Muscles in the nose. nasal muscle
Name
Musculus nasalis
nasal cartilage
a.a. labialis superior, angularis
Lua error in Module:Wikidata on line 170: attempt to index field "wikibase" (a nil value).
Lua error in Module:Wikidata on line 170: attempt to index field "wikibase" (a nil value).
The outer, or transverse part (lat. pars transversa) goes around the wing of the nose, expands somewhat and at the midline passes into the tendon, which is connected here with the tendon of the same muscle of the opposite side.
The inner, or wing part (lat. pars alaris) attaches to the posterior end of the alar cartilage of the nose.
Function
Compresses the cartilage of the nose and thus narrows the nasal opening.
Write a review on the article "Nasal Muscle"
Notes
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sadly shaking his head, Sever smiled affectionately.
– You yourself know the answer to this question, Isidora... But you won’t give up, even if such a cruel truth frightens you? You are a Warrior and you will remain so. Otherwise, you would betray yourself, and the meaning of life would forever be lost to you. We are what we ARE. And no matter how hard we try to change, our core (or our foundation) will still remain the same as our ESSENCE really is. After all, if a person is still "blind" - he still has a hope to see the light someday, right? Or if his brain is still asleep, he may still wake up someday. But if a person is inherently "rotten" - then no matter how good he tries to be, his rotten soul still crawls out one day ... and kills his every attempt to look better. But if a Person is truly honest and courageous, neither the fear of pain nor the most evil threats will break him, since his soul, his ESSENCE, will forever remain as brave and as pure, no matter how mercilessly and cruelly he suffers. But his whole misfortune and weakness lies in the fact that since this Man is truly Pure, he cannot see betrayal and meanness even before it becomes obvious, and when it is not too late to do something ... He cannot foresee, since these low feelings are completely absent in him. Therefore, the brightest and most courageous people, Isidora, will always perish on Earth. And this will continue until EVERY earthly person begins to see clearly and understands that life is not given for nothing, that one must fight for the beautiful, and that the Earth will not become better until he fills it with his goodness and decorates it with his labor, no matter how small or insignificant it may be.
Details Updated: 05/11/2019 19:23 Published: 01/12/2013 11:35
Anastasia Listopadova
What determines the shape of the nose? Are there corrective exercises for the nose?
Each person has their own unique shape, size and configuration of the nose. How the nose looks externally depends on many factors. First of all, this is race, gender, age, heredity.
From nose shapes largely depends on how a person's face looks. In the world, a huge number of people are not satisfied with their nose and would like to correct it. Most often, plastic surgeons are treated to make the nose smaller, shorten the nose, remove the hump, and correct the shape of the nostrils. Some "order" the nose to the surgeon, others are afraid of the operation and possible adverse consequences, they are looking for alternative ways to make their nose more beautiful.
We will try to understand this issue and in a popular language answer your many questions on this topic that have arrived on our website.
The structure of the nose. Bones, cartilage, soft tissues
The nose, or rather its visible part, consists of the so-called: root of the nose, back, wings and top.
The internal structure of the nose consists of a hard, bony base, softer cartilage and soft tissues.
nose bones
Bones of the nose formed by the frontal processes of the maxillary bones and the nasal bones. The nasal bones are located in the upper third of the nose and are shaped like a pyramid.
Cartilages of the nose
The middle and lower parts of the nose (lower 2/3) are made up of cartilage. The cartilage gives shape to the tip of the nose and the lower back of the nose.
cartilaginous skeleton The t of the nose consists of several symmetrical cartilages and an unpaired cartilage of the nasal septum. The cartilage of the nasal septum complements the bony septum of the nose. Namely, the front edge of this cartilage largely determines the shape of the back of the nose.
In most people, the nasal septum is deviated, but the nose may look symmetrical. A slight curvature of the nasal septum is considered normal and does not require correction.
In the side walls of the noses, complementing their bone base, lie the lateral cartilages. In the thickness of the wings are the alar cartilages and small, irregularly shaped accessory and sesamoid cartilages.
Muscles and soft tissues of the nose
On top of the supporting structures is located soft fabric, which consists of muscle, fat and skin. The structure, thickness of the skin and fatty layer in the nose is individual for each person, which also affects how the nose looks. As a result, some people have a thin, narrow nose, while others are fat and bulging.
The lateral, large pterygoid cartilages of the nose and the frontal process are covered with muscles from above. With the help of these muscles, a person pulls the wings of the nose and compresses the nasal openings.
Muscles are also attached to the legs of the alar cartilage. This is the muscle that lowers the nasal septum down and the muscle that lifts the upper lip.
Muscles of the nose, whose training can affect the shape of the nose:
What determines the shape of the nose?
The shape of the external nose is affected by:
- the angle at which the nasal bones are directed forward;
- the size of the cartilage of the nose;
- cartilage connection method;
- the distance between the forehead and the bottom of the nasal cavity;
- the size and shape of the pear-shaped opening.
Conclusion : the shape of the nose is determined by the structure and mutual arrangement of its bone and cartilage components. In addition, it is necessary to take into account the subcutaneous fat and the skin covering it from the outside, as well as the muscles of the nose.
Nose shape and age
The shape of the nose in humans is formed gradually and changes markedly during childhood and adolescence. The nose of a child is usually small and wide. This is due to the relative lag in the development of the corresponding parts of the nasal and ethmoid bones of the skull.
The external shape of the nose reflects the condition of the skin and subcutaneous layer. In connection with age-related changes in these tissues, the bone and cartilage base of the nose protrudes more prominently in old age, and the nose becomes sharper.
Ambient temperature change and general state body significantly affects the degree of blood supply to the vessels of the skin of the nose. As a result, a change in the color of the skin of the nose, its redness or blueness.
Can exercise affect the shape of the nose?
Exercise cannot correct immobile, hard bones. Bone tissue can only be removed by plastic surgery, using special tools.
But, exercise can affect the moving cartilage components of the nose. It's not fiction, many people are using special exercises for the nose have achieved more beautiful shape of his nose and refused plastic surgery.
Sculptural gymnastics for the face by Carol Maggio - Video tutorials - Non-surgical facelift and rejuvenation of the face
The muscular system of the nose is formed by the following muscles - the nasal muscle, the muscle that lowers the nasal septum, the muscle that raises the upper lip and the wing of the nose.
nasal muscle represented by the transverse and wing parts, which perform different functions.
A) Outer or transverse part, bends around the wing of the nose, expands somewhat and at the midline passes into the tendon, which is connected here with the tendon of the opposite side muscle of the same name. The transverse part narrows the openings of the nostrils. Let's see the picture:
b) The inner, or wing part, attached to the posterior end of the alar cartilage of the nose. The wing part lowers the wing of the nose.
Figure 7. Transverse and alar parts of the nasal muscle.
Muscle that depresses the nasal septum, most often part of the alar part of the nose. This muscle lowers the nasal septum and lowers down the middle of the upper lip. Its bundles are attached to the cartilaginous part of the nasal septum.
Figure 8. Muscle that depresses the nasal septum.
Muscle that lifts the upper lip and ala of the nose plays a significant role in the formation of nasal folds in team with the nasal muscle and the muscle that lowers the nasal septum. It starts from the upper jaw and is attached to the skin of the wing of the nose and upper lip.
Figure 10. The muscle that lifts the upper lip and wing of the nose.
Cheek muscles
In the area of the cheekbones are small and large zygomatic muscles, the main function of which is to move the corners of the mouth up and to the sides, forming a smile. Like all facial muscles, both zygomatic muscles have a solid point of upper attachment - the zygomatic bone. At the other end, they are attached to the skin of the corner of the mouth and the circular muscles of the mouth.
Minor zygomatic muscle starts from the buccal surface of the zygomatic bone and is attached to the thickness of the nasolabial fold. By contracting, it raises the corner of the mouth, and changes the shape of the nasolabial fold itself, although this change is not as strong as with contraction of the zygomatic major muscle.
Figure 11. Minor zygomatic muscle
Large zygomatic muscle is the main muscle of laughter. It attaches simultaneously to both the zygomatic bone and the zygomatic arch. The large zygomatic muscle pulls the corner of the mouth outward and upward, greatly deepening the nasolabial fold. Moreover, this muscle is involved in every movement in which a person needs to lift the upper lip and pull it to the side.
Figure 12. Large zygomatic muscle
buccal muscle
The buccal muscle has a quadrangular shape and is the muscular base of our cheeks. It is located symmetrically on both sides of the face. Contracting, the buccal muscle pulls the corners of the mouth back, and presses the lips and cheeks to the teeth. Another name for this muscle - "muscle of the trumpeter", rightly appeared because the muscles of the cheeks affect the compaction and purposefulness of the air stream in musicians playing wind instruments.
Muscles of the nose
The nose has some important muscles. They originate on the bones, which are located on the bone and cartilaginous plates and go directly into the skin of the nose (Fig. 36).
In the middle of the back of the nose, the procerus originates (Fig. 36, D), which is also called pyramidalis. In adults, it is a thin muscular plate 2-x-3-x cm wide and 4-x-5 cm long, the fibers of which rise perpendicularly upwards and go into the skin of the forehead. When the muscle contracts, an oblique wrinkle appears at the root of the nose. It can be seen very often both in life and in portraits and busts. It is especially pronounced in Michelangelo's David (Fig. 37). Duchenne calls the wrinkle that the procerus produces the wrinkle of attack, and this interpretation is perfectly confirmed by the sculpture of David, who is depicted just at the moment when he is about to throw a stone at Goliath. But this wrinkle can also appear under other circumstances. I observed it in a two-month-old baby at the time of intense and prolonged crying. Naturally, he had no thoughts of attack. During crying, all the muscles near the eyes convulsively contract, including the procerus, which leads to the formation of an "attack" wrinkle. But it is rarely constant before the age of twenty. In any case, I did not observe her at this age. Conversely, it can often be observed in older people who have already experienced a lot of trouble and grief in their lives. Duchenne's expression about "attack" can lead to misinterpretations. If someone has an oblique wrinkle at the root of the nose on his face, then it cannot be concluded from this that this person is a fighter and a bully, but only that he had, perhaps, a rather difficult fate and he lived a hard life, but thanks to his courage, ability to quickly make decisions and stand in battles with fate turned out to be the winner. "Survive despite all the difficulties" - this is the meaning of this wrinkle. Therefore, we find it in active people. It is clearly expressed in many major military leaders. This wrinkle is often found in manual workers. She always testifies to the struggle. Whether a peasant works hard to achieve fertility from a miserly and scarce land, or an intellectual pursues his views, opposing his scientific opponent - in fact, this is one and the same thing, namely a struggle. It is noteworthy that I often observed this wrinkle among guides in the mountains. When they “attack” a difficult mountain, this is also a struggle that leaves its mark on the face. For the same reason, this wrinkle can often be seen in sailors. I also found it on many busts from Rome.
Rice. 36. Muscles that lift the nose and upper lip
In thinkers and poets this wrinkle is less common, although they often pull together the inner ends of the eyebrows and, perhaps, like a crying child, set their procerus in motion. Busts of a certain philosopher from Villa d'Ercolano (Naples, National Museum) and Sophocles (Florence, Uffizi) show this wrinkle. But, in general, in this group, the oblique wrinkle is much less pronounced than in David.
As a rule, on the faces of young men - and David is an exception - this wrinkle does not occur. Even Alexander, the greatest fighter and conqueror, does not have this wrinkle. But if he lived to be 50 years old, then most likely it would appear on his face, testifying to his past deeds. And yet this wrinkle cannot be classified as purely age-related. It does not appear from passive wrinkling of the skin due to the reduction of adipose tissue, but is formed as a result of vigorous activity m. procerus (muscles of the proud). It is characteristic of wrestlers, and since wrestling is predominantly the work of a man, we rarely find this wrinkle in women, they are only outlined in them. Do not confuse the oblique “wrinkle of the struggle” with the trace that can be left at the root of the nose by the bow of the glasses. It is clear that such a trace has no psychodiagnostic significance. This first example of muscle analysis convincingly shows what a significant effect the work of a tiny muscular plate can leave on the face.
If the reasons for the contraction of all other facial muscles could be interpreted as simply, the construction of scientific physiognomy would not present any difficulties. However, the next muscle of the nose, muscle. nasalis(Fig. 36, 2), which lowers the tip of the nose, shows that in reality the situation is much more complicated.
Nasalis consists of two parts. The common source of both parts of the muscle lies on the bones of the upper jaw, in the place where the co fang ren. One part muscle fibers, called pars transversa, rises to the back of the nose in the form of a thin plate 2-3 cm wide, closely adjacent to the cartilage. On the midline of the nose, the right- and left-sided muscles are connected by bands of tendons. Together, both muscles form a loop, the ends of which, right and left, begin in the canines, and the middle wide part of the loop runs along the middle third of the nose. When the entire loop contracts, lower half the nose is pressed from front to back and simultaneously from top to bottom. The tip of the nose succumbs to this pressure because it has its own cartilage separated from the common cartilaginous projection of the nose. It is easy to see that when pressed with fingers, the lower peripheral part of the nose can move back and forth, while the upper central part remains motionless. Pars transversa, by pressing on the tip of the nose, directs it downwards, at the same time pressing it in the direction of the bones of the upper jaw. The skin tightens and pulls down. There are no oblique wrinkles on the skin. On the contrary, if there is a pronounced nasolabial fold, then due to the tension of the skin, it may disappear.
Another part of the musculus nasalis - pars alaris - also begins on the upper jaw near the transverse parts; its fibers then go to the right and left into the skin of the wings of the nose. It pulls the wings of the nose back and down and thus constricts the nostrils.
The positive physiognomic significance of musculus nasalis is generally small. It serves primarily as an antagonist to those muscles that pull the tip of the nose and the wings of the nose upward, as, for example, in a contemptuous grimace. If the nasalis were absent, then the nose, after a grimace of expression of contempt, would not be able to return to its original state.
Duchen ascribes great importance to the pars transversa; he calls it the muscle of lasciviousness and obscenity and believes that the fine wrinkles that occur on the sides of the nose during strong sensual excitement are generated by this muscle (Fig. 38). But these wrinkles can be observed mainly on the upper third of the nose, where the skin is more mobile. In the area of the pars transversa, where the skin fits snugly against the cartilage, wrinkles are observed much less frequently and only in very old people. This suggests that these wrinkles are produced not by pars transversa, but by caput angulare levator'a lab. sup.
The muscle that most influences the position of the nose is reckoned by anatomists to the oral muscles. Its name is caput angulare from quadratus labii superioris. It starts at the level of the root of the nose on the lateral side of the nasal cartilage and travels in a straight line downwards where it exits into the skin. One strand stretches directly to the wing of the nose, the other moves next to it, but somewhat more to the side towards the upper lip. Both parts are easy to separate from each other. However, they are pulled together and when the wings of the nose are lifted up, the upper lip is usually lifted as well. The nasal part of the Caput angulare raises the wings of the nose and its tip. Therefore, this muscle could be called the levator nasalis, or the muscle that sets the wings of the nose and nostrils in motion. The existing name is too long and is misleading. The muscle dilates the nostrils and therefore turns on in cases where there is a lack of air, for example, with pneumonia or with a narrowing of the larynx (diphtheria). It cannot be said that the increase in the amount of air inhaled due to the work of this muscle would be very significant, but when a person is in danger of suffocation, he does everything possible to somehow improve his situation. This activity of nasalis usually does not last long; it takes place within a short time under exceptional circumstances.
In ordinary life, the activity of this muscle is decisive in expressing states of discontent.. With a slight contraction, the nostrils rise - sometimes only on one side. Sometimes the upper lip rises along with the nostrils. If the muscle contracts significantly, then a skin fold appears directly behind the wings of the nose, which is characteristic of the work of this muscle. Michelangelo perfectly conveyed this wrinkle in his David (Fig. 37). David's wrinkle appears only due to the work of the muscle that raises the nose. If the neighboring muscle that lifts the upper lip, quadr. lab. sup., then, accordingly, the upper lip rises.
Rice. 37. David, Michelangelo. Florence
In the position of David's nose and his upper lip, hostility towards Goliath is expressed. The slanting wrinkle of the wrestler at the root of the nose is well complemented by the contemptuous expression of the wings of the nose. Involuntarily, the image of an angry snorting horse that flares its nostrils wide comes to mind. Perhaps this activity of the levator nasalis is an atavistic relic.
If m. levator nasalis contracts very strongly, then a significant number of small wrinkles appear, going from the inner corner of the orbit to the wings of the nose. These are the "wrinkles of obscenity" according to Duchenne. I have said above that they have nothing to do with the activity of pars transversa, nor with obscenity. It can be assumed that these wrinkles appear in moments of intense sensual arousal. If the mouth in this state is wide open, then along with the upper lip, the wings of the nose also rise up. But such a transient reduction does not lead to the formation of persistent wrinkles. In any case, I have never observed in either men or women such persistent wrinkles that could be associated with manifestations of sensuality. These wrinkles are generally rare. They are most pronounced in older people - both in men and women. Most likely, it can be assumed that these people were dissatisfied with their lives for a long time. The vernacular aptly calls them "wrinkled noses".
Perhaps, on this basis, oblique wrinkles appeared on the nose of an old peasant woman (Fig. 38). Apparently, she often wrinkled her nose about the work of the servants or the lives of her neighbors. The tip and wings of the nose are slightly shifted upwards. The space between the nose and mouth is enlarged. But it is difficult to assume that these wrinkles arose on the grounds that Duchene speaks of.
Since these wrinkles only appear in enough adulthood, in more early years the activity of the facial muscles that lift the nose can be ascertained mainly from the wrinkles surrounding the wings of the nose. These wrinkles can be short, like David's. However, they may extend to the corner of the mouth and form the well-known nasolabial fold if the levator lip and laugh muscles are used frequently.
Since the expression of contempt includes certain facial muscles, the lines, the manifestation of which they cause on the face, are considered as an expression of constant grumbling and gloating - that is, stable negative character traits. But it would be more accurate to call them muscles of discontent. You can be dissatisfied with others and express it by contemptuously wrinkling your nose. But you can be dissatisfied with yourself and your work, and this dissatisfaction can be an incentive to more high achievements and thus have a positive value. Traces of constant work of the muscles that raise the wings of the nose - either in the form of a short wrinkle, as in David, or in the form of a significant depression of the upper end of the nasolabial fold - I could often observe in university professors. Or they were the heads of large clinics who showed high demands on their assistants that were difficult to fulfill. In the service they are very uncomfortable people, but, as my late friend Kreke always said, it was from them that their assistants could learn a lot. And, despite the wrinkle of discontent, in life the relationship of these people with their students was often very cordial.
Rice. 38. East Frisian peasant woman wrinkling her nose (Klaus, "Race and Soul").
From the book Political Body Language the author Tsenev VitRubbing the tip of the nose One of the most common gestures that signals insincerity or deceit is when a person touches his nose or makes several touches to the dimple under his nose. Alan Pease (famous interpreter
From the book Dialogue with Dogs: Signals of Reconciliation the author Rugos TuridLicking the nose Licking the nose is one of the signals of reconciliation. Sometimes dogs show it so fast that it looks like lightning, barely noticeable movement. Dogs can use this signal when approaching relatives or
From the book Comprehensive Imaging Diagnostics author Samoilova Elena SvyatoslavovnaTip of the nose Information about the characteristics of a person's character can be "read" by looking at the tip of the nose: the tip of the nose, resembling a suspended drop, usually speaks of the cheerfulness, prosperity and energy of its owner; large bulbous nose
From the book Psychographic Test: a constructive drawing of a person from geometric shapes author Libin Viktor VladimirovichTip of the nose and wings If the height of the nose indicates the social position of a person, then the size of the tip and wings speak of his financial power. A stable financial position is destined for people with a large round nose, fleshy wings and
From the book The Art of Being a Woman author Frolova Evgenia ValentinovnaImage of the nose The nose is one of the main expressive means of the face along with the eyes and mouth. The nose attracts attention by defiantly protruding forward compared to the rest of the facial features. The symbolic meaning of the nose is related to its protruding part.
From the book Autotraining author Alexandrov Artur AlexandrovichWe study the muscles of the pelvic floor Let's consider how the muscular frame of the innermost female organs is arranged. The muscles of love in medical language are called the muscles of the pelvic floor. They are connected into a whole system, since in the body there are many internal muscles perform vital
From the book The Language of the Human Face author Lange FritzStress and Muscles Hans Selye noted that increased muscle contraction inevitably occurs under the influence of stress, and recommended using various methods of muscle relaxation to combat this contraction. However, he did not consider in detail the changes taking place in
From the book Men's Tricks and Women's Tricks [The best guide to recognizing lies! Training book] the author Narbut AlexMuscles of the mouth The muscle that closes the mouth, orbicularis oris (final table, 4), forms the core of the muscular plate. Its fibers surround - like the fibers of orbicularis oculi - the labial fissure. When they contract, the mouth closes - the muscle is a sphincter. When the fibers are loosely tightened,
From the book Hidden Mechanisms of Influencing Others by Winthrop SimonMuscles of laughter 1. M. risorius (final table, 9) The muscle starts below the zygomatic arch from the fascia that covers the parotis and masseter, stretching down to the corner of the mouth with a convex arch. It pulls the corner of the mouth outward and slightly upward, while simultaneously shifting the lower end of the nasolabial
From the book Profiler Notes the author Guseva EvgeniaFacial muscles Buccinator - trumpeter muscle, muscle of failure and disappointment, cheek muscle. Corrugator supercilii - muscle that wrinkles the eyebrows, tension muscle. Frontalis - frontal muscle, the second muscle of attention; medial bundle of fibers - pathetic pain muscle. Levator palpebrae superioris - lift
From the book French children always say "Thank you!" by Antje EdwigaThe structure of the nose and vital energy The nose on the human face symbolizes vital energy on which the state of physical and mental health depends. Classic nose. The classic shape of the nose at all times was considered straight, not too thin, of moderate length.
From the book Business Idea Generator. System for creating successful projects the author Sednev AndreyThe truth at the tip of your nose In this issue, you will surprise the audience with the ability to recognize a lie, just like Patrick Jane. Ask a friend to hold a folded bill in one hand behind his back. Then have him stretch both arms out in front of him. Naturally, the bill must be hidden securely,
From the author's bookMIMIC MUSCLES
According to the location (topography), the muscles of the face (mimic) are divided into the muscles of the cranial vault; muscles surrounding the palpebral fissure; muscles surrounding the nasal openings (nostrils); muscles surrounding the opening of the mouth and muscles of the auricle (Table 19; Fig. 154, 155).
Rice. 154. Muscles of the head and neck; view on the right.
1 - tendon helmet; 2 - frontal belly of the occipital-frontal muscle; 3 - circular muscle of the eye; 4 - muscle that raises the upper lip; 5 - small zygomatic muscle; 6- circular muscle mouth; 7 - large zygomatic muscle; 8 - muscle that lowers the lower lip; 9 - muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth; 10 - muscle of laughter; 11 - subcutaneous muscle of the neck; 12 - sternocleidomastoid muscle; 13 - trapezius muscle; 14 - back ear muscle; 15 - occipital belly of the occipital-frontal muscle; 16 - upper ear muscle.
Rice. 155. Muscles of the face; front view. (On the left side, part of the muscles is removed.)
1 - tendon helmet; 2 - frontal belly of the occipital-frontal muscle; 3 - muscle wrinkling the eyebrow; 4 - muscle that raises the upper lip; 5 - muscle that raises the corner of the mouth; 6 - buccal muscle; 7 - chewing muscle; 8 - muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth; 9 - chin muscle; 10 - muscle lowering the lower lip; 11 - circular muscle of the mouth; 12 - muscle of laughter; 13 - small zygomatic muscle; 14 - large zygomatic muscle; 15 - circular muscle of the eye; 16 - the muscle of the proud.
Muscles of the skull
The cranial vault is covered with a single muscular-anoneurotic formation - the supracranial muscle (m.epicrdnius), in which the following parts are distinguished: 1) the occipital-frontal muscle; 2) tendon helmet (supracranial aponeurosis); 3) temporoparietal muscle.
Occipitofrontalis muscle (m.occipitofrontalis) covers the arch from the eyebrows in front to the highest nuchal line in the back. This muscle has frontal abdomen(venter frontalis) and occipital abdomen(venter occipitalis), connected to each other by a wide tendon-aponeurosis, called tendon helmet(galea aponeurotica, s. aponeurosis epicranialis), which occupies an intermediate position and covers the parietal region of the head.
Occipital abdomen divided into symmetrical parts by a well-defined fibrous plate, which occupies a median position. This abdomen begins with tendon bundles on the highest nuchal line and, on the basis of the mastoid process of the temporal bone, goes up and passes into the tendon helmet.
Frontal abdomen more developed, it is also divided by a fibrous plate, passing along the midline, into two parts of a quadrangular shape, which are located on the sides of the midline of the forehead. Unlike the posterior abdomen, the muscle bundles of the frontal abdomen are not attached to the bones of the skull, but are woven into the skin of the eyebrows. The frontal abdomen at the level of the border of the scalp (anterior to the coronal suture) also passes into the tendon helmet.
tendon helmet is a flat fibrous plate that occupies most of the cranial vault. With vertically oriented connective tissue bundles, the tendon helmet is connected to the skin of the scalp. Between the tendon helmet and the underlying periosteum of the cranial vault is a layer of loose fibrous connective tissue. Therefore, when the occipital-frontal muscle contracts, the scalp, together with the tendon helmet, moves freely above the cranial vault.
temporoparietal muscle (m.temporoparietalis) is located on the lateral surface of the skull, poorly developed. Its bundles begin in front on the inner side of the cartilage of the auricle and, diverging fan-shaped, are attached to the lateral part of the tendon helmet. This muscle in humans is the remnants of the ear muscles of mammals. The action of this muscle is not expressed.
Function: the occipital belly of the occipital-frontal muscle pulls the scalp back, creates support for the frontal belly. With the contraction of the frontal abdomen of this muscle, the skin of the forehead is pulled upwards, transverse folds form on the forehead, and the eyebrows rise. The frontal belly of the occipital-frontal muscle is also an antagonist of the muscles that narrow the palpebral fissure. This belly pulls the skin of the forehead and, along with it, the skin of the eyebrows upward, which at the same time gives the face an expression of surprise.
Innervation: facial nerve (VII).
Blood supply: occipital, posterior auricular, superficial temporal and supraorbital arteries.
Muscle of the proud (m.procerus) begins on the outer surface of the nasal bone, its bundles pass upward and end in the skin of the forehead; some of them are intertwined with the tufts of the frontal abdomen.
Function: when the proud muscles contract, transverse grooves and folds form at the root of the nose. By pulling the skin down, the proud muscle, as an antagonist of the frontal abdomen of the occipital-frontal muscle, helps to straighten the transverse folds on the forehead.
Innervation: facial nerve (VII).
Blood supply: angular, anterior ethmoid artery. ,
Eyebrow wrinkling muscle (m.corrugator supercilii), begins on the medial segment of the superciliary arch, passes upward and laterally, attaches to the skin of the corresponding eyebrow. Part of the bundles of this muscle is intertwined with the bundles of the circular muscle of the eye.
Function: pulls the skin of the forehead down and medially, resulting in two vertical folds above the root of the nose.
Innervation: facial nerve (VII).
Blood supply: angular, supraorbital, superficial temporal arteries.
Muscles surrounding the eye
The palpebral fissure is surrounded by bundles of the circular muscle of the eye, in which several parts are distinguished.
Circular muscle of the eye (m.orbicularis oculi) is flat, occupies the periphery of the circumference of the orbit, is located in the thickness of the eyelids, partially enters the temporal region. The lower bundles of muscle continue into the cheek area. The muscle consists of 3 parts: secular, orbital and lacrimal.
Century part(pars palpebralis) is represented by a thin layer of muscle bundles that begin on the medial ligament of the eyelid and adjacent areas of the medial wall of the orbit. The muscle bundles of the secular part pass along the anterior surface of the cartilages of the upper and lower eyelids to the lateral corner of the eye; here the fibers are mutually intertwined, forming the lateral suture of the eyelid. Part of the fibers is attached to the periosteum of the lateral wall of the orbit.
Orbital part(pars orbitalis) is much thicker and wider than the secular. It begins on the nasal part of the frontal bone, on the frontal process of the upper jaw and on the medial ligament of the eyelid. The bundles of this muscle extend outward to the lateral wall of the orbit, where the upper and lower parts continue into each other. The bundles of the frontal abdomen of the occipital-frontal muscle and the muscle wrinkling the eyebrow are woven into the upper part.
Lacrimal part(pars lacrimalis) begins on the lacrimal crest and the adjacent part of the lateral surface of the lacrimal bone. The fibers of the lacrimal part pass laterally behind the lacrimal sac and are woven into the wall of this sac and into the secular part of the circular muscle of the eye.
Function: the orbicular muscle of the eye is the sphincter of the palpebral fissure. The secular part closes the eyelids. With the reduction of the orbital part, folds form on the skin in the region of the orbit. The largest number of fan-shaped diverging folds is observed from the side of the outer corner of the eye. The same part of the muscle moves the eyebrow down, while pulling the skin of the cheek up. The lacrimal part expands the lacrimal sac, thereby regulating the outflow of lacrimal fluid through the nasolacrimal duct.
Innervation: facial nerve (VII).
Blood supply: facial, superficial temporal, supraorbital and infraorbital arteries.
Muscles surrounding the nasal passages
In the area of the nasal openings there are several small, poorly developed muscles that expand or narrow these openings. This is the nasal muscle and the muscle that lowers the nasal septum.
nasal muscle (m.nasalis) consists of two parts: transverse and wing.
transverse part(pars transversa) begins on the upper jaw, slightly higher and lateral to the upper incisors. The bundles of this part of the muscle follow upward and medially, continuing into a thin aponeurosis, which spreads over the cartilaginous part of the back of the nose and passes into the muscle of the same name on the opposite side.
Function: narrows the opening of the nostrils.
Wing part(pars alaris) begins on the upper jaw below and medially to the transverse part and is woven into the skin of the wing of the nose.
Function: pulls the wing of the nose down and laterally, expanding the opening of the nose (nostrils).
Innervation: facial nerve (VII).
Blood supply: superior labial and angular arteries.
Muscle that depresses the nasal septum (m.depressor septi nasi) is often part of the alar part of the nasal muscle. The bundles of this muscle begin above the medial incisor of the upper jaw, are attached to the cartilaginous part of the nasal septum.
Function: pulls the nasal septum down.
Innervation: facial nerve (VII).
Blood supply: superior labial artery.
Muscles surrounding the opening of the mouth
There are several well-defined muscles around the opening of the mouth. These muscles include the orbicularis oculi, depressor anguli, depressor lip, chin and buccal, levator lip, zygomaticus minor and major, levator anguli, and laughter muscle.
Orbicular muscle of the mouth (m.orbicularis oris) forms the muscular basis of the upper and lower lips. This muscle consists of marginal and labial parts, the bundles of which do not have the same orientation.
Edge part(pars marginalis) is a peripheral, wider section of the muscle. This part is formed by muscle bundles that approach the upper and lower lips from other mimic muscles closest to the mouth opening. The marginal part is formed by bundles of the buccal muscle; muscles that lift the upper lip; muscles that raise the corner of the mouth; muscles that lower the lower lip; muscles that lower the corner of the mouth, etc.
Lip part(pars labialis) lies in the thickness of the upper and lower lips. Bundles of muscle fibers extend from one corner of the mouth to the other.
Both parts (marginal and labial) of the upper and lower lips are woven into the skin and mucous membrane, and also connect to each other at the corners of the mouth and pass from the lower lip to the upper and vice versa.
Function: the circular muscle of the mouth narrows, closes the oral fissure, participates in the act of sucking and chewing.
Innervation: facial nerve (VII).
Blood supply: superior and inferior labial and mental arteries.
Muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth (m.depressor anguli oris), begins at the base of the lower jaw, between the chin and the level of the first small molar. The fibers of this muscle, converging, pass upward and attach to the skin of the corner of the mouth. At the beginning of the muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth, part of its bundles is intertwined with bundles subcutaneous muscle neck.
Function: pulls the corner of the mouth down and laterally.
Innervation: facial nerve (VII).
Blood supply:
Muscle that lowers the lower lip (m. depressor labii inferioris), begins at the base of the lower jaw, below the chin opening. Partially covered by a muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth. The bundles of the muscle that lowers the lower lip pass upward and medially and attach to the skin and mucous membrane of the lower lip.
Function: pulls the lower lip down and somewhat laterally, acting together with the muscle of the same name on the opposite side, can turn the lip outward; participates in the formation of the expression of irony, sadness, disgust.
Innervation: facial nerve (VII).
Blood supply: inferior labial and mental arteries.
Chin muscle (m.mentalis) is represented by a cone-shaped bundle of muscle fibers that begin on the alveolar elevations of the lateral and medial incisors of the lower jaw, pass down and medially, connect with the fibers of the muscle of the same name on the opposite side and attach to the skin of the chin.
Function: pulls upward and laterally the skin of the chin (dimples appear on the skin); promotes protrusion of the lower lip forward.
Innervation: facial nerve (VII).
Blood supply: inferior labial and mental arteries.
buccal muscle (m.buccinator) thin, quadrangular in shape, forms the muscular base of the cheek. It starts on an oblique line on the branch of the lower jaw and the outer surface of the alveolar arch of the upper jaw at the level of the large molars, as well as on the anterior edge of the pterygomandibular suture, which runs between lower jaw and winged hook. The muscle bundles go to the corner of the mouth, partially intersect and continue into the thickness of the muscular base of the upper and lower lips. At the level of the upper large molar, the muscle is pierced by the parotid duct (duct of the parotid salivary gland).
Function: pulls the corner of the mouth back; presses his cheek to his teeth.
Innervation: facial nerve (VII).
Blood supply: buccal artery.
Muscle that lifts the upper lip (m. levator labii superioris), begins on the entire infraorbital margin of the upper jaw. The muscle bundles converge downward and are woven into the thickness of the corner of the mouth and into the wing of the nose.
Function: raises the upper lip participates in the formation of the nasolabial groove, extending from the lateral side of the nose to the upper lip; pulls the wing of the nose up.
Innervation: facial nerve (VII).
Blood supply: infraorbital and superior labial arteries.
Minor zygomatic muscle (m.zygomaticus minor) begins on the zygomatic bone at the lateral edge of the muscle that raises the upper lip. The bundles of the zygomatic minor muscle pass down medially and are woven into the skin of the corner of the mouth.
Function: raises the corner of the mouth.
Innervation: facial nerve (VII).
Blood supply:
Large zygomatic muscle (m.zygomaticus major) begins on the zygomatic bone, is attached to the corner of the mouth.
Function: pulls the corner of the mouth outward and upward, is the main muscle of laughter.
Innervation: facial nerve (VII).
Blood supply: infraorbital and buccal arteries.
Muscle that lifts the corner of the mouth (m.levator anguli oris), begins on the anterior surface of the upper jaw in the area of the canine fossa; attached to the corner of the mouth.
Function: pulls the corner of the upper lip up and laterally.
Innervation: facial nerve (VII).
Blood supply: infraorbital artery.
Laughter muscle (m.risorius) begins on the chewing fascia, goes forward and medially, attaches to the skin of the corner of the mouth. Usually mild, often absent.
Function: pulls the corner of the mouth laterally, forms a dimple on the cheek.
Innervation: facial nerve (VII).
Blood supply: facial artery, transverse artery of the neck.
Muscles of the auricle
The muscles of the auricle in humans are poorly developed. Very rarely, the ability to move the auricle is found, which is combined with a simultaneous contraction of the occipital-frontal muscle. There are anterior, superior and posterior ear muscles.
anterior ear muscle (m.auricularis anterior) in the form of a thin bundle begins on the temporal fascia and tendon helmet. Heading back and down, it attaches to the skin of the auricle.
Function: pulls the auricle forward.
superior ear muscle (m.auricularis superior) begins with mild bundles on the tendon helmet above the auricle; attached to the upper surface of the cartilage of the auricle.
Function: pulls the auricle upward.
posterior ear muscle (m.auricularis posterior) is better developed than other ear muscles. It starts in two bundles on the mastoid process, goes forward and attaches to the posterior convex surface of the auricle.
Function: pulls the auricle backwards.
Innervation of the ear muscles: facial nerve (VII).
Blood supply: superficial temporal artery - anterior and upper muscle; posterior auricular artery - posterior muscle.
