, they close their eyes. The eyelid part consists of fibers laid under the skin of the eyelids; contracting, they close their eyes. The lacrimal part is represented by fibers surrounding the lacrimal sac; contracting, they expand it, which contributes to the outflow of lacrimal fluid into the lacrimal canal.

Eyebrow wrinkling muscle, starts from the nasal part of the frontal bone, goes laterally and, piercing the frontal belly of the supracranial muscle, is attached to the skin of the forehead in the region of the superciliary arches. Contracting, the muscle lays vertical folds on the forehead.

Orbicular muscle of the mouth represents a complex complex of muscle fibers that make up the upper and lower lips. It consists mainly of circular fibers and, contracting, narrows the mouth. Several other facial muscles are woven into the circular muscle of the mouth.

Muscle that lifts the corner of the mouth, originates from the canine fossa of the maxillary bone. Descending to the corner of the mouth, it attaches to the skin and mucous membranes and is woven into the circular muscle of the mouth in the region of the lower lip.

Muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth, originates from the edge of the lower jaw. Converging in its bundles to the corner of the mouth, it attaches to the skin and is woven into the circular muscle of the mouth in the region of the upper lip.

The last two muscles, contracting simultaneously, close the lips.

buccal muscle lies and thicker cheeks. With its upper bundles, it originates from the maxillary bone above its alveolar process, the lower bundles - from the body of the lower jaw below the alveoli, the middle ones - from the maxillary-pterygoid suture - a tendon cord connecting the base of the skull with the lower jaw. Heading towards the corner of the mouth, the upper bundles of the buccal muscle are woven into the lower lip, the lower ones into the upper lip, and the middle bundles are distributed in the circular muscle of the mouth. The main value of the buccal muscle is to counteract intraoral pressure. By pressing the cheeks and lips to the teeth, it helps to hold food between the chewing surfaces of the teeth. Adipose tissue accumulates on the buccal muscle, especially in childhood (causes the roundness of children's cheeks).

Muscle that lifts the upper lip, begins with three heads: from the frontal process and the lower orbital edge of the maxillary bone and from the zygomatic bone. The fibers go down and are woven into the skin of the nasolabial fold. By contracting, they deepen this fold, lifting and stretching the upper lip and expanding the nostrils.

Large zygomatic muscle goes from the zygomatic bone to the corner of the mouth, which pulls up and to the sides when contracted.

Laughter muscle inconstant, thin tuft stretches between the corner of the mouth and the skin of the cheek. Contracting, the muscle forms a dimple on the cheek.

Muscle that lowers the lower lip, starts from the body of the lower jaw deeper and medially to the muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth; ends in the skin of the lower lip, which, with its contraction, pulls down.

Chin muscle starts from the holes of the lower incisors, goes down and medially; attached to the skin of the chin. During its contraction, the muscle lifts and wrinkles the skin of the chin, causing the formation of pits on it, presses the lower lip to the upper one.

The nasal muscle originates from the sockets of the upper canine and external incisor. It distinguishes two bundles: narrowing the nostrils and expanding them. The first rises to the cartilaginous back of the nose, where it passes into a common tendon with the muscle of the opposite side. The second, attaching to the cartilage and skin of the wing of the nose, pulls the latter down.

The anterior, superior, and posterior muscles of the ear approach the auricle and the cartilaginous part of the external auditory meatus. Muscles are rarely developed enough to move the auricle.

Deep facial muscles(A) and neck(B). (Left scalenus anterior removed)

It is very important for any specialist working in the field of cosmetology to regularly refer to fundamental knowledge. One of the basic topics of anatomy is the structure of the skin muscles of the face - just what a beautician should know brilliantly. In order to competently inject Botox, conduct biocybernetic therapy and even do facial massage, the cosmetologist needs to know which muscles are affected by this or that method and what will be the results of these effects on each muscle.

General concepts

What are skin muscles?

The skin muscles are the muscles of the face that originate on the surface of the bones of the skull, and at the other end are fixed in the deep layers of the skin.

What is the shape of the skin muscles?

Most often, these are flat, elongated muscles with a very thin fleshy part. That is why, unlike other muscles of our body (biceps, for example), their contraction does not cause protrusion of skin tissue.

Where are they located?

Almost all of them are located on the front of the face in the subcutaneous connective tissue.

How are they directed?

They are oriented from the surface of the bone, to which they are attached on one side, to the skin - the place of their superficial attachment, which, in fact, is also quite deep.

What are the external manifestations of contraction of the skin muscles?

The contraction of the skin muscles is externally manifested in the movement of the skin of the face, resulting in the formation of folds and changes in facial features. That is why they are called "mimic".

What are mimic skin folds?

The contraction of each of these muscles of the face entails the formation of one or more folds on the skin, which are always located in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the corresponding muscle fibers. Each such contraction corresponds to a certain facial expression. The names of these muscles sometimes reflect not only and not so much their anatomy as the designation of the facial expression that they provoke. For example, they say: the muscle wrinkling the eyebrow or "muscle of pain", the frontal pyramidal or "muscle of anger."

How are they reduced?

The work of the muscles is controlled and coordinated by the nervous system. The received sensory signal is transmitted to the skin muscles, which translate it into the language of muscle contraction and depict it on the face in the form of skin wrinkling. Muscle movements are "immediate and accurate reflections of various nerve impulses." The face also presents muscles, both ends of which are attached to the bone. This is a group of four muscles located on the lateral surfaces of the head that provide chewing movements: temporal, chewing, medial and lateral pterygoid.

Myological proposology

Proposology (from the Greek "proposon" - a person, and "logos" - study, reasoning) is a science whose subject of study is a person.

Myological proposology (“myos” in Greek means muscle), in particular, studies the muscles of the face, the processes of their contraction and the results obtained, in other words, facial expressions. This science is based on several provisions, very simple, which Dr. Ermian formulated as follows:

• Each muscle of the face, when contracted, deforms facial features compared to the state of rest.
• Each muscle produces the type of deformation that is characteristic only for it, and which becomes its definition.
• Each type of such deformations reflects the characteristics of the character of the individual, his inclinations and the main properties of nature.

The result of contraction of the muscles of the face, or even one of them, allows you to link facial expressions with the character as a whole and draw appropriate conclusions.

In addition to an excellent knowledge of the facial muscles and the changes in facial expression corresponding to their contraction, proposology requires extraordinary observation. This ability comes over time, after studying and "reading" many different faces.

The most insignificant changes in the tone of the facial muscles, their ability to contract, express the finest nuances of a person's inner life, which is accurately and fully reflected in the saying: "The face is a mirror of the soul."

“When the skin muscles move (contract), they cause some deformation of the facial features compared to the state of rest, and sometimes wrinkles and folds appear, and all this together creates a characteristic picture that makes it easy to detect the contraction of certain muscles.”

“The slightest start, a sharper designation of wrinkles, a frown of eyebrows, a barely noticeable wink - all of them reveal a train of thought and a movement of feelings, sometimes hidden from consciousness and verbally inexpressible.”

“The skeleton and proportions of the face, which, as it were, are related only to the physiological side of existence, however, betray the features of nature and are both physical and moral characteristics of a person.”

"The muscles, whose movement is controlled by the nervous system, form the dynamic appearance of the individual and his character."

“Each skin muscle is associated with a certain state of mind. Its reduction betrays this state of mind, this shade of mood. If this muscle is not contracted, then this state of mind is absent.

Muscle activity and resulting facial expressions

Occipital-frontal Contracting, this muscle, which occupies the surface of the cranial vault, "pulls" the skin on the forehead and pulls the eyebrows up. It causes the formation of transverse folds and wrinkles on the forehead. It is formed by two flat paired muscles (occipital and frontal). The frontal muscle is responsible for the mimic manifestation of surprise and attention.
Raises the outer side of the forehead and the tip of the eyebrow. She may wrinkle her forehead.
This small muscle is located between the two frontal muscles at the base of the eyebrow (inner edge). She furrows her brows, pulling them together and forming vertical wrinkles between them. This is a muscle of strong emotional activity. It makes arousal and reaction to pain noticeable.
It is located flat and surrounds the palpebral fissure. It consists of different parts (orbital, secular and lacrimal), which can be reduced independently of each other. The part located at the outer edge of the eye and responsible for its closure is responsible for the formation of wrinkles in the form of "crow's feet".
(or leg of the frontalis muscle) It is located between the eyebrows, directly at the root of the nose. When this small muscle contracts, it pulls the skin down, lowers the top of the eyebrow and forms transverse folds near it, which give the face a severe look. It is also called the "threat muscle".
It allows you to wrinkle the nose, lifts the nostrils and the middle part of the upper lip, giving the face an ominous look. It is better to stay away from a person who has this muscle contracted.
(wing part of the nasal muscle) With the help of this muscle, a desire, an appeal is expressed. In some people, it is also reduced in the event of a prolonged fit of rage.
This muscle covers the entire top of the nose. When it contracts, the skin of the cheeks is stretched and the wings of the nose are wrinkled. She creates a facial expression corresponding to a bad mood, displeasure.
This muscle is attached to the upper part of the zygomatic bone and ends in the thickness of the tissue at the corners of the lips. When it contracts, the corners of the upper lip rise by about one centimeter, while the middle part, where the nasolabial groove is located, is pressed in. Facial features are modified, it acquires a displeased expression, so sadness and sadness are manifested.
It is attached to the posterior outer part of the zygomatic bone and goes into a deep layer of tissue in the region of the corners of the mouth. Contracting, it pulls up the corners of the mouth and the lower part of the nasolabial fold in such a way that the cheeks become convex and rays of wrinkles form at the outer edge of the eyes. Such a metamorphosis makes the face laughing and joyful. This is the most "pretty" of all the skin muscles, the main muscle of laughter.
Strictly speaking, this muscle is not associated with facial expression. In fact, when it contracts, it makes the cheeks puff up, gasping for air, and is involved in creating a contented look.
Passes from the anterior surface of the upper jaw to the deep layer of the tissue of the upper lip. In humans, as a rule, it is poorly developed, and, on the contrary, it is very strongly developed in predators. She raises her upper lip above her fangs, and her fangs are exposed. The contraction of this muscle gives the face an aggressive and bloodthirsty look.
This is a flat circular muscle that surrounds the mouth with the so-called arcuate fibers, which are really arch-shaped. There are two halves of it: the upper semicircle and the lower semicircle. Connecting at the level of the corners of the lips, they serve as antagonists to the muscles that push the lips apart (for example, both zygomatic, both buccal). The contractions of these muscles are primarily of functional importance: they work during sucking movements, food capture by mouth and chewing. When the inner section of this muscle contracts, the mouth opening narrows, the lips tighten. The face acquires a special expression, which is usually characterized by the words "pursed lips", "finicky look".
It is located near the square muscle of the chin and almost completely covers it. Attached to the bone at the level of the lower jaw, and to the skin - in the corners of the lips. The contraction of the triangular muscle leads to the following changes in facial features: the corners of the lips are lowered, the line of the lips is curved, the naso-chin folds go down and are sharply marked. It follows that the face takes on an expression of more or less profound sadness. If there is a significant contraction of the triangular muscle, an expression of contempt or disgust appears.
(cone-shaped bundle of muscle fibers) This small muscle is located in the deep layer of the skin of the chin. When it contracts, it raises the lower lip, and the chin becomes covered with folds and tubercles. Manifestations of her activity are easy to detect in indecisive people who are in doubt and have a facial expression corresponding to "mumbling through their teeth."

Myrtle muscle(muscle that lowers the nasal septum)

Located under the nostrils, it can pinch or narrow them, as well as push forward the middle part of the upper lip. It helps to express a state of disagreement, opposition to something.

Muscle that lowers the lower lip

This muscle, which attaches to the lower jaw, is also called the aversion muscle. It is oriented upward and is fixed in the skin, in the region of the lower lip. When it contracts, an expression of disgust appears on the face, more or less obvious, depending on the degree of muscle contraction.

Smile muscle (muscle of the corners of the lips)

This small muscle is attached to the corners of the lips. When it contracts, it stretches the corners of the mouth and the oral fissure without squeezing the lips.

Subcutaneous muscle of the neck

The subcutaneous muscle of the neck can also be considered a mimic muscle, since when it contracts, the skin muscles of the face also contract, it emphasizes and enhances the results of their work. Thus, when, for example, the muscle that wrinkles the eyebrow (pain muscle) contracts, and if the subcutaneous muscle of the neck contracts, an expression of unbearable suffering appears on the face. By contracting the subcutaneous muscle of the neck simultaneously with the pyramidal muscle of the forehead, an expression of wild anger is achieved.

Joint muscle contractions

If it were necessary to demonstrate all the possible combinations that are provided by the potential resources of "muscle play", we would get up to 1200 combinations described by Dr. Bardonno, one of the largest specialists in the field of myological proposology.

But just as in colloquial speech we use only a part of the words from the available vocabulary, it is enough to know 20-25 variants of muscle contractions and their corresponding facial expressions. A person, except in some extraordinary situations, has a rather limited set of facial expressions that are characteristic of him and are a reflection of his personality.

Some skin muscles can perform simultaneous actions. For others, this is not possible due to the mechanical nature of their work and the fact that contractions of different muscles can cause diametrically opposed facial expressions.

For example, the frontalis muscle, contracting, causes the eyebrows to be raised and gives the face an attentive expression. And the circular muscle of the eyelids makes you lower your eyes and gives the face a thoughtful look.

These two muscles are antagonists and cannot contract at the same time.

Another such pair: a large zygomatic muscle and a small zygomatic muscle. One is fun, the other is dissatisfaction.

A similar relationship exists between the frontalis pyramidalis muscle and the muscle that wrinkles the eyebrow, since it is impossible to simultaneously demonstrate the threat and suffering from pain.

Other combinations result in the following facial expressions:

• The frontal muscle + the circular muscle of the eye + the alar part of the nasal muscle (expanding the nostrils) is bliss.
• Frontal muscle + muscle that wrinkles the eyebrow + muscle that lifts the upper lip - an expression of extreme disgust.
• Frontal muscle + circular muscle of the eye - blinking and expression of interest.
• Frontal muscle + muscle wrinkling the eyebrow - interest.
• The muscle that raises the corner of the mouth + frontal + large zygomatic - the facial expression of a conceited person.
• The frontal muscle + the muscle that raises the corner of the mouth + the circular muscle of the eye - complacency.

Dr. Bardonno wrote: Any of the various mental states is always reflected on the face with the help of the same combination of muscle contractions. This parallelism is so definite and constant that there is no other way to express this state. If additional contractions of other muscles occur at the same time, the tone of the facial expression will change.

There is always a combination of involved muscles corresponding to a given state, as well as a certain sequence in their activation. In addition, it is necessary to pay attention to which muscles are at rest and, therefore, what shade of state of mind is missing. Such observations, no less than those already described earlier, are of value for determining individual character traits.

So, we can summarize by establishing the relationship between muscle activity and the processes that make up intellectual life, as well as the presence or absence of certain emotions in the “experimental” client. According to the frequency of some specific mimic repetitions, as well as to the traces that they forever leave on the face, one can very accurately and accurately determine the psychological type.

Before proceeding to the study of the Method, it is desirable to study at least in general terms the topology of the muscles and their functions. What are the main anatomical differences between the muscles of the body and the face. Why are facial muscles weaker?

Anatomically, the muscles and skin of the face are more closely related than the muscles and skin of other areas of the human body.
Skeletal muscles, attaching to the bones on both sides, set them in motion: moving in space, maintaining balance, moving limbs ... Each muscle of the body has an antagonist muscle (ex. biceps, triceps). Those. one muscle is responsible for one action, and the other for another. The muscles of the face are different.

One muscle contracts, and in order to return to the opposite state, it needs to relax. After all, the facial muscles are attached to the bones of the skull with only one end, while the other is woven directly into the skin of the face or mucous membrane. Hence, when the contraction occurs, the displacement of certain areas of the scalp and thereby give the face a variety of expressions, determine facial expressions. Such work does not require much strength, so the facial muscles are much smaller and weaker than the muscles of the body. (The exception is the masticatory muscles, which originate on the bones of the skull and are attached to the movable lower jaw and, accordingly, differ in strength from the rest of the facial muscles).

STUDY OF FACE MUSCLES (facial muscles, chewing muscles, neck muscles)

Mimic muscles are grouped mainly around the natural openings of the face (palpebral fissure, oral fissure, nasal openings, auditory openings). These openings under the action of mimic muscles either decrease until they are completely closed, or increase, i.e., expand.
In accordance with this, all facial muscles are divided into 4 groups.

• I. Muscles of the scalp (muscles of the cranial vault)
• II. Muscles around the eye.
• III. Muscles of the circumference of the mouth.
• IV. Muscles of the circumference of the nose.

We will also be interested in the chewing muscles and muscles of the neck.

Let's take a closer look at each muscle

MIMIC (FACIAL) MUSCLES

I. Muscles of the scalp (muscles of the cranial vault)

The entire cranial vault is covered with a thin supracranial muscle epicranius. It consists of:
extensive tendon ( Galea aponeurotica /2/) and the muscular part, which in turn is divided into three abdomens: frontal, occipital and lateral.
Frontal abdomen of the supracranial muscle ( Venter frontalis /1/) starts right from the skin of the eyebrows. And its main function is to raise the eyebrow up, making it arched. Exercise No. 3 for smoothing horizontal wrinkles strengthens it, lifts and tones it, protecting the forehead from the formation of wrinkles.

II. Muscles of the eye circle

Circular muscle of the eye ( Orbicularis oculi /3/). This is a powerful muscle that surrounds the entire orbit of the eye. It is divided into peripheral and internal parts.
With a soft, involuntary closing of the eye, the inner secular part works, and with a strong contraction of it, the eye closes.
Exercises No. 1 and No. 2 for the formation of beautiful eyes perfectly train this muscle, smoothing out fine wrinkles, reducing bags under the eyes, restoring clear outlines and the size that they had in youth to the eyes.

Eyebrow wrinkler ( Corrugator supercilii /4/).
The point of origin of the muscle is located on the frontal bone above the tear bone, and with its other part it is woven into the skin of the eyebrows. Reducing, it brings the eyebrows together and causes the formation of vertical wrinkles in the space between the eyebrows above the bridge of the nose. Exercise number 4 for smoothing vertical wrinkles will allow your forehead to always remain strong and smooth.

III. Muscles of the nose

All the muscles of the nose work in close relationship. And during contraction, the cartilaginous part of the nose is compressed, the wing of the nose is lowered, the cartilaginous part of the nasal septum is lowered.
Exercise number 7 for the formation of a chiseled nose perfectly stimulates blood circulation and oxygen flow, making the nose clearly defined.

Muscle of the proud ( Procerus /5/)
This pyramidal muscle crosses the bridge of the nose. It starts from the bony back of the nose and ends in the skin, connecting with the frontal abdomen (venter frontalis). When contracted, it lowers the skin in the area where the superciliary arches end, causing the formation of transverse folds above the bridge of the nose.

Nasalis /6/. nasal muscle
It starts from the tip of the nose and goes up, squeezing the nostrils.

Expanding nostrils back muscle.
Located near the edge of the nostril.
Function: Expands the nasal opening so that more air can enter the lungs.

Expanding nostrils anterior muscle.
A thin, tender muscle located just above the middle of each nostril.
Function: Opens the nostrils, causing them to swell.

IV, the largest group. Muscles of the mouth

Circular muscle of the mouth ( Orbicularis oris /7/)
This muscle is a muscle bundle, located in circles in the thickness of the lips, around the oral fissure. Muscle fibers go from it in different directions, connecting with the upper and lower lip, cheeks, nose and adjacent areas. Working with this muscle to one degree or another has a beneficial effect on all muscle fibers that join it.
When the circular muscle contracts, the mouth closes and the lips stretch forward.

In the area of ​​the cheekbones, a large ( Zygomaticus major /8/) and small ( Zygomaticus minor /9/) zygomatic muscles
Both muscles move the corners of the mouth up and to the sides. The starting point is located on the zygomatic bone and upper jaw. At the point of attachment, the muscles intertwine with the circular muscle of the mouth and grow into the skin of the corner of the mouth.

Muscle that lifts the upper lip (Levator labii superioris /18/)
It starts from the infraorbital edge of the upper jaw and ends in the skin of the nasolabial fold.
As it contracts, it lifts the upper lip (grinning) and makes the nasolabial fold deeper.

The muscle that lifts the corner of the mouth ( Levator labii anguli oris /17/)
When contracted, together with the zygomatic muscles, it shifts the corners of the lips up and to the sides. It is located under the levator labii superioris muscle and the zygomaticus major muscle and is attached to the corner of the mouth.

buccal muscle ( Buccinator /10/)
This muscle is the base of the cheeks and forms the rounded top of the cheek. It begins on the outer surface of the upper and lower jaws, and attaches to the skin of the lips and the corners of the mouth, weaving into the muscles of the upper and lower lips.
When contracted, it pulls the corners of the mouth back, promotes the sucking process, and also presses the lips and cheeks to the teeth, protecting the mucous membrane from biting when chewing.
Exercise number 5 for the formation of beautiful and elastic cheeks, allows this muscle to always be in good shape, and the cheeks are rounded and clear.

Laughter muscle ( Risorius /11/)
This is a narrow transverse bundle of fibers, originating in the skin near the nasolabial fold and masticatory fascia, and ending in the skin of the corners of the mouth. This is a fickle muscle and its task is to pull the corners of the mouth to the sides when smiling. In some, when it contracts, a small dimple forms on the side of the corner of the mouth.

Muscle that lowers the lower lip Depressor labii inferioris /12/)
This muscle is covered by the muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth. It starts from the base of the lower jaw and is attached to the skin of the chin of the entire lower lip. When contracting, it pulls the lower lip down (facial expression of disgust).

Muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth ( Depressor anguli oris /13/)
It starts at the lower edge of the lower jaw and is attached to the skin of the corner of the mouth and upper lip. When contracting, it pulls down the corner of the mouth and makes the nasolabial fold straight (gives the face an expression of sadness).

chin muscle ( Mentalis /14/)
This is a tiny muscle in the front of the chin. It is partially covered by a muscle that lowers the upper lip and is attached to the skin of the chin from the alveolar elevations of the lower incisors and canine. When contracting, it lifts the skin of the chin upward, pushes the lower lip upward, pressing it against the upper one.

CHECKING MUSCLES (Masseter /15/.)

Thanks to these muscles, the act of chewing occurs. They have a mobile point (attachment) on the lower jaw and a fixed point (beginning) on ​​the bones of the skull.
Contracting, they shift the lower jaw up and forward. Exercises No. 6 for the formation of a clear oval of the face and No. 12 for the formation of elastic cheeks and a clear oval of the face perfectly work out these muscles and help keep them in good shape. .

MUSCLES OF THE NECK

The muscles of the neck, covering one another, form three groups: superficial, median and deep.
Superficial neck muscle ( Platysma /16/)
This is a wide, flat layer of muscle fibers that lie under the skin on both sides of the neck. Extends from the lower part of the face to the collarbone. When contracting, it stretches the skin of the neck and partly of the chest, lowers the lower jaw and pulls the corner of the mouth outwards and downwards.

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