What is the difference between throwing a ball and putting a shot. Throwing technique in athletics

Question #10

Throwing is divided into types: javelin, hammer, discus, and shot put.

The landing area must have cinder, grass or other suitable surface on which the projectile leaves a clear mark.
Shot put, discus and hammer throws are performed from a circle, and javelin throws are performed from a run-up sector. If the throw is from a circle, the athlete must start the attempt from a fixed position inside the circle. It is allowed to touch the inside of the metal rim. In the shot put it is also allowed to touch the inside of the segment.
Discus throw- discipline in athletics, which consists in throwing a special sports equipment -disk, for a distance. Refers to throwing and is included intechnical kinds athletics programs. Requires strength and coordination of movements from athletes. IsOlympic discipline of athletics for men since 1896, for women since 1928. Included inathletics all-around .

Competitors perform a throw fromcircle diameter 2.5 meters . Throw distance is measured as the distance from the outercircles this circle to the point of impact of the projectile. Disc weight in men's competition - 2kg , and in women's - 1 kg (Juniors -1.5 kg, Youth -1.75 kg).

Javelin-throwing- discipline athletics . Refers to technical types athletics program (throw). Is in throwingspears to a distance.

The world record for men is 98.48 m (1996) and belongs toJan Zelezny from Czech Republic . The record for women is 72.28 m (2008) and was set byBarbara Shpotakova from the Czech Republic. Olympic record for men 90.57 m (2008) setAndreas Thorkildsen from Norway .

In javelin throwing, an important role is played by the speed of the athlete, which he acquires during acceleration. Therefore, javelin throwers typically have a body build similar to sprinters, rather than the stocky, stocky build of other throwing disciplines.

In 1984, East German javelin thrower Uwe Hohn ( Uwe Hohn) performed a record throw of 104.80 m. Such long-range throws led to the need to change the projectile, since javelin throwing could be generally prohibited from being held in stadiums due to insecurity. As a result, the center of gravity of the spear was shifted forward, which led to an earlier lowering of the nose of the projectile, and reduced the throw distance by about 10%. A similar redesign was made for the female version of the spear (600 g versus 800 g for men) in 1999.

Manufacturers tried to increase the friction on the back of the spear (using holes, rough paint, etc.) to reduce the effect of the shifted center of gravity and regain some of the lost range. Such projectile modifications were banned in 1991, and record throws made with their help were canceled.

Hammer throwing- athletics a discipline consisting in throwing a special sports equipment - a hammer - at a distance. Requires strength and coordination of movements from athletes. Held in summer season on outdoor stadiums. Refers totechnical types of athletics program. IsOlympic discipline of athletics (for men - with1900, in women - with 2000 ).

The hammer is a metal ball connected with a steel wire to the handle. The length of the hammer in men is 117-121.5 cm, and the total weight is 7.265 kg. In women, its length is from 116 to 119.5 cm, and the total weight is 4 kg. That is, the weight of the hammer is equal to the weight of the shot used by the athletes of the respective gender.

When throwing, the athlete is in a special circle with a diameter of 2.135 m, within which he spins and throws sports equipment.

In 1976-1988, he won 2 gold and 1 silver medals at the Olympics.Yuri Sedykh , which to this day holds the world record (86.74 m).

Shot put- competitions in throwing at a distance with a pushing movement of the hand of a special sports projectile - the nucleus. Discipline refers to throwing and is included intechnical kinds athletics programs. Requires explosive strength and coordination from athletes. It has been the Olympic athletics discipline for men since 1896, for women since 1948. Included inathletics all-around .

Competitors perform a throw from a circle with a diameter of 7 feet (2.135 meters). Throw distance is measured as the distance from the outer circumference of this circle to the point of impact of the projectile. The weight of the core in the men's competition is 16 pounds (7.26 kg) and in the women's competition it is 8.8 pounds (4 kg).

The core is pushed from the shoulder with one hand. Once the athlete is in position in the circle before the start of the attempt, the shot must touch or be fixed at the neck or chin, and the hand must not fall below this position during the push. The core should not be retracted beyond the line of the shoulders.
Shot put competitions have been held since the first Olympic Games.

Details Sports and active recreation

Athletics equipment consists of accessories for running, high jump and pole vault, throwing and pushing equipment.

Assortment of equipment for athletics

Running accessories

Running accessories include: starting blocks, baton, steeplechase barrier, starting pistol, stopwatch and bullhorn.

Starting block. This block is used for repulsion at the start.

The block consists of a horizontal platform with a lever that allows you to set the stop platform at different angles relative to the horizontal line of the track.

Equal rectangular slots on the thrust pad are used for spikes in track and field shoes; there are five through holes on the horizontal platform for lever stop when installing the stop platform.

Shoe pads made of sheet steel 5 - 6 mm thick, spikes and lever made of round steel.

The horizontal platform and spikes are painted with oil paint in dark colors, the thrust platform is painted bright colors so that the last is visible against the dark background of the treadmill.

Relay wand. It is a relay race in team running. Made from birch, hornbeam, etc. by gluing two hollow cylinders together. The surface of the stick is polished or covered with a light varnish. It is allowed to release massive sticks or sticks made of bamboo.

Dimensions and weight of baton

Obstacle course. Installed on a treadmill. It consists of a wooden crossbar, reinforced on two racks, and two steps, on the free ends of which there are weights - counterweights for the stability of the barriers.

There are two types of barriers by design: constant height and universal variable height.

Barriers of constant height produce four numbers: 1, 2, 3 and 4. Barrier No. 1 (106.7 cm high) is intended for men when running at a distance of 110 m, barrier No. 2 (91.4 cm high) - for men with 400 m run, No. 3 (76.2 cm high) - for women when running 60 m and No. 4 (60 cm high) - for women when running 100 m and for children.

Racks and footboards of barriers can be made of wood or metal, and for universal barriers - only of metal.

Wooden posts and footboards made of birch or pine, metal - made of steel pipes, weights - counterweights made of gray cast iron.

To change the height of the barrier in the universal design there is a retractable part of the rack and a locking device for fixing the retractable part at the required height.

The crossbars in the barriers are made only of wood (pine). They are painted with oil white paint and two black transverse stripes; poles and footboard of barriers – in gray or camouflage.

Barrier dimensions

Starting pistol model IZH-SPL. Serves for giving sound and light signals at the start of runners. It does not have a barrel, powder gases fly out of the clip chamber through an opening in the upper part of the casing. For firing from a pistol, bulletless starting cartridges of side fire or capsules for cartridges for hunting rifles "Zhevelo" are used. For those and others in the gun there are special clips.

Dimensions and weight of the starting pistol

Stopwatches. They are used to accurately record the time spent on running distances in athletics, speed skating, skiing, water sports and clarification of time when playing football, volleyball, wrestling, boxing and other sports.

Stopwatches are single-hand and two-hand. Both can be simple action and summing. In a single-hand stopwatch with a single action, when the button is pressed, the hand can be started, when the button is pressed again, it can be stopped, and when the button is pressed again, it can be returned to zero. In a single-hand stopwatch of summing action, the hand can be stopped and, without returning it to zero, be started again. Thus, it is possible to fix the sum of several periods of time spent in the game, wrestling, etc.

In a single-action two-hand stopwatch, the first time you press the button, you can start two hands at once, with the second time you can stop the second hand, with the third, you can start the second hand again, and with subsequent presses, both hands can be stopped and returned to zero. In a two-hand stopwatch, one of the hands can perform summing operations.

By the duration of the revolution, the second hands are produced in three types: 60-, 30- and 15-second.

In addition to the second hands, stopwatches have minute and often hour hands.

Stopwatches released three types: pocket (diameter 40 - 70 mm), wrist (30 - 40 mm) and desktop.

The characteristics of some stopwatches are given below.

Stopwatch type SM-60 - single-hand, mechanism diameter 43 mm, on 11 ruby stones, has a counter for 30 minutes, the duration of the winding is 12 hours.

Stopwatch type 1-00 - single-hand, totalizing, 30-second, movement diameter 54 mm, 15 jewels, side counter for 30 minutes, winding duration 6 hours.

Stopwatch type 51-SD - two-hand, summing, 30-second, diameter 54 mm, 22 jewels, winding at 6 hours.

Horn. It consists of a rigid body with a handle soldered to the cup body with bent edges. A steel wire hoop is rolled into the free edge of the rigid body. The horn is made of tinplate or tinned steel.

Horn Dimensions

Length cm	43
Cup height, cm	3,5
Rigid horn body diameter (inner), cm	18,4
Cup hole diameter, cm	6 x 7.5

Jumping accessories

Jumping accessories include: jumping racks, slats for racks, jumping pole.

Jump racks. They produce two types: for high jumps and pole vaults.

Racks for high jumps are wooden and metal. The metal post consists of a heavy cast-iron base and a tubular post fixed in it, which includes a second tubular post of a smaller diameter, at the upper end of this post a shelf for laying the plank is welded. In the first fixed post, a groove (through hole) runs along the pipe from bottom to top. A locking screw is missing in it, which is screwed into the wall of the movable internal rack. With this screw, the mobile stand can be moved up and down and fixed at the desired height.

On wooden racks, the bar can be installed at a height of 80 - 210 cm, on metal - 80 - 225 cm.

Pole vault racks. They also consist of two metal pipes: one fixed (reinforced in a heavy base) and the other movable, moving up and down with the help of a handle and a metal cable. Pole vault posts are painted with oil and nitro paint.

The bar is laid at a height of 228 - 482 cm.

Planks for jumping racks. With the help of the bar, the height of the jump is fixed. They are made of wood or a combination of metal pipes and wood.

By purpose and length, there are two types of straps: for high jumps and with a pole. The latter are longer. Pine or birch planks. They have a cross section of an isosceles triangle, the side of which is 3 cm. Combined bars (only for pole vaults) made of duralumin pipes with an outer diameter of 3 cm at the ends have wooden tips of a square section 3x3 cm, the length of the tips is 15 cm. In the combined bars, the metal part planks can be a composite of two or three parts: the parts of such a tube are connected using wooden bougie. The slats are painted white with oil paint, each slat is symmetrically applied with four stripes 25 cm wide in black or blue. Stripes are applied around the entire plank.

Dimensions and weight of bars for jumping racks

High jump pole. Consists of a cylinder, a tip and a cover. The cylinder may be cigar-shaped or cylindrical. It is made of duralumin alloy, the tip is made of birch or ash, the cover is made of steel or duralumin. The pole is anodized (cylinder and cover), the tip is painted with enamel paint in blue or other light color.

Poles of three numbers are distinguished by thickness: 1, 2 and 3. On the cylinder of pole No. 1, one circular strip 1 cm wide is applied with black paint, on pole No. 2 - two, on pole No. 3 - three; the distance between the strips is 1 - 1.5 cm.

Dimensions and weight of high jump poles

	Length cm	Diameter in the middle, cm	Weight, kg
№1	480	3,6	2,6
№2	480	3,8	2,8
№3	480	4,0	3,0

Projectiles for throwing and pushing

Projectiles for throwing and pushing include grenade, discus, spear, hammer, ball with a loop and shot.

Throwing grenade. Serves for throwing at a distance and at a target. It consists of a wooden blank and a metal glass with a steel bottom. The blank is made of birch, ash or beech, the cup is made of seamless steel pipes, the bottom of the cup is made of sheet steel.

The wooden part of the grenade is covered with a light oil varnish, the metal parts are covered with black asphalt varnish or black oil paint.

Pomegranates are produced in weights of 300 g (for children), 500 g (for women) and 700 g (for men).

Dimensions and weight of grenades for throwing

	Overall length, cm	Handle length, cm	Cup length, cm	Handle diameter, cm	Cup diameter, cm	Weight, g
Children's	16,5	7,5	7,0	2,5	4,0	300
Women's	23,6	10,5	10,5	3,0	5,0	500
male	23,6	10,5	10,5	3,0	5,0	700

Throwing disc. It is used in track and field athletics in distance throwing. Disks are released three types: wooden, rubber and metal.

The wooden disc is intended for training and competitions, the rubber one is for training indoors, where wooden and metal floors can be damaged. The metal disc is used only for training on open sports grounds.

The wooden disc consists of a steel rim and washer and two wooden halves that are flush-cut into the rim and washer. Wooden halves of ash, beech, maple or birch are glued crosswise according to the arrangement of their wood fibers. In addition, the halves are fastened with four through metal rivets. The wooden discs, rim and washer are sanded and the wooden halves are polished or light varnished.

Rubber discs are made from a rubber compound, they are formed and vulcanized in special molds. Metal discs are cast from aluminium.

They produce discs for men, boys and women.

Dimensions and weight of discs for throwing

	Diameter cm	Thickness in the middle, cm	Weight, kg
For men	22,0	4,4	2,0
For women	18,0	3,7	1,0
For boys	20,0	3,7	1,5

Spear for throwing. Used for long range throwing. Spears are produced in two types: with a wooden shaft and a steel tip and metal with a wooden shank.

The tip for a spear with a wooden shaft is a steel hollow cone ending in a point or consisting of a tube, into the top of which a chiseled point is soldered. Tips are produced for children's, women's and men's copies.

Dimensions and weight of spearheads for throwing

	Length cm	Tube diameter, cm	Weight, g
For a child's spear	27,5	17,8	80
For the female spear	32,0	19,5	100
For male spear	37,0	21,5	130

The point is hardened, the tip is ground. The wooden shaft is produced massive and glued. Massive birch shaft, glued - from wood of different species: birch, ash, maple; glued shaft of three or four parts glued on the mustache (wedge connection), or of three plates located along the shaft.

The shaft in the middle is wrapped with a cotton cord 3-4 mm thick.

Shaft dimensions for throwing javelin

	Length cm	Front end diameter, cm	Tail end diameter, cm	Diameter under winding, cm	Winding length, cm
For a child's spear	180	1,5	0,7	2,3	14
For the female spear	198	1,5	0,7	2,4	15
For male spear	240	1,5	0,7	2,6	16

The metal spear is a duralumin tube with a steel tip at one end and a wooden shank at the other. In the center of gravity of the spear, for a stronger grip, an insulating tape is wound around the tube, and a cord is wound over it. The tip and the wooden shank are fastened to the tube with through aluminum rivets.

Dimensions and weight of spears for throwing

	Length cm	Weight, g
Children's	200	500
Women's	220	600
male	260	800

Throwing hammer. The hammer is used for throwing at a distance. Consists of core, wire rod and handle. The rod is connected to the core by a rod that rotates on a bearing, so that it does not twist during the throwing of the projectile.

Gray iron or steel core, steel shaft, steel wire rod, steel handle. The core is painted with oil paint or nitro paint, rod and handle are galvanized.

Hammers produce five numbers: No. 1 - weighing 7.257 kg (for men), No. 2 - 6 kg (for boys over 17 years old), No. 3 - 5 kg (for adolescents under 17 years old), No. 4 - 4 kg (for adolescents up to 16 years old), No. 5 - 3 kg (for teenagers up to 15 years old). The length of the hammers, regardless of weight, is 121 cm.

Throwing hammers are also produced with mercury filling. They consist of a steel or brass hollow core, wire rod and handle. The core is filled with mercury. Its volume is 1.5 times less. The weight of mercury hammers is 7.257 and 5 kg.

Throwing ball. Used for long range throwing. It consists of a tire, a belt (loop) and a soft inner padding. A tire made of leather or its substitutes, a belt and loops made of chrome cowhide, saddlery or shoe yuft. Tire segments are glued to the tent fabric, the straps are stitched on twill tape, which increases their strength and reduces stretching. The tire is stuffed with horse hair, deer hair, cotton or woolen tow.

Balls are released in two numbers: 1 and 2.

Throwing ball sizes and weights

	Ball circumference, cm	Loop length, cm	Loop width, cm	Weight, g
№1	55	28	2	1000
№2	60	28	2	1500

Shot. Serves for pushing for a distance. It is a massive metal ball made of gray cast iron, steel or brass. The most common cores are cast iron and painted with black oil or nitro paint.

They produce kernels of five numbers: from 1 to 5.

Shot weight for pushing, kg

№1	3
№2	4
№3	5
№4	6
№5	7,257

Requirements for the quality of equipment for athletics

In steeplechase hurdles, all surfaces must be smooth, without sharp corners, cracks, burrs, and metal hurdles must not have pits. It is necessary that the barriers installed on a verified surface have the upper edge of the crossbar strictly horizontal, the deviation from horizontal should not exceed 5 mm. Barriers must be stable, and barriers No. 1, 2 and 3 should tip over when a horizontally directed force of 3.5 - 4 kg acts on the middle of their crossbar, barriers No. 4 - up to 1.5 kg.

Planks for jumping racks must have oval edges, warping (curvature) of the bars should not exceed 5 mm for the entire length.

In jumping poles, the deflection of the arrow should not be more than 5 mm for the entire length of the projectile.

It is required that the shaft to the spear for throwing in cross section has the shape of a regular circle, and the curvature in the shafts of the "extra" variety does not exceed 2 mm, the 1st - 4 mm, the 2nd - 8 mm, and the ovality in the shafts of the "extra" variety » and the 1st was 0.5 mm, the 2nd - 1 mm.

In throwing hammers, the rod connecting the rod to the core must rotate smoothly, without jerks, on a ball bearing around its axis without twisting the rod.

The main types of athletics throws include shot put, discus, javelin and hammer throws. The aim of throwing is the desire to achieve the greatest range of flight of a sports projectile. In solving this problem, the possession of a rational throwing technique and high level development physical qualities athlete.

Theoretically, the flight range of a projectile (without taking into account air resistance) can be determined by the formula: \\ where v is the initial velocity of the projectile, a is the angle of departure, g is the acceleration of free fall.

As can be seen from the formula, the increase in the range of the projectile depends to the greatest extent on the increase in the initial departure speed and the increase in the departure angle (since the acceleration of free fall is a constant value of 9.81 m / s 2). However, only a constant increase in the initial speed will improve sports results. An increase in the departure angle has a limit equal to 45°, and a further increase in this angle does not lead to an increase in the range of the projectile. Calculations show that the greater the initial velocity, the greater its effect on the throwing range, which is proportional to the square of the projectile departure velocity. The increase in the sports result due to the increase in the departure angle (within 45°) is increasingly decreasing.

Thus, increasing the initial velocity of the projectile at the optimal angle is the main task of the thrower. The solution of this problem is facilitated by a rational throwing technique, which allows the most appropriate use of the basic physical qualities of an athlete.

Despite the different shape and weight of projectiles, different conditions and methods of throwing, there are many patterns that determine rational technique. For the convenience of analyzing the throwing technique, it can be conditionally divided into the following main phases: holding the projectile, run-up, preparation for the final effort, final effort, launch and flight of the projectile.

Projectile holding

The method of holding the projectile in the hand and carrying it during the run-up (turn) depend on the design of the projectile and the throwing technique. Regardless of the type of throw General requirements correct holding of the projectile should provide the athlete with the free performance of all movements with a large amplitude. Proper holding of the projectile allows the most complete use of the length and strength of the limbs, if possible, relaxes the muscles of the throwing arm to the final effort and maintains control over the movements of the athlete. All this contributes to the transfer of the force of the thrower to the projectile in the right direction and along the greatest way, which provides a high initial velocity of the projectile.

From the point of view of biomechanics, to increase the amplitude of movement, it is better to hold the projectile so that it is closer to the ends of the fingers of the throwing hand. At the same time, it should be taken into account that excessive removal of the projectile at the ends of the fingers can weaken the grip. Therefore, each thrower, taking into account these general provisions and his individual characteristics must determine for himself the appropriate way of holding the projectile.

takeoff run

The run-up in throwing is carried out in order to achieve the optimal speed of movement of the thrower and the projectile, which form a single system. It is performed in the form of running (javelin and grenade throwing), jumping (shot put) and spinning (discus and hammer throwing, and in some cases shot put). This speed in various throws should be optimal, ensuring its most efficient use in the final effort. The highest speed of projectile movement is created in hammer throwing, where by the end of the 3rd-4th turn it reaches 23-25 m/s (for discus throwing - 10-15 m/s, for javelin throwing - 6-8 m/s). The slowest run-up in the shot put is about 3 m/s.

The following facts speak about the role of the run-up in throwing: when throwing a shot, the difference in range between a throw from a place and from a run is on average 1.5-2 m, when throwing a discus - 7-10 m, when throwing a javelin - 20-24 m. These data can serve as a criterion for the effectiveness of the run.

For achievement top speed throw, the take-off speed of the thrower must correspond to its speed and power capabilities, as well as the ability to use the energy acquired in the run-up in the final effort.

During a rotational takeoff, the energy accumulated by the thrower-projectile system is directly dependent on the angular velocity of the entire system, its mass and radius of rotation. When performing turns, there is an alternation of one-support and two-support positions. Since the two-support position allows the thrower to more reliably ensure stability during rotation, it is first of all necessary to achieve an increase in the speed of rotation of the body in this position. The time spent in a supportless position, in which the thrower is not able to increase speed, should be minimal.

With the same angular velocity of rotation, the linear velocity of the projectile is in direct proportion to the length of the path of its movement and is achieved due to the larger radius of rotation of the projectile. At the same time, the rotation of the projectile along a larger radius with the same angular velocity requires more effort from the thrower.

The best takeoff involves increasing the speed of the thrower-projectile system from its beginning to end. However, in practice, this acceleration occurs unevenly, sometimes quite significant fluctuations are observed.

Preparing for the final effort

In the second part of the run, having accelerated the projectile to a certain horizontal speed, the thrower prepares for the final effort, which is performed in the form of the so-called overtaking of the projectile. In this case, the lower parts of the body overtake the upper ones and the projectile. Overtaking the projectile occurs not only in the front-rear direction, but also by twisting the torso and lumbar region in the direction opposite to the direction of throwing. These actions of the thrower play a very important preparatory role for the successful execution of the final effort. They allow you to increase the path of impact on the projectile, stretch the main muscle groups and create the prerequisites for the rapid movement of the entire mass of the thrower and the main links involved in throwing.

In all throws, the beginning of the final effort is not preceded by the presence of support on both legs, since the effort begins before the left foot is placed on the ground. This is manifested in the form of a slight straightening of the body and right foot even before setting the left foot and has a positive effect on the increase in the acceleration of the projectile at the moment of transition from the run to the throw. However, this does not mean that it is necessary to emphasize the beginning of the throw, standing on one more right leg and trying to straighten it as soon as possible, since the desire for a quick setting of the left leg is the rule for throwing any projectile.

The translational movement of the mass of the thrower should not slow down during the transition to the final effort, since the magnitude of the final work is proportional to the mass and its acceleration.

The starting position of the thrower before the final effort in all types of throwing has common features. This position is characterized, firstly, by a slight decrease in the OCTT for better use of the strength of the legs during the throw (due to the convenient placement of the legs and their bending to the optimum limits), and secondly, by increasing the distance from the hand with the projectile to the expected projectile departure point (beyond due to tilting and twisting of the body, abduction of the arm with the projectile), which increases the path of action of the thrower's force.

The expediency of all actions of the thrower before the final effort should be considered from the point of view of providing optimal conditions for increasing the path and force of impact on the projectile and maximizing the use of the speed acquired by the thrower in the run.

Final effort

There is no definite boundary between the run-up, preparation for the final effort and the final effort itself. The mistake is to pause or maintain a certain position instead of quickly moving to a throw.

The transition to the development of a powerful final effort begins from the moment the left foot is placed on the ground. Of great importance in all types of throwing is the active, fast and powerful extension of the right leg, which affects the body of the thrower with forward and upward acceleration and rapidly moves the right side of the pelvis forward. At the same time, the left leg creates a braking effect on the movement of the body forward and contributes to the upward movement of the thrower-projectile system. Therefore, the left leg, when placed on the ground, usually, slightly damping, bends somewhat and quickly straightens.

In all throws, at the beginning of the final effort, the pelvis is brought forward, its movements are ahead of the movements of the shoulders.

Proper execution the final effort involves the beginning of the movement with the largest and strongest muscle groups with the transition to the efforts of smaller, but capable under these conditions of rapid contraction of muscle groups. Therefore, the final effort begins with a quick extension of the legs and torso, speeding up as more distant parts of the body (shoulder, arm, hand) are turned on.

From the beginning of the throw to the moment the projectile takes off, all the athlete's muscle groups work quickly and intensely - from the toes to the fingers of the throwing hand, which requires high coordination and coordination of movements. At the beginning of the final effort, the thrower expends considerable force to accelerate the entire thrower-projectile system, and he must use the accumulated energy to the maximum to transfer it to the projectile, and the thrower can exert the greatest effort in a two-support position, which causes the need for a quick setting of the legs.

In the process of the final effort, the thrower is faced with the task of not only increasing the path of application of force to the projectile, but also to realize his power and speed capabilities for continuous impact on the projectile along the entire path with a force that provides the greatest increase in its speed during release. For highly qualified athletes, the initial velocity of the projectile reaches: in javelin throwing - 35 m / s, in discus throwing - 28 m / s, in shot put - 13-15 m / s.

A more rational use of the thrower's force in the final effort is facilitated by the skillful use of the elastic properties of the muscles. It is known that the more force will be spent on stretching the muscles (up to certain limits), the more work they can do during contraction.

A certain role in throwing is played by the work of the free (left) hand. In the final effort, moving it to the side (anticipating the rotation of the body) contributes not only to an increase in the rigidity of the axis of rotation, but also to a faster contraction of the previously stretched muscles.

Departure and flight of the projectile

When the projectile is released, the force of the thrower must be applied in such a way as to ensure its greatest flight. The value of the departure angle has a variable value and may be different in each individual case. Both excessively high and low flight of the projectile does not give the desired effect. Despite the fact that theoretically, without taking into account air resistance, the angle of 45 ° is considered to be the most favorable angle of departure for any projectile, in practice the optimal angles of departure of various projectiles turn out to be smaller.

Firstly, this is due to the fact that a sports projectile is released on average at a height of 160 to 200 cm. The presence of a difference in the levels of departure and landing of the projectile (the so-called terrain angle) is the first reason for the decrease in the theoretical release angle. Secondly, throwing at a smaller angle allows you to increase the path of impact on the projectile and, thirdly, the structure muscular system of the athlete contributes to a greater application of effort at a lower departure angle.

All throwing projectiles receive a rotational movement during departure, which is of particular importance only in discus and javelin throwing. Here the regularities of the principle of the gyroscope known in mechanics (top with a heavy disk) operate, the main property of which is the desire to maintain the axis of rotation in space and resist attempts to change the position of this axis.

It is known from mechanics that the resistance of the air medium to a moving body is proportional to the projection of the body on a plane perpendicular to the direction of movement and the square of the speed, therefore, in practice, air resistance is taken into account in cases where the initial velocity of the projectile is significant.

With a high initial speed of the disc and spear departure, not only a negative air resistance force is created, but also, under favorable conditions, a certain positive lift force arises, forcing these projectiles to glide, lengthening the flight. The lifting force arises due to the pressure difference between the top and bottom of the air flowing around the projectile.

An important role in throwing planning projectiles is played by the so-called angle of attack, which is formed by the longitudinal axis of the projectile and the flight path. It can be neutral, positive or negative. The selection of an appropriate trajectory and angle of attack allows experienced throwers to show top scores when throwing planning projectiles against a small wind (up to 5 m / s).

The optimal departure angles for throwing various projectiles are: for hammer throwing - 42-44 °, for discus throwing - 36-39 ° (male) and 33-35 ° (female), for javelin throwing - 28-31 °, for shot put - 38-41°. When throwing a discus and a javelin against the wind, the optimal departure angle decreases (as the wind speed increases), and with a tailwind, it increases.

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Classification and characteristics of athletics exercises
Athletics in the system of physical education classes in educational institutions
- The content of physical education curricula in various educational institutions and the planning of educational work
- Training in athletics (running, jumping and throwing)
- Methodology for the development of physical qualities using athletics exercises
Athletics in the system of recreational activities
- The place and importance of athletics in the system of recreational activities
- The impact of athletics exercises on the human body
- Methodological recommendations for conducting classes on health-improving running and walking
- Control and self-control of those involved in recreational running and walking
Fundamentals of the technique of types of athletics
Race walking
Running on short distances
- Basic rules for sprint competition
relay race
Middle distance running
- Basic rules for middle distance running
Running on long distances
- Basic rules for long distance running
Ultra long distance running
- Basic rules for ultra-long distance running competitions. Highway running
Hurdling
Running with obstacles
Running long jump
- Basic rules for running long jump competitions
Triple running jump
- Basic Rules for Running Triple Jump
High jump

] Main article: Throwing in athletics

Throwing in athletics

Track and field throwing- these are sports exercises, which include: shot put, javelin, disc and hammer throw. In addition, they should include throwing a small ball and grenades, which are considered applied species.

The ultimate goal of throwing- carry out the farthest possible movement of the projectile by throwing or pushing movement to a certain area in compliance with the rules of the competition. At the same time, the complexity of throwing lies in the fact that these movements are performed by projectiles having a certain weight and different shapes, and occur in a limited area of the stadium sector.

According to the specifics of motor activity, throwing belongs to two groups of exercises. The group of acyclic types includes shot put and discus throw. Here, in a holistic exercise, movements are not repeated. TO complex group(cyclic-acyclic) include throwing a spear, a small ball, a grenade and a hammer. In these exercises, in the preliminary part of the acceleration of the projectile, the movements are cyclically repeated, and in the final part they are acyclic.

According to another classification, throwing refers to speed-strength sports. This characteristic reflects the manifestation of motor qualities in the process of throwing.

Throwing can also be considered from the standpoint of the predominant direction of the path of influence on the projectile during its acceleration. Thus, in shot put "jump", throwing a javelin, a small ball and a grenade, preliminary acceleration occurs by a straight run, in shot put "turning", throwing a discus and a hammer - a rotary-translational movement.

From the point of view of mechanics, the range of the projectile (S) in throwing depends on a number of reasons. The main ones are: the initial speed of its departure (V), the angle of departure (a), air resistance and the height of the release of the projectile (Table 2).

Throw range is determined by the formula

where g is the free fall acceleration.

The formula illustrates that the most significant factor ensuring the effectiveness of the throw should be considered the initial velocity of the projectile. It shows that the flight range directly depends on the value of the square of the speed achieved by the projectile during its release. The average values of the initial speed (generally for men and women), according to the classical types of track and field throwing among qualified athletes, are presented in Table. 2.

The initial velocity of the projectile reaches its maximum value as a result of adding the speeds gained in the run-up phase and in the final effort phase. Table 3 shows various ways reaching the take-off speed depending on the structure of the type of throwing used. The greatest increase in speed in the final effort occurs with the shot put (85%) and javelin throw (80%). In hammer throwing, the main contribution to the initial velocity of the projectile (85%) occurs in the run-up (by performing preliminary rotations of the projectile and turns). In discus throwing, the value of the run-up and the final effort for the increase in speed is approximately the same.

Table 2. The main conditions that determine the range of the projectile (average values and level of significance)

Table 3. The ratio of the projectile acceleration speed indicators at the end of the main phases of movement (from 100% of the initial projectile departure speed)

The initial velocity of the projectile is directly related to the length of the path of its movement in the process of acceleration. The hammer overcomes the longest path both during the takeoff (more than 60 m when throwing from three turns and more than 72 M when throwing from four), and in the final effort (more than 6 m). The shortest is the core. So, when taking off in a “jump”, its average path is 1.20 m, and in a “turn” - 2.30 m; in the final effort, the path length is within 1.70 m (Table 4).

The projectile acceleration time is feedback with the initial speed of its departure, i.e., a decrease in the acceleration time leads to an increase in speed.

Another factor affecting projectile range is projectile departure angle (a). It is defined as the angle between the velocity vector (which corresponds in direction to the tangent to the flight path of the projectile at the time of its release) and the horizontal (Fig. 3). In almost all types of throwing, the departure angle is always less than the theoretically favorable angle of 45 °. Reducing the take-off angle to optimal values is associated with the aerodynamic properties of the projectile (disc, spear), air resistance, projectile release height and the conditions under which the most beneficial use of the main muscle groups of the thrower occurs during the throw. The average values of departure angles were given in Table. 2.

Air resistance affects the throw distance in all types of throwing, but the measure of this influence is different. The air environment has the greatest impact on the disc and javelin, and to a lesser extent on the small ball. When throwing a hammer, grenades and shot put, this effect is insignificant.

Rice. 3. Indicators that determine the flight path of the nucleus

In all types of throwing (except for throwing planning projectiles), a headwind reduces the throwing range, and a tailwind increases it. When throwing planning projectiles, on the contrary, a headwind can significantly increase the range, and a tailwind can slightly reduce it. This is especially evident when throwing a discus, where, for example, a headwind with a speed of 5 m/s can increase the result by up to 10%. This is due to the aerodynamic properties of this projectile, when the air medium forms a lifting force, which manifests itself on the downward segment of the flight path. However, it should be remembered that the planning property of the disk imposes the necessary requirements on the accuracy of the final effort to create the required angle of attack.

The angle of attack is the angle formed by the plane of the disk (or the axis of the projectile when throwing a spear) and the tangent to the trajectory of its flight. The angle of attack, depending on the direction, wind strength and aerodynamic properties of the projectile, can be positive (increasing range) or negative (reducing range). Its value during discus throwing against the wind fluctuates between 10-12e. With a tailwind or calm wind, it decreases.

Table 4 The ratio of the length of the path of the projectile in the main phases of movement (averaged indicators)

For a stable position in flight after release, the disk rotates around the vertical axis, and the spear around the longitudinal one.

Projectile release height (h) as a factor influencing the distance of the throw, the greatest value (of all types of throwing) is in the shot put (Fig. 3). Ceteris paribus, the higher the height of the thrower and the length of his arms, the higher the point of release of the projectile and thus the further its flight. At the same time, the height of the projectile release is related to the angle of the terrain.

Terrain angle (p) is the angle formed by a line, connecting the point of impact of the projectile with the point of its release and the horizontal. The change in the angle of the terrain is directly related to the height of the release of the projectile and vice versa with the range of the throw. The largest angle of the terrain is noted in the shot put. Its value is in the range of 5 -10 °.

Along with the considered conditions that determine the effectiveness of the throw from the standpoint of mechanics, there are others, the knowledge of which is necessary for the effective implementation of throwing. These include:

features of the technique of throwing movements (the sequence of switching on individual muscle groups, starting from the lower parts of the body, when throwing, the correct rhythm of the movement; “whip-like” execution of the final movement by timely braking in the joints for transmission total movement in the projectile, etc.);

accuracy of hitting the edge of the projectile when throwing the discus and hitting the axis of the projectile when throwing the javelin;

the shape and design of the projectile (discs are ordinary and with better planning characteristics, the hammer ball is of different diameters - this determines the distance of its center of gravity from the handle of the projectile, where a greater distance contributes to an increase in throw range).

Track and field throwing in structure consists of two parts: run-up and final movement. They, in turn, are divided into a number of successive and interrelated phases, where the run-up includes the holding of the projectile, the starting position, preliminary movements and the main run-up phase. The final movement includes the phase of the final effort and the phase of maintaining balance after the throw.

Projectile holding. The projectile in all types of throwing (except hammer throwing) is held with one hand. In hammer throwing, the “grip” of the projectile is carried out in a peculiar way with both hands. Proper holding of the projectile provides the necessary conditions for the precise application of forces in the final movement.

Initial position. In this phase, by occupying the most convenient position, individual conditions, setting the thrower for further movement. In throwing, in which the acceleration of the projectile is carried out in a limited space (in a circle), the athletes take their starting position, placing their backs in the opposite part of the circle from the direction of the throw. In throwing, in which acceleration is performed on the track, the athletes take a position at its beginning, facing in the direction of the throw.

preliminary movements. In the preliminary phase, the projectile is given the necessary momentum by its initial acceleration. In the shot put "jump" - "swing" by tilting forward and "grouping". In the shot put "turn" - "swing" twisting in the opposite direction from the direction of rotation. In discus throwing - preliminary waving. In hammer throwing - preliminary rotations. In throwing a javelin, a small ball and a grenade, the run begins without preliminary movements.

Main run. The main task of the takeoff is to give the projectile an optimal speed and create the necessary conditions for the “thrower-projectile” system before performing the final part of the throw.

When throwing a spear, a small ball and a grenade, the run is carried out with running steps in combination with throwing steps along a straight path. When pushing the shot "jump", it is performed by jumping. When pushing the shot with a “turn” and throwing the discus, the run is made with one rotation, and when throwing the hammer Щ, with three or four turns.

Achieving the linear speed of the projectile in rotational movements depends on the angular velocity and the radius of its movement in the turn. The angular velocity is directly related to the speed of the thrower during rotation, and the radius depends on the length of the thrower's arms and the way the movement is performed. The optimal ratio of the angular velocity and the length of the radius leads to obtaining the required linear velocity at the end of the run.

In the final part of the run in all types of throwing, athletes need to take such a position that there is an advancing movement of the lower parts of the body (legs and pelvis) in relation to the upper ones (torso and arms with the projectile). This movement is called "overtaking" the projectile. Its purpose is to pre-stretch the muscle groups involved in the throw, for their active contraction by the time the projectile is released.

Final effort. The task of this phase is to give the projectile additional speed, up to maximum, and release it at optimal angles of departure and attack. The final effort is a continuation of the previous movements, and therefore it is very important that the transition from the run-up to the final phase of the throw be as coordinated as possible.

The effectiveness of the final is related to the length of the path and the acceleration time of the projectile, as well as the direction and magnitude of the efforts to influence it.

The final force occurs in a two-legged position.

It is necessary to maintain the state of "overtaking" until the timely stop of the lower links of the body and the transfer of the total amount of motion to the upper links and the projectile. It is necessary to observe this sequence of stopping the motor links and start it with a locking movement of the left leg (for right-handed people) in combination with the correct work of the right one, up to the release of the projectile.

An important condition for an effective final is the accelerating speed-power rhythm of throwing and the maximum degree of realization of the speed-power potential of the thrower.

Maintaining balance. The stop after the release of the projectile is carried out either by a stoppering movement of the legs, elastically standing on a support, or by jumping from foot to foot, or by rotation around the left foot.

The correct distribution of efforts in the final contributes to the stable maintenance of balance after the release of the projectile. It is important here to take into account the requirement of the competition rules, which indicates that the throwers must remain in the circle or sect re until the projectile has touched the ground.

One of the criteria that determine the level of mastery of the technique as a whole and its parts is the difference in throwing a projectile from a full run and from a standstill. In shot put it is 1.5-2 m, in javelin throw - 25-30 m, in discus throw - 8-12 m, in hammer throw - 25-32 m.

Task any type of throwing - moving a projectile in space to the greatest possible distance. Throwing requires powerful explosive efforts from the athlete. Throwing classes, speed,.

Throwing in athletics

Depending on the method of execution, athletics throws are divided into three types: 1) push (core); 2) throw from behind the head (spear, grenade); 3) with rotation (disk, hammer).

Main article:

Shot put. Shot put like sports exercise preceded by pushing heavy stones, and later - heavy pieces of metal. The birthplace of the shot put is Great Britain. This explains why the weight of the shot and the size of the space for pushing are determined by the English system of measures. To achieve high sports results in this kind of athletics, a perfect technique of execution and a high level of development of strength and speed-strength qualities are required.

Material support. The male core weighs 16 English pounds (7.260 kg), while the female core weighs 4 kg. The diameter of the pushing circle is 7 English feet (2.135 m). At the front outer part of the rim of the circle, a block of wood (segment) 10 cm high, painted white, is installed. The core is a ball that has a smooth surface, it must be made of cast iron, brass or other material.

In the sector for landing the core, as well as the disk and hammer limit lines diverge at an angle of 34.92°. The side lines of sectors 5 cm wide are not included in the area of the sectors.

Main article:

Javelin, grenade and ball throw. If javelin throw was used in the system physical education ancient Greeks, then throwing euro grenades has been included in competitions in our country since the 20s of the last century. Currently, grenade throwing is not included in the program of major competitions. At the same time, grenade throwing is widely used in schools and in the army, and is also used as an auxiliary exercise for mastering individual elements of the javelin throwing technique. Throwing a small ball according to the technique of movements is performed in the same way as throwing a grenade.

Material support. A spear consists of a shaft, a tip and a winding. Men throw a javelin weighing 800 g and a length of 260-270 cm, women, respectively, 600 g and 220-230 cm.

The place for javelin throwing competitions is a track (4 m wide, at least 30 m long) for running with a javelin and sector marked at an angle of 29° for landing projectiles, separated by a curved bar (width 7 cm), from which the sports result is measured.

Sports grenade it can be wooden, or from other suitable material with a metal case, or all-metal. Grenade weight - 700 g for men, women and middle-aged boys throw a grenade weighing 500 g.

The weight and diameter of the balls used in teaching and training may vary. In competitions for boys and girls, balls weighing 155-160 g are used..

Throwing a grenade and a ball at small-scale competitions is carried out from a place and from a run into a corridor 10 m wide, and at competitions above the city scale, the sector angle, as in javelin throwing, is 29 °.

Discus throw was one of my favorites exercise in ancient times. The disk is a planning projectile, as it has aerodynamic properties. Interestingly, discus throwing is one of the few types of athletics where both world and Olympic records owned by women are higher than those set by men.

Material support. The discus is thrown from a circle with a diameter of 2.50 m.

To ensure the safety of participants, judges and spectators, a safety fence 7 m high is installed along the perimeter of the circle.

The disc is made of wood or other suitable material, surrounded by a metal rim. The male disc weighs 2 kg, the female disc weighs 1 kg.

Hammer throwing. As a form of athletics, it originated in Scotland and Ireland, where they initially threw some kind of massive weight with an attached wooden handle. The modern technique of hammer throwing is based on the rotational-translational movement of the "thrower-projectile" system in a space limited by the size of a circle. Requires strength and coordination of movements from athletes. The rotational movement is the best way messages to the high velocity projectile. Therefore, at present, the hammer is thrown from three or four turns, both men and women..

Material support. The projectile is similar in composition, shape and weight to the core (7.260 kg for men and 4 kg for women), to which a steel wire with a handle at the end is attached. For the safety of throwing, a circle with a diameter of 213.5 cm is limited to a metal mesh.

Safety measures and prevention of injuries during classes and competitions

When conducting classes, the following rules must be observed:

in throwing classes, use only serviceable equipment, while its weight and dimensions must correspond to the age and preparedness of the students;
do not carry out oncoming throws; not be located on the side of the throwing hand, but be behind the thrower;
before each throw, warn others, and those in the field should face the thrower;
throw and collect shells only at the command of the teacher (prohibit the transfer of shells through the air);
just before throwing projectiles, perform special exercises for muscles and ligaments of the elbow and shoulder joints, and in wet weather, carefully wipe the shells;
when throwing a discus and a hammer, the place for throwing must be fenced with a safety net.

When preparing equipment for competitions, in addition to what has already been said, it must be remembered that before each competition it is necessary to check the fence nets, their correct attachment to the racks, and the strength of the racks themselves. The fence must be such that there is no danger of a projectile rebounding or ricocheting towards the athlete or flying over the top of the fence.

Fundamentals of athletics throwing technique

There are 5 types of throws in athletics - shot, discus, javelin, hammer and grenade.

The main goal of throwers is to throw (throw, push) a projectile as far as possible, observing certain rules that limit the actions of athletes. Throwing is based on three main methods of throwing projectiles: 1) over the shoulder (spear, grenade); 2) from the side (disk, hammer); 3) from the shoulder (core). These methods determine the form of the run-up and the final effort in throwing.

Throwing a spear and a grenade is performed with a rectilinear form of take-off - facing forward. The shot put is mainly carried out with the back in the direction of throwing, where the straightness of the takeoff (jump) is combined with the turning movement of the body at the moment the projectile is thrown. Finally, when throwing a discus, a hammer, and, more recently, a shot, a run-up is used in the form of a turn, where translational and rotational movements(with one turn in the disc, core and 3-4 turns in the hammer). Despite the different shape and weight of the projectile, different conditions and methods of throwing, there are many patterns that determine the rational throwing technique.

Factors affecting the flight range of athletics equipment

All throwing is subject to the general laws of mechanics. Any projectile thrown at an angle to the horizon is subject to the same factors that determine its range. Based on the laws of mechanics, the range of a projectile is:

S=(V 0 2 Xsin2a)/g

where V 0 is the initial velocity of the projectile; a - angle of departure of the projectile; g is the free fall acceleration.

This equation, however, does not take into account the influence of the atmospheric environment and the fact that the projectile leaves the thrower's hand at a certain departure height (h 0).

The height of the starting point of departure (h 0) depends on the height of the thrower, the length of his arms, and technique. The higher the height of the starting point of departure, the better. But since it is practically impossible to increase the height of the starting point of departure for the same athlete, one cannot count on an increase in the result due to this.

Rice. 9. Projectile flight system: S - horizontal flight length; V0 - initial departure speed; a - departure angle; I - take-off height; h0 - initial departure height; z - terrain angle

The above formula can be used to determine the range of a projectile, but other parameters should always be taken into account. So, In general, the following factors influence the result in throwing track and field apparatus(Fig. 9):

a) the initial velocity of the projectile (V 0);

b) projectile departure angle (a),

c) the influence of the atmospheric environment (air resistance, strength and direction of the wind);

d) the height of the release of the projectile above the ground (h 0);

e) aerodynamic properties of the projectile;

e) angle of attack of the projectile (β).

All factors determine the effectiveness of throwing in each specific case, but the value of each of the parameters is far from being equivalent. In practice, the initial speed, the departure angle and the impact of the atmospheric environment are of the greatest importance. Their analysis is necessary, first of all, for the correct assessment of all movements of the thrower throwing the projectile. Let us consider in more detail each of the main factors affecting the range of the projectile.

The initial velocity of the projectile to the range of its flight

Considering the composite values of the above formula, it becomes obvious that the main factor in increasing the range of the projectile in all throws is the initial speed.

Theoretically, there is no limit to increasing the initial speed. In the formula, the initial speed is squared (V02), so if the speed doubles, then the flight range, ceteris paribus, increases by 4 times, with an increase of 3 times - by 9 times, etc. For example, for a core takeoff speed of 10 m/s, the result is 12 m, and for a speed of 15 m/s, about 25 m, i.e. an increase in speed by 1.5 times leads to an increase in the result by 2.25 times.

In throwing, the speed of the projectile is created as a result of the use of speed:

pre-waving;
preliminary movement ("thrower + projectile" in the run);
the final, final effort of the thrower at the moment of the throw itself.

At the same time, the degree of communication of speed in the run-up and final movement to accelerate the projectile in various types throwing is different. So, the speed of starting acceleration in the shot put is 15-20%, javelin throw - 15-22%, discus throw - 40-45%, hammer throw - 80-85%, and the rest of the speed is reported to the projectile in the final effort.

As you can see, in the shot put and javelin throw, the final movement is more important for the acceleration of the projectile, in discus throwing these parts of the throwing technique are approximately equal in importance, and in hammer throwing the preliminary speed is much greater than the final one. Characteristically, in high-class athletes, the speed of the projectile increases more evenly from start to takeoff. Significant fluctuations in speed are visible and observed, as a rule, in younger athletes. sports categories. High-class athletes are distinguished by a greater increase in the speed of the projectile in the final effort.

The initial velocity of the projectile is the result of the summation of the velocities of the individual parts of the body - legs, torso, arms. In this case, what is especially important, there is a sequential acceleration of the links from the bottom up, i.e. each subsequent link starts moving when the speed of the previous one reaches its maximum. The initial speed is reported to the projectile due to the work of the muscles of the legs and torso, and the final speed is the inclusion of muscles shoulder girdle and hands (spear, core, disk, grenade).

In addition, the speed of the projectile departure depends on the magnitude of the force applied to the projectile, and the time of impact of this force on it. Based on Newton's second law (V = Ft / m), it turns out that the speed is directly proportional to the force and time of its application (the mass of the projectile is a constant value). This means that the more force we will act on the projectile and the longer this effect will be, the faster the projectile will leave the thrower's hand. If the length of the path of application to the projectile is taken as the degree of technical skill of the athlete, then ultimately we come to the conclusion that the initial speed of the projectile (and the result in sports throwing) is directly dependent on the special strength training and technical skill of the thrower.

It is important to emphasize that in order to provide an impact on a projectile moving at a relatively high speed, the muscles of the thrower must be not only strong, but also fast. Moreover, the athlete in the process of throwing must report the speed not to one projectile, but to the whole body and the projectile, that is, the “thrower + projectile” system. Only in the second half of the final effort is only one projectile accelerated.

Two more conditions should be noted that affect the increase in the initial speed in throwing with rotation (disc, hammer). The magnitude of the angular velocity and the radius of rotation, that is, the distance from the axis of rotation to the center of gravity of the projectile, play an important role in creating the initial velocity of the projectile.

The length of the thrower's arm (when throwing a discus), the length of the projectile and the location of the center of gravity in the projectile itself (when throwing a hammer) affect the radius value. The larger the radius of rotation at a given angular velocity, the higher the initial flight speed and the better the throwing result.

Influence of projectile departure angle on sports result

The next factor, on which the flight range largely depends, is the angle of departure of the projectile.

Departure angle (a) called the angle built at the point of departure of the projectile and enclosed between the horizontal line and the velocity vector of the disk (tangent to the beginning of the flight path). As you know, if a projectile is thrown in airless space at an angle of 45 ° to the horizon, then it will fly the greatest distance. But in practice, the optimal launch angles of various projectiles turn out to be smaller. Firstly, this is due to the fact that the sports equipment is released on average at a height of 160 to 220 cm. terrain angle) is the first reason for the decrease in the theoretical release angle.

Secondly, throwing at a lower angle allows you to increase the path of impact on the projectile and, thirdly, the structure of the athlete's muscular system contributes to a greater application of effort at a lower departure angle. In all types of throwing, except for discus throwing, with an increase in the take-off speed, the departure angle slightly increases (in discus throwing it decreases). In addition, in planning projectiles (disk, spear), the direction and magnitude of the wind also affect the change in the departure angle.

Thus, the departure angle depends on the height of the projectile release above the ground, the aerodynamic properties of the projectile (for the disc and the spear), the state of the atmosphere (wind direction), and the takeoff speed.

In sports throwing, it is necessary to use the so-called optimal projectile launch angles. In this case, the optimal angle is understood as the most favorable angle for the range of the projectile.

when throwing a spear: 30 -35 °;
when throwing a disc: 36 -38 °;
shot put: 38-41°;
when throwing a hammer and grenades: 42 -44 °.

The impact of the atmospheric environment on the range of the projectile

After the projectile has left the thrower's hand, two forces of the air environment immediately begin to act on it: 1) the force of resistance (or frontal resistance); 2) lifting force.

Resistance force directed against the speed of the projectile and thereby reduces the range of its flight. It mainly depends on the cross-sectional area of the projectile and on the square of its speed.

lifting force is the force that keeps the projectile in flight against the force of gravity. If the projectile moves in such a way that air flows around it evenly both from above and from below, then there will be no lifting force acting on it. If the direction of velocity does not coincide with the direction of the longitudinal axis of the projectile (the plane of the disk), then the air flows from above and below will be different. In this case, air particles from above will flow around the projectile faster and at the same time travel a greater distance than from below, and, consequently, the air pressure on the projectile will be less than the pressure from below. As a result of the pressure difference from above and below, a lifting force arises.

It is important to remember that the lift force is not necessarily directed upwards, its direction can be different. It depends on the position of the projectile and the direction of the airflow relative to it. In those cases where the lifting force is directed upwards and balances the weight of the projectile, it begins to plan. Planning the javelin and discus significantly improves results in throwing.

During the flight of such heavy projectiles as the core and hammer, the effect of these forces is practically negligible and does not actually affect their flight in the air. It is different with the so-called planning projectiles, like a disk and a spear, which the atmospheric environment exerts significant resistance in flight (air density, wind strength and direction). An important role in throwing planning projectiles is played by the angle of attack, which is formed by the longitudinal axis (plane) of the projectile and the direction of the oncoming air flow. It can be positive, zero, or negative. If the air flow runs on the lower surface of the disc and the spear, then the angle of attack is positive, if on the upper surface it is negative.

Rice. 10. Forces acting on the planning projectile in flight: g - gravity; X is the resistance force of the medium; Y - lifting force; a - departure angle; β - angle of attack; V - departure speed

As can be seen from fig. 10, the projectile is affected by the force of gravity (g), the force of the resistance of the environment (X), the lifting force (Y). Departure (a) and attack (β) angles are fixed.

In discus throwing, it is better if the value of the angle of attack is initially equal to the angle of departure. In other words, the thrower must strive to direct efforts exactly into the plane of the projectile. In this case, the disk in flight will not make transverse movements. Javelin throwers aim for an angle of attack close to zero (to hit the javelin exactly). During the flight of the ball, the shot and the hammer there is no angle of attack.

It should be borne in mind that with an increase in the angle of attack (β), both lift and drag increase in the air, but the increase in lift will go much faster than the increase in drag. Subsequently, the drag continues to increase, and the lift force begins to decrease, and when the plane of the projectile becomes perpendicular to the direction of velocity, the lift force will become equal to zero. Consequently, there are sections on the trajectory where the lift force is greater than the drag force, and a section where the drag force exceeds the lift force. Hence it follows

the need to find the optimal angles of release and attack, at which the lift force over a large section of the flight path would exceed the drag, which means that the projectile could fly a greater distance.

The direction of air movement has a great influence on the flight of planning projectiles. When throwing a discus and a javelin against a headwind, the force of frontal air resistance increases and the lifting force increases proportionally. This creates an aerodynamic increase in the range of the projectile. When throwing against the wind, for better use of the lifting force, the angle of departure of the projectiles is somewhat reduced as the wind speed increases. Calculations show that a headwind of the order of 5 m/s, for example, increases the flight range of the disc by 10%, while a tailwind reduces it by 2.5%.

Interestingly, the aerodynamic properties of the female disk are higher than those of the male. At the same initial speed, the female disk flies longer than the male disk. Moreover, with a strong headwind, this advantage increases even more. With a tailwind, its speed coincides with the direction of flight of the projectile and the aerodynamic force decreases. But since the force of frontal resistance also decreases, this circumstance must be used to increase the range of the throw. This is achieved by increasing the departure angle.

The most inconvenient for a spear and a disk is the action of a side wind, which violates the basic laws of planning projectiles in flight.

The main parts of athletics throws

All existing throwings are holistic acyclic exercises.

However, for the convenience of technique analysis, each throwing conditionally consists of six interconnected parts.:

I - holding the projectile;

II - preparation for takeoff and takeoff (turn, jump);

III - preparation for the final effort ("overtaking" the projectile);

IV - final movement (effort);

V - braking and maintaining balance after the release of the projectile;

VI - departure and flight of the projectile.

Projectile holding

The task of this part is to hold the projectile in such a way as to perform the throw freely, with the optimal amplitude of movement, providing the most effective application of their strength. Proper holding of the projectile depends on its shape, weight, method of throwing and allows the most complete use of the length and strength of the limbs, if possible, relax the muscles of the throwing arm to the final effort and maintain control over the movements of the athlete. All this contributes to the transfer of the force of the thrower to the projectile in the right direction and along the longest path, which ensures a high initial velocity of the projectile.

When throwing a discus and a hammer, from the point of view of biomechanics, you need to hold the projectile so that its center is farther away from the axis of rotation of the athlete. This increases the radius of rotation, which means that the initial takeoff speed increases.

Preparing for takeoff and takeoff

The main task of this part is to create a preliminary (optimal) speed of the thrower with the projectile and provide favorable conditions for the final effort. During the takeoff, the thrower forms, as it were, a single system with the projectile, where the acceleration acquired by him is transferred to the projectile. The run is performed in the form of an accelerated run (throwing a grenade and a spear), a jump (shot put) and a turn (throwing a discus and a hammer, and also recently - a shot put).

The run-up in some throws is preceded by the athlete performing preliminary movements. In shot put, this is a swing (tilt of the body) and grouping, in discus throwing - swinging, in hammer throwing - preliminary swinging. Only in throwing grenades and spears does the athlete immediately start the run from the starting position.

The main task of preliminary movements is to focus on the throwing as a whole, to take a rational starting position, to create the most favorable conditions for maximum muscle work in subsequent movements. In hammer throwing, these movements (hammer rotations) also allow you to give the projectile a significant speed before turning.

When running in the form of one (disk) or several turns (3-4 in the hammer), a significant centrifugal force arises (when throwing the hammer at 75 m, it is 300 kg), which makes it difficult for the thrower to move. The athlete must not only resist the increasing centrifugal force, i.e. to ensure a stable position of the body, but also to complete the technically correct powerful release of the projectile.

In the run-up (in the form of turns or a jump), the thrower can give speed to the “thrower + projectile” system only when resting with their feet on the ground, since in the two-support position it can act on the projectile with the greatest force than in the single-support position and, therefore, give projectile at high speed. At the same time, the time spent in a supportless position, during which the thrower is not able to increase speed, should be minimized.

Preliminary movements (run-up, jump and turns) are not performed at too high a speed. This speed in various throws should be optimal, at which the athlete is able to control his actions to create favorable conditions for the final movement. The speed of the thrower and the projectile must correspond to the technical, speed and power capabilities of the thrower.

Regardless of the movements and efforts of the thrower, a more perfect throwing technique should be considered one where the speed of the projectile must necessarily increase towards the end of the throw. The take-off speed should always be selected with strict consideration of the capabilities of the thrower, allowing you to fully “transfer” the “energy” acquired by the thrower during the take-off run to the projectile. The highest speed of projectile movement is created in hammer throwing, where at the end of 3-4 turns the ball reaches a speed of 23-24 m / s, passing a path of 60-70 m. When throwing a disc, the projectile develops a speed of 10-12 m / s, passing during the turn path 12-15 m. When throwing a spear, the speed of movement of the projectile and the thrower reaches 6-8 m / s. The slowest run-up in the shot put is about 3 m/s.

The transition from a run to a throw in throwing is the most difficult component of the technique, and it turns out to be the more difficult, the greater the speed of the thrower in the run (especially in the spear, hammer, disk).

The following facts speak about the role of the run-up in throwing: when throwing a shot, the difference in range between a throw from a place and from a run is on average 1.5-2 m, when throwing a discus - 7-10 m, when throwing a javelin - 20-25 m. These data can serve as a criterion for the effectiveness of the run.

Preparation for the final effort ("overtaking" the projectile)

In the second part of the run, having accelerated the projectile to a certain horizontal speed, the thrower prepares for the final effort. This preparation is not a simple transition from a run to the release of a projectile, but a rather complex redistribution of the efforts of individual muscle groups, and the greater the speed of movements, the more difficult it is to perform. The task of this part is, with a minimum loss of the linear velocity of the projectile, by accelerated movement of individual parts of the body, to stretch the muscles of all parts of the body so as to create conditions for their consistent contraction.

In preparation for the final effort, the thrower must do the following:

b) at the end of the run (turn) to overtake the projectile;

c) lower the general center of mass of the body for better use of leg strength during the throw;

d) ensure the correct stable starting position before the final effort.

Let us dwell in more detail on these actions of the thrower.

In different throws, such actions occur differently, however, in all cases, great importance is given to creating the prerequisites for increasing speed by the end of throwing.

If the thrower cannot maintain sufficient horizontal speed, then the run (turn) loses its meaning and even interferes. Projectile overtaking is called the actions of the thrower in the process of takeoff, when Bottom part athlete's body (legs, pelvis) overtakes the upper (torso, arms) and projectile. In other words, overtaking the projectile is carried out by increasing the speed of the lower part of the thrower's body relative to the upper part. In this case, the overtaking of the projectile occurs not only in the anterior-rear direction, but also by twisting the body in the lumbar region in the direction opposite to the direction of throwing. Overtaking the projectile, the athlete increases the impact on him in the final effort.

In preparation for the final effort, the thrower lowers the overall center of mass of the bodies due to a wider spread and bending of the legs. This is done in order to increase the vertical velocity of the projectile. The thrower should strive to shift the GMC as low as possible and thereby increase the path of lifting it in the final effort. At the same time, the lower the offset of the OCMT, the more time is required for