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Upper limb muscle groups. Muscles of the upper and lower limbs

- (mm. membri superioris), depending on their location and functional load, are divided into muscles shoulder girdle and muscles of the free part of the upper limb. The latter, in turn, are divided into the muscles of the shoulder, the muscles of the forearm and ... ... Atlas of human anatomy

Muscles of the lower limbs- are divided into the muscles of the pelvic girdle, the muscles of the thigh, the muscles of the lower leg and the muscles of the foot. Contents 1 Muscles of the pelvic girdle 1.1 Anterior group ... Wikipedia

Fascia of the upper limbs- The subcutaneous fascia of the upper limb is weakly expressed. The fascia proper (fascia propria) throughout its length differs in different thicknesses, its individual plates are highly developed and form sheaths for muscles and tendons, line pits and channels ... Atlas of human anatomy

Neck muscles- keep the head in balance, participate in the movement of the head and neck, as well as in the processes of swallowing and pronouncing sounds. Two groups of muscles are distinguished on the trunk and neck: intrinsic muscles and alien muscles. Own muscles lie very deep, on the most ... Wikipedia

Forearm muscles- are divided into posterior and anterior groups, in each of which superficial and deep layers are distinguished. Anterior Group Posterior Group * * * See also: Muscles upper limbs Muscles of the shoulder girdle Muscles of the free part of the upper limb Muscles of the shoulder ... Atlas of human anatomy

Muscles of the hand- are located mainly on the palmar surface of the hand and are divided into a lateral group (muscles thumb), the medial group (muscles of the little finger) and middle group. On the dorsum of the hand are dorsal (dorsal) interosseous ... Atlas of human anatomy

Shoulder muscles- divided into anterior (mainly flexors) and posterior (extensors) groups. Anterior group Posterior group * * * See also: Muscles of the upper limbs Muscles of the shoulder girdle Muscles of the free part of the upper limb Muscles of the forearm Muscles of the hand ... ... Atlas of human anatomy

Muscles of the free part of the upper limb- Muscles of the shoulder Muscles of the forearm Muscles of the hand * * * See also: Muscles of the upper limbs Muscles of the shoulder girdle Muscles of the shoulder Muscles of the forearm Muscles of the hand Fascia of the upper limbs ... Atlas of human anatomy

Muscles of the head- are divided into chewing and mimic. Chewing muscles Combined and varied movements of these muscles cause complex chewing movements. Muscle Beginning Attachment Function Blood supply Innervation Temporal muscle Temporal surface of the frontal ... ... Wikipedia

Trunk muscles- On the trunk and neck, two groups of muscles are distinguished: own muscles and alien muscles. The intrinsic muscles lie very deep, on the very bones of the axial skeleton, and by their contractions set in motion mainly the skeleton of the trunk and head. Muscles ... ... Wikipedia

Muscles of the shoulder girdle

Shoulder girdle, strengthening free limb on the trunk, connects to it with only one sternoclavicular joint. Strengthening the shoulder girdle is carried out by muscles originating on the body. The muscles located directly on the shoulder girdle set in motion and fix the free upper

limb. These include: deltoid, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, small round, large round, subscapularis (Fig. 42).

Rice. 42. Muscles of the shoulder girdle and shoulder (right):

A - front view; B - rear view; 1 - coracobrachial muscle; 2 - large round muscle; 3 - subscapularis muscle; 4 - supraspinatus muscle; 5 - infraspinatus muscle; 6 - small round muscle; 7 - triceps muscle of the shoulder

The deltoid muscle (m. deltoideus) originates from the lateral third of the clavicle and the acromial process of the scapula and is attached to the deltoid roughness humerus.

Function: withdraws the hand to horizontal position. The anterior muscle bundles raise the arm anteriorly, the posterior ones produce the opposite movement.

The supraspinatus muscle (m. supraspinatus) originates from the supraspinatus fossa of the scapula and is attached to the top of the large tubercle of the humerus.

Function: abducts (raises) the shoulder, retracts the capsule shoulder joint.

The infraspinatus muscle (m. infraspinatus) originates from the infraspinatus fossa of the scapula and is attached to the large tubercle of the humerus. Function: rotates the shoulder outward.

The small round muscle (m. teres minor) originates from the lateral edge of the scapula and is attached to the large tubercle of the humerus. Function: rotates the shoulder outward.

The large round muscle (m. teres major) originates from the lower angle of the scapula and is attached to the crest of the small tubercle of the scapula. Function: rotates the shoulder inward.

The subscapularis muscle (m. subscapularis) originates from the costal surface of the scapula and is attached to the lesser tubercle of the humerus. Function: rotates the shoulder inward, brings the shoulder to the body.

Shoulder muscles

There are two muscle groups in the shoulder area: the anterior muscle group (consists of flexors) - the coracobrachial, biceps and shoulder muscles; posterior muscle group (consists of the extensors of the arm in the shoulder and elbow joints) - the triceps and elbow muscles. These muscles are surrounded by the fascia of the shoulder, which forms separate sheaths around each group, which are separated by intermuscular septa extending from the fascia of the shoulder inward, where they fuse with the humerus.

The coracobrachial muscle (m. coracobrachialis) originates from the coracoid process of the scapula and is attached to the middle of the humerus.

Function: raises the shoulder and brings it to the body.

The biceps muscle (m. biceps brachii) has two heads; the short head originates from the coracoid process of the scapula, the long head from the supraspinous tubercle of the scapula and the muscle is attached to the radius.

Function: flexes the arm at the elbow and shoulder joints and supinates the forearm.

The shoulder muscle (m. brachialis) originates from the anterior surface of the humerus and is attached to the ulna. Function: flexes the forearm at the elbow joint.

The triceps muscle of the shoulder (m. triceps brachii) originates from the sub-articular tuberosity of the scapula, the back of the humerus and is attached to the radius.

Function: unbends the forearm at the elbow joint.

Forearm muscles

Depending on the location, the muscles of the forearm are divided into two groups: anterior and posterior. At the same time, each distinguishes between superficial and deep layers. The first group includes flexors and pronators, the second - extensors and arch supports.

All these muscles are covered by a common fascia of the forearm, which forms a dense case around them. From the partitions, as well as from the fascia itself, the muscles adjacent to them begin.

Front group, surface layer

The brachioradialis muscle (m. brachioradialis) originates from the humerus, spreads over the elbow joint and is attached to the styloid process of the radius (Fig. 43).

Function: flexes the forearm, sets the hand in a position between pronation and supination.

Round pronator (t. pro -

nator teres) originates from the medial epicondyle of the humerus, goes down and attaches to the middle third of the diaphysis of the radius.

Function: pronates and flexes the forearm.

The radial flexor of the wrist (t. flexor carpi radialis) originates from the medial epicondyle of the humerus, goes down and is attached to the base of the second metacarpal bone.

Function: flexes and partially penetrates the hand. Rice. 43. Muscles of the forearm (right);

front view: long palmar muscle

A - superficial, B - deep. 1 - two-headed tsa (m. palmaris longus) takes the shoulder muscle; 2 - shoulder muscle; 3 - round beginning from the medial over-pronator; 4 - brachioradialis muscle; 5 - ray-condyle of the humerus, howling flexor of the wrist; 6 - long palmar

and is attached to the palmar

muscle; 7 - elbow flexor of the wrist; 8 - superficial finger flexor; 9 - arch support; my aponeurosis.

10 - long flexor of the thumb; Function: participates

11 - deep finger flexor; 12 - square - in flexion of the hand, the palmar aponeurosis strains the pronator.

The ulnar flexor of the hand (m. flexor carpi ulnaris) originates from the head of the humerus and is attached to the pisiform, hook-shaped and V metacarpal bones.

Function: flexes the hand and participates in its adduction.

The superficial flexor of the fingers (m. flexor digitorum superficia-lis) originates from the medial epicondyle of the humerus, ulna

and radius, is attached by a common muscular abdomen to the base of the middle phalanges of the II-V fingers of the hand.

Function: flexes the middle phalanges of the fingers and participates in the flexion of the entire hand.

Front group, deep layer

The long flexor of the thumb (m. flexorpollicis long-gus) originates from the upper two-thirds of the radius, the medial epicondyle of the humerus and is attached to the base of the distal phalanx of the thumb (Fig. 43).

Function: flexes the distal phalanx of the first finger and the entire finger.

The deep flexor of the fingers (m. flexor digitorum profundus) originates from the upper two-thirds of the ulna and is attached to the bases of the distal phalanges of the II-V fingers.

Function: bends the distal phalanges of the II-V fingers of the hand.

Square pronator

(m. pronator quadratus) originates from the medial edge of the body of the ulna and is attached to the anterior outer surface of the radius.

Function: rotates the forearm inward.

Back group, superficial layer

The long extensor carpi (m. extensor carpi radialis longus) originates from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and is attached to the dorsal surface of the base of the second metacarpal bone (Fig. 44).

Function: flexes the forearm, extends the wrist.

The short radial extensor of the wrist (m. extensor carpi radialis brevis) originates from

Rice. 44. Muscles of the forearm (right); back view:

A - superficial, B - deep. 1 - long radial extensor of the wrist; 2 - short radial extensor of the wrist; 3 - extensor of the fingers; 4 - extensor of the little finger; 5 - ulnar extensor wrists; 6- ulnar muscle; 7 - arch support; 8 - longus muscle abducting the thumb of the hand; 9 - short extensor of the thumb; 10 - long extensor of the thumb; 11 - extensor of the index finger

lateral epicondyle of the humerus and is attached to the back surface of the base of the metacarpal bones. Function: unbends the brush.

The ulnar extensor carpi (m. extensor carpi ulnaris) originates from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and is attached to the base of the fifth metacarpal bone.

Function: unbends and leads the brush.

The extensor digitorum (m. extensor digitorum) originates from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and is attached to the rear of the phalanges of the II-V fingers.

Function: unbends fingers and hand.

The extensor of the little finger (m. extensor digiti minimi) originates from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and is attached to the base of the distal phalanx of the fifth finger.

Function: extends the little finger.

Rear group, deep layer

The supinator (m. supinator) originates from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and is attached to the upper third of the radius.

Function: supinates the forearm and hand, takes part in the extension of the arm in the elbow joint.

The long muscle that abducts the thumb of the hand (m. abductor pollicis longus) originates from the posterior surfaces of the ulna and radius, is attached to the base of the 1st metacarpal bone.

Function: abducts the thumb and the entire hand.

Short extensor thumb brush (m. exstensor pollicis brevis) originates from rear surface neck of the radius and is attached to the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb.

Function: abducts the thumb and extends its proximal phalanges.

The long extensor thumb (m. extensor pollicis longus) originates from the posterior surface of the body of the ulna and is attached to the base of the distal phalanx of the thumb.

Function: unbends the thumb of the hand and abducts it somewhat.

The extensor of the index finger (m. extensor indicis) originates from the posterior surface of the body of the ulna and is attached to the middle and distal phalanges of the index finger.

Function: extends the index finger.

Muscles of the hand

They are located on the palmar surface of the hand and are divided into three groups: lateral (muscles of the elevation of the thumb), medial (muscles of the elevation of the little finger) and middle.

Lateral group (muscles of the eminence of the thumb)

The short muscle that abducts the finger of the hand (m. Abductor pollicis brevis) originates from the navicular bone and is attached to the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb.

Function: abducts the thumb.

The short flexor of the thumb (m. flexor pollicis brevis) has two heads. The superficial head originates from the ligaments of the palmar surface of the wrist, the deep head from the trapezius bone. It is attached to the sesamoid bones of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb.

Function: flexes the proximal phalanx of the thumb.

The muscle that opposes the thumb of the hand (m. oppo-nenspollicis) originates from the trapezoid bone, the ligament of the palmar surface of the wrist, and is attached to the first metacarpal bone of the edge.

Function: contrasts the thumb with the little finger.

Rice. 45. Muscles of the hand (right):

1 - square pronator; 2 - a short muscle that removes the thumb of the hand; 3 - short flexor of the thumb; 4 - muscle that opposes the thumb of the hand; 5 - muscle that leads the thumb of the hand; 6 - short palmar muscle; 7 - muscle that removes the little finger; 8 - short flexor of the little finger; 9 - muscle opposing the little finger; 10, 11 - tendons of the ulnar flexor of the wrist

The adductor thumb muscle (i.e. adductor pollicis) has two heads. The transverse head originates from the palmar surface of the IV metacarpal bone, oblique - from the capitate bone. Attaches to the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb.

Function: brings the thumb of the hand, participates in the flexion of its proximal phalanx.

Medial group (muscles of the eminence of the little finger)

The short palmar muscle (t. palmaris brevis) originates from the palmar aponeurosis, the ligament of the wrist and is attached to the skin of the medial edge of the hand.

Function: stretches the aponeurosis, forming dimples in the area of ​​​​the skin of the elevation of the little finger.

The muscle that removes the little finger (i.e., abductor digiti minimi) originates from the pisiform bone and is attached to the base of the proximal (I) phalanx of the little finger.

Function: abducts the little finger, flexes its proximal phalanx.

The short flexor of the little finger (t. flexor digiti minimi brevis) originates from the hook-shaped bone and is attached to the proximal phalanx of the fifth finger.

Function: flexes the proximal phalanx of the little finger.

The muscle that opposes the little finger (m. Opponens digiti minimi) originates from the hook-shaped bone, the ligament of the wrist and is attached to the V metacarpal bone.

Function: opposes the little finger to the thumb.

Middle group of muscles of the hand

The worm-like muscles (mm. Lumbricales) number four go to the II-IV fingers. They originate from the tendons (superficial and deep flexors of the fingers) and are attached to the back surface of the proximal phalanges of the II-V fingers.

Function: flex fingers at the metacarpophalangeal joints and unbend at the interphalangeal joints.

Three palmar interosseous muscles (mm. interossei palmares) and four dorsal interosseous muscles (mm. interossei dorsales) are located in the interosseous spaces between the II-V metacarpal bones.

Function: the first bring the fingers to each other, and the second - spread the fingers.

Fascia of the upper limb

The fasciae of the upper limb surround a group of muscles, forming fascial or osteo-fascial receptacles for them. Between

separate muscle groups (flexors and extensors of the shoulder) form intermuscular septa. In the lower third of the forearm, where the fasciae hold the tendons of the muscles, they form thickenings - tendon retainers.

The subcutaneous fascia of the upper limb is weakly expressed, and its own fascia in the region of the shoulder girdle forms the deltoid, supraspinous, infraspinatus and subscapular fascia.

The brachial fascia gives two intermuscular septa to the humerus, which separate the anterior and posterior muscle groups, the continuation of this fascia is the fascia of the forearm, which forms septa between the muscles.

The transverse bundles of the fascia of the wrist joint are strongly thickened, forming retainers on the palmar surface and the back side, which cover the muscle tendons in the form of a bracelet when they pass to the hand. On the back of the wrist, under the extensor retinaculum, several channels are formed, in which six synovial sheaths of the extensor muscles are located. On the palmar surface of the wrist, under the flexor retinaculum, there are two separate synovial sheaths.

The fascia of the hand is a continuation of the fascia of the forearm. On the dorsal side of the hand, the fascia covers the extensor tendons of the fingers with its superficial sheet, and the dorsal interosseous muscles with a deep sheet. On the palmar side of the hand, superficial and deep plates of the palmar fascia are isolated. The superficial plate covers the muscles of the elevation of the thumb and little finger, in the central part of the palm it passes into the palmar aponeurosis. The deep plate of the palmar fascia of the hand covers the palmar interosseous muscles.

Depending on the location, onset, attachment and action on the joints upper limb muscles

divided into muscles of the shoulder girdle and the free upper limb.

Muscles of the shoulder girdle (massive deltoid, covering the shoulder joint from above, subscapular and other muscles) are attached to the proximal part of the humerus, to its tubercles. These muscles take the shoulder (arm) to the side, bend and unbend it in the shoulder joint.

M The muscles of the free upper limb are subdivided into the muscles of the shoulder, forearm and hand (Fig. 36, 37).

Rice. 36. Muscles of the upper limb (front view): 1 - subscapularis muscle, 2 - large round muscle, 3 - latissimus dorsi back, 4 - long head of the triceps muscle of the shoulder, 5 - medial head triceps muscle of the shoulder, 6 - ulnar fossa, 7 - medial epicondyle of the humerus, 8 - pronator round, 9 - ulnar flexor of the wrist, 10 - long palmar muscle, 11 - superficial flexor of the fingers, 12 - part of the fascia of the forearm, 13 - short palmar muscle , 14 - elevation of the little finger, 15 - palmar aponeurosis, 16 - elevation of the thumb, 17 - tendon of the long muscle that removes the thumb of the hand, 18 - long flexor of the thumb, 19 - superficial flexor of the fingers, 20 - radial flexor of the wrist, 21 - brachioradialis, 22 - aponeurosis of the biceps of the shoulder, 23 - tendon of the biceps of the shoulder, 24 - brachialis, 25 - biceps shoulder. 26 - coracobrachial muscle, 27 - short head of the biceps of the shoulder, 28 - long head of the biceps of the shoulder, 29 - deltoid

Rice. 37. Muscles of the upper limb (posterior view): 1 - supraspinatus muscle, 2 - spine of the scapula (partially removed), 3 - deltoid muscle (partially removed), 4 - brachioradialis muscle, 5 - long radial extensor of the wrist, 6 - lateral supra- condyle, 7 - ulnar muscle, 8 - short radial extensor of the wrist, 9 - extensor of the fingers, 10 - long muscle that abducts the thumb, 11 - short extensor of the thumb, 12 - tendon of the long extensor of the thumb, 13 - first dorsal interosseous muscle, 14 - extensor tendon of the fingers, 15 - extensor tendon of the little finger, 16 - extensor tendon of the index finger, 17 - extensor retinaculum, 18 - ulnar extensor of the wrist, 19 - extensor of the little finger, 20 - ulnar flexor of the wrist, 21 - olecranon, 22 - medial epicondyle, 23 - triceps muscle of the shoulder, 24 - lateral head of the triceps muscle of the shoulder, 25 - long head of the triceps muscle of the shoulder, 26 - large round muscle, 27 - small round muscle, 28 - infraspinatus muscle, 29 - lower angle of the scapula

Shoulder muscles form two groups: anterior and posterior. There are three muscles on the anterior surface of the humerus. Biceps brachii (biceps) is located superficially. It starts on the shoulder blade and attaches to the radius of the forearm. This muscle is a flexor of the shoulder and elbow joints. On the back surface is located triceps brachii(triceps), acting on both the shoulder and elbow joints. The triceps is the extensor of these joints.

Forearm muscles also divided into anterior and posterior groups. The muscles of the anterior group lie in four layers. They act on the wrist and hand joints and are flexors of the hand and fingers. Some of these muscles, starting on the humerus (humeral, etc.), also serve as flexors of the forearm, as they are thrown over the elbow joint.

Two muscles of the forearm round pronator, starting on the humerus, and square pronator, starting on the ulna, are attached to the radius. They act on the proximal and distal radioulnar joints as rotators, rotate the radius around the longitudinal axis of the forearm to the medial side, inward - penetrate the forearm and hand.

long tendons finger flexors, spreading through several joints in the area of ​​the wrist, pass in the bone-fibrous canals, in their synovial sheaths, and are attached to the phalanges of the fingers.

The muscles on the back of the forearm originate on the bones of the forearm and on the interosseous membrane, and some of them also on the humerus (for example, the extensor carpi radialis). These muscles act as wrist and hand extensors. On the back of the forearm is supinator muscle, originating on the humerus and ulna and inserting on the radius. This muscle turns the forearm and hand outward (supinates them). The long muscles on the back of the forearm are arranged in two layers, and their tendons, having passed through the bone-fibrous canals, are attached either to the bones of the wrist or to the back of the phalanges of the fingers.

On the hand, the muscles form three groups. These are the muscles of the thumb, including the muscle that opposes this finger to the little finger. The second group of muscles of the hand belongs to the little finger. The third group of muscles is located in the middle part of the hand on the metacarpal bones and between them.

Muscles of the lower limb act on the joints of the bones of the pelvic girdle, on the hip, knee, ankle and other joints. Due to the peculiarities of their function (support and movement), the muscles of the lower limbs are less differentiated, larger than the muscles of the upper limb. The total muscle mass of the lower limb is more than twice the mass of the muscles of the upper limb. The number of muscles acting on the hip joint, which connects the pelvic girdle with the free part of the lower limb, is twice as large as the muscles that drive the shoulder joint, which has greater mobility.

Allocate the muscles of the girdle of the lower extremities (pelvic girdle) and the free lower limb.

The muscles of the pelvic girdle are divided into muscles located in the pelvic cavity, and muscles located on the lateral surface of the pelvis and in the buttocks. These muscles originate on the pelvic bones, sacrum, and lumbar vertebrae and insert on the femur. The muscles of the pelvic girdle act on the hip joint as flexors (iliopsoas muscle), extensors (big gluteal muscle), abduct the hip (medium And gluteus minimus) rotate the hip outward (piriformis muscle).

The muscles of the free lower limb are subdivided into the muscles of the thigh, lower leg and foot (Fig. 38, 39).

thigh muscles divided into three groups: anterior, posterior and medial. The muscles of the anterior and posterior groups begin on the bones of the pelvis. They act on the hip and knee joints. The anterior thigh muscle group includes a very long sartorius and the biggest - quadriceps femoris, with the tendon of which the patella (patella) is fused. The powerful quadriceps muscle is the only extensor of the lower leg in knee joint. The posterior thigh muscles include biceps, semitendinosus And semimembranosus muscle. They serve simultaneously as hip extensors in hip joint and leg flexors at the knee joint. The medial group includes adductor thigh muscles, starting on the pelvic bone and attaching to the femur. They carry out the adduction of the thigh in the hip joint.

Rice. 38. Muscles of the right lower limb (front view):

1 - sartorius muscle, 2 - iliopsoas muscle, 3 - comb muscle, 4 - long adductor muscle, 5 - thin muscle, 6 - gastrocnemius muscle (medial head), 7 - soleus muscle, 8 - tendon of the long extensor of the big toe , 9 - the lower retinaculum of the extensor tendons, 10 - the upper retinaculum of the extensor tendons, 11 - the long extensor of the fingers, 12 - the short peroneal muscle, 13 - the anterior tibial muscle, 14 - the long peroneal muscle, 15 - the quadriceps muscle of the thigh, 16 – tensor fascia lata

Leg muscles divided into three muscle groups: anterior, posterior and lateral. The muscles of the anterior group include the extensors of the foot and fingers (three muscles in total). They begin on the bones of the lower leg and act on the ankle and other joints of the foot. The long tendons of these muscles on the back of the foot run in fibrous ducts. The posterior group is formed by six muscles, the largest of which is triceps muscle of the leg. It begins on the bones of the lower leg and on the epicondyles of the femur.

This muscle is attached to the calcaneal tuber and acts on the knee and ankle joints as a flexor of the lower leg and foot. It is the triceps muscle that forms the rounded relief of the lower leg. Hamstring It only works on the knee joint. Tendons of the remaining muscles of the lower leg - flexor toes are sent behind the medial ankle to the sole, attached to the bones of the fingers, performing the functions of their flexors. The lateral group consists of two muscles originating at the fibula and running behind the lateral malleolus to the sole of the foot. They flex at the ankle joint.

Rice. 39. Muscles of the right lower limb (back view): 1 - gluteus maximus, 2 – ilio-tibial tract, 3 – biceps femoris, 4 – popliteal fossa, 5 - calcaneal (Achilles) tendon, 6 – calf muscle, 7 - semitendinosus muscle, 8 – semimembranosus muscle.

TO foot muscles include the muscles located on its back and on the sole. The back muscles are short extensors of the toes. There are about twenty muscles on the sole, among which are short flexors of the toes; muscles that abduct and adduct the thumb and thumb; interosseous muscles.

The muscles of the sole and lower leg, whose long tendons are attached to the plantar side of the bones of the metatarsus and phalanges of the fingers, strengthen the longitudinal and transverse arches of the foot. Weakening of the muscles of the lower leg and foot in the absence of training, with a sedentary, sedentary lifestyle can lead to a decrease in the curvature of the arches of the foot, to their “sagging”, to flat feet.

Muscles of the chest, abdomen, back, diaphragm, tabl

most training programs in modern bodybuilding are built taking into account the conditional division of muscles into synergists and antagonists.

Antagonists are groups of muscles that create the opposite effect in relation to each other, in other words, these are the extensor and flexor muscles of the joints.

When performing an exercise on any muscle, the opposite antagonist is in a slight static tension or at rest.

Paired muscle groups of antagonists:

Biceps femoris - quadriceps;

Triceps - biceps;

The latissimus dorsi muscles pectoral muscles.

Synergists are a special group of muscles that perform the same contractile functions in different exercises.

The principle of training these muscles is the work of large muscle groups along with minor or minor ones. This pertains to multi-joint exercises in which both are involved.

Synergist muscle groups:

Buttocks - muscles of the legs;

Biceps - the latissimus dorsi;

Chest muscles - triceps.

Shoulders are considered synergists, as there are several directions in their development - in various tractions and bench presses.

Muscles of the shoulder girdle. The shoulder girdle, which strengthens the free limb on the body, is connected to it by only one sternoclavicular joint. Strengthening the shoulder girdle is carried out by muscles originating on the trunk (chest muscles, back muscles).

Muscles of the shoulder girdle and shoulder, right. A - B - front view; G - rear view; 1 - pectoralis minor (m. pectoralis minor); 2 - biceps muscle of the shoulder (m. biceps brachii); 3 - coracobrachial muscle (m. coracobrachial); 4 - shoulder muscle (m. brachialis); 5 - large round muscle (m. teres major); 6 - subscapularis muscle (m. subscapularis); 7 - supraspinatus muscle (m. supraspinatus); 8 - infraspinatus muscle (m. infraspinatus); 9 - small round muscle (m. teres minor); 10 - triceps muscle of the shoulder (m. triceps brachii)

The muscles that cover the own muscles of the chest are powerfully developed in humans. They set in motion and strengthen the upper limbs on the body. These muscles include big And small pectoral, anterior dentate.

pectoralis major muscle originates from the sternal part of the clavicle, from the edge of the sternum and from the cartilages of the upper 5-6 ribs. The muscle is attached to the crest of the large tubercle of the humerus. Between the last and the muscle tendon lies the synovial bag. Contracting, the muscle adducts and penetrates the shoulder, pulling it forward.

pectoralis minor muscle located under the big one. It starts from the II-V ribs, attaches to the coracoid process and, when contracted, pulls the scapula down and forward.

Serratus anterior begins with nine teeth on II-IX ribs. It is attached to the medial edge of the scapula and to its lower corner, with which most of its bundles are connected. During contraction, the muscle pulls the scapula forward, and its lower angle outwards, due to which the scapula rotates around the sagittal axis and the lateral angle of the bone rises. If the arm is abducted, the serratus anterior, by rotating the scapula, raises the arm above the level of the shoulder joint. Now the arm moves along with the shoulder girdle in the sternoclavicular joint.

back muscle group, associated with the upper limbs, is located in two layers. In the surface layer are trapezius muscle(visceral) and latissimus dorsi muscle- parietal.


Superficial back muscles: left - first layer; right - second layer

trapezius muscle originates from the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone, nuchal ligament and spinous processes of all thoracic vertebrae. Muscle fibers converge outward and attach to the outer end of the clavicle, to the spine and acromial process of the scapula. The lower muscle bundles, contracting, lower the shoulder girdle, the middle ones pull it towards the spine, the upper ones raise it; the upper bundles work as synergists with the serratus anterior when it abducts the arm above the level of the shoulder joint. With a fixed shoulder girdle, the trapezius muscle pulls the head back.

Latissimus dorsi muscle starts from the thoracolumbar fascia, from the spinous processes of 4-6 lower thoracic vertebrae and all lumbar, 4 lower ribs and the iliac crest. Muscle fibers converge outwards and upwards, where they are attached by a flat tendon to the crest of the lesser tubercle of the humerus. Between the tendon and the tubercle lies the synovial sac. The muscle leads the hand, penetrates and pulls it back.

Under the trapezius muscle, therefore, in the second layer, lie rhomboid muscle And levator scapula.


deep muscles back: left - lumbar-dorsal fascia and serratus posterior muscles; on the right - I and II tracts of the deep muscles of the back

Rhomboid muscle starts from the spinous processes of the two lower cervical vertebrae and the four upper thoracic vertebrae, is attached to the medial edge of the scapula, which is pulled medially and upward during contraction.

Muscle that lifts the scapula, starts from the transverse processes of the upper cervical vertebrae and is attached to the upper corner of the scapula, which, with its contraction, pulls upward, simultaneously lowering its lateral angle.

Muscles of the upper limb located on the body, in addition to the described meaning, they also have another. So, the muscles attached to the shoulder blade not only set it in motion. With simultaneous contraction of antagonistic muscle groups, they fix the scapula. In addition, if a limb is immobilized by the tension of other muscles, then, by contracting, they no longer have an effect on the limb, but on chest, expanding it, i.e., they function as auxiliary muscles of inspiration.

Muscles located on the shoulder girdle, which set in motion and fix the free upper limb in the shoulder joint - these are deltoid, supraspinous, infraspinatus, small round, large round And subscapularis.


chest muscles


Muscles of the chest and abdomen

Deltoid together with the spherical shoulder joint, it determines the rounded shape of the "shoulder" of a person. The muscle originates from the acromial end of the clavicle, crest, and acromial process of the scapula, and attaches to the deltoid roughness of the humerus. Under the muscle is a synovial bag, sometimes communicating with the cavity of the shoulder joint. The anterior muscle bundles, contracting, take part in flexion of the arm in the shoulder joint, the posterior ones in its extension, and the middle and entire muscle as a whole take the arm to a horizontal position, after which the humerus rests against the humeral arch and movement in the joint is inhibited.

supraspinatus muscle starts from the supraspinatus fossa of the scapula and the dense fascia that covers it, and is attached to the top of the large tubercle of the humerus. This muscle is a synergist of the deltoid, but is able to abduct only an unloaded arm, although more quickly.

infraspinatus muscle starts from the infraspinatus fossa of the scapula and from the dense fascia covering the muscle, and is attached to the large tubercle of the humerus. The muscle rotates the shoulder outward.

teres minor muscle lies under the previous one. It starts from the lateral edge of the scapula, attaches to the large tubercle of the humerus; works as a synergist of the infraspinatus muscle.

teres major muscle starts from the lower angle of the scapula, is attached together with the latissimus dorsi muscle to the crest of the small tubercle of the humerus. The muscle rotates the shoulder inward.

Subscapularis starts from the entire costal surface of the scapula, is attached to the small tubercle of the humerus. Under the muscle lies a small synovial bag protruding from the cavity of the shoulder joint. The muscle rotates the shoulder inward.

The supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor and subscapularis muscles, located in close proximity to the shoulder joint, fuse with its bag. With their contraction, they pull the bag and prevent it from being pinched.


Shoulder and shoulder muscles: A - front; B - behind

Shoulder muscles. There are two muscle groups in the shoulder area: anterior(consists of flexors) and rear(consists of the extensors of the arm in the shoulder and elbow joints). These muscles are surrounded by the fascia of the shoulder, which forms separate sheaths around each group, which are separated by intermuscular septa. The latter depart from the fascia of the shoulder deep into, where they fuse with the humerus.

front group formed beak-humeral, two-headed And shoulder muscles , A rear - three-headed And ulnar.

Cora-brachialis muscle, starting from the coracoid process, is attached to the anterior surface of the middle third of the shoulder, flexes the arm at the shoulder joint.

Biceps his short head begins together with the coracobrachial from the coracoid process. The long head originates inside the joint cavity from the supraarticular tuberosity of the scapula. After passing through the bag, the tendon of the long head lies in the intertubercular groove, surrounded by a process of the synovial layer of the bag, so that the tightness of the joint is not violated. Below both heads are connected. Spread over the elbow joint, the muscle is attached to the tuberosity of the radius; here, between the tendon and the tuberosity, there is a synovial bag. Part of the tendon fibers is woven into the fascia of the forearm and significantly strengthens it. The muscle flexes the arm at the shoulder and elbow joints and supinates the forearm.

shoulder muscle starts from the two lower thirds of the anterior surface of the humerus, from the medial and lateral intermuscular septa, and is attached to the tuberosity of the ulna. The muscle flexes the forearm.

Triceps , located on the back of the shoulder, works as an antagonist of the muscles of the anterior group. Of the three heads of the muscle, the long one originates from the subarticular tuberosity of the scapula; lateral (more powerful) and medial (weaker) heads start from the back of the humerus and intermuscular septa, located on the sides of the long head. The muscle is attached by a common tendon to the olecranon of the ulna. The triceps muscle extends the arm at the elbow joint, and its long head is also at the shoulder joint.

The olecranon remains not covered with muscles, between it and the skin there is a subcutaneous synovial bag.

Elbow, muscle small, triangular; starting from the external epicondyle of the humerus, it goes obliquely inward, covered with a dense fascia of the forearm, from which it partially begins; attached to the posterior edge of the ulna. The muscle, like the triceps, extends the arm at the elbow joint, but faster and without load. Fusing with the bag of the elbow joint, the muscle pulls it away.

Forearm muscles. There are two groups of muscles in the forearm: anterior And back. The first contains flexors and pronators; in the second - extensors and arch support.

All these muscles are covered by a common fascia of the forearm, which forms a dense case around them, which extends deep into the intermuscular septa that separate the anterior and posterior groups. From the partitions, as well as from the fascia itself, the muscles adjacent to them begin. Passing from the forearm to the hand, especially compacted areas of the fascia form ligaments - the flexor retinaculum and the extensor retinaculum.

Distal to the flexor retinaculum, the fascia thickens into a transverse ligament, which adheres to the edges of the carpal arch, turning it into a carpal tunnel. Under all these ligaments, the tendons of the muscles of the forearm pass to the hand.

Both in the anterior and posterior groups, the muscles are located in two layers - superficial and deep.

IN superficial layer of the anterior group the muscles lie, starting from the radial edge of the forearm, in the following order: round pronator, flexor carpi radialis, long palmar muscle, superficial finger flexor, flexor carpi ulnaris. All of them originate from the medial epicondyle of the humerus, fascia and medial intermuscular septum.


Anterior forearm muscles: A - superficial and B - deep layers. The synovial sheaths of the tendons are shown in blue.

Round pronator goes obliquely down and is attached to the anteroexternal surface of the middle third of the diaphysis of the radius. The muscle penetrates the forearm, that is, it rotates the radius and the hand connected to it inward.

In this case, the radius crosses the remaining immovable ulna in front, and the hand turns its palmar surface back.

flexor carpi radialis located obliquely, attached to the base of the second metacarpal bone. The muscle flexes the hand and partly penetrates the forearm.

long palmar muscle rudimentary and may be absent. It has a small abdomen and a long tendon that expands and passes into a wide palmar aponeurosis, fused with the skin of the palm. Tightens the skin of the palm and is involved in flexion of the hand.

Superficial finger flexor has a wide muscular abdomen, which in the lower half of the forearm passes into four tendons; passing through the carpal canal, each of them bifurcates and is attached with two legs to the lateral surface of the middle phalanges of the II-V fingers. The muscle flexes the middle phalanges and is involved in the flexion of the hand.

Flexor carpi ulnaris, covering the pisiform bone with its tendon, is attached to the base of the fifth metacarpal bone. The muscle flexes the hand.

In addition to these functions, all the muscles of the surface layer of the forearm flex the elbow joint.

TO deep layer muscles the anterior group are flexor thumb longus, deep finger flexor And square pronator.

flexor thumb longus lies in deep layer most lateral. The muscle starts from the anterior surface of the radius, attaches to the nail phalanx of the thumb and flexes it, as well as the entire finger.

Deep finger flexor starts from the anterior surface of the ulna and the interosseous membrane. Dividing into four tendons, it enters the hand through the carpal canal and is attached to the nail phalanges of the II-V fingers, having previously passed between the tendon legs of the superficial flexor of the fingers. The muscle flexes the nail phalanges and partly the brush.

Square pronator lies in the distal part of the forearm, directly on the bones. It starts from the anterior surface of the ulna and is attached to the anterior-outer surface of the radius. The muscle is a synergist of the pronator teres.

From surface layer rear group those lying along the radius are especially distinguished brachioradialis muscle, long And short extensor carpi radialis, united in the palmar complex of muscles of the forearm.


Posterior forearm muscles: A - surface layer and B - its lateral complex. The synovial sheaths of the tendons are shown in blue.

brachioradialis muscle starts from the lateral surface of the humerus, spreads over the elbow joint, goes along the radius and attaches to its styloid process. The muscle supinates the forearm, which is in the pronated state (therefore, it was formerly called the long supinator), and pronates the supinated forearm. As a result of the tension of the brachioradialis muscle, the arm is in an intermediate, neutral position - with the palm to the body. The muscle also flexes the arm at the elbow joint.

The long and short radial extensors of the wrist originate first from the humerus immediately above the external epicondyle; the second - from the epicondyle itself; attached long to the base II, short - to the base III of the metacarpal bone. Muscles flex the wrist.

Rest muscles of the superficial layer of the posterior group originate from the external epicondyle of the humerus. These include finger extensors And extensor carpi ulnaris.

Finger extensor, located along the forearm, is divided into four tendons, heading to the rear of the II-V fingers, where they pass into wide tendon extensions. On the wrist, the tendons are interconnected by jumpers. The muscle extends the fingers and hand.

Elbow extensor of the wrist attached to the base of the fifth metacarpal bone. He unbends the brush.

Muscles of the superficial layer, starting from the external epicondyle of the humerus, in addition to these functions, extend the arm in the elbow joint.

The flexors and extensors of the same name of the wrist, spreading through the biaxial wrist joint, can, when working together, perform radial or ulnar abduction. So, for example, the simultaneous contraction of the ulnar flexor and extensor causes the hand to be abducted to the medial side. In these cases, the antagonists turn out to be synergists.

To the muscles deep layer of the posterior group relate supinator, thumb muscle complex and own index finger extensor.

Arch support starts from the external epicondyle of the humerus and a special ulnar crest, goes obliquely through the forearm and is attached to the outer and palmar surfaces of the radius. The muscle supinates the forearm and hand, that is, rotates them outward so that the palm turns forward.

Three muscles that move the thumb, originate from the distal third of the posterior surface of the radius and ulna and from the interosseous membrane. The long abductor muscle of the thumb is attached to the base of the I metacarpal bone and abducts the thumb, as well as the hand; the short extensor of the thumb is attached to the base of its I (proximal) phalanx, unbends and abducts the thumb; the long extensor of the thumb is attached to its nail phalanx and extends the finger.

Index finger extensor starts from the posterior surface of the ulna and the interosseous membrane; its distal tendon fuses with the tendon for this finger from the extensor digitorum. Thanks to the presence own muscle the index finger can be unbent independently, while the separate extension of the remaining fingers is difficult, especially since their tendons are connected by intermediate bridges.

Muscles of the hand. The fascia on the hand is especially powerfully developed in the middle part of the palm, where the tendon fibers of the long palmar muscle are woven into it and the palmar aponeurosis is formed. Under the aponeurosis are the tendons of the superficial and deep flexors of the fingers. From the four tendons of the latter, small worm-like muscles originate, which are attached to the tendon stretch on the back of the II-V fingers. The muscles flex the fingers in the metacarpophalangeal joints and unbend in the interphalangeal.


Muscles of the hand, right. A - palmar surface: 1 - square pronator (m. pronator quadratus); 2 - a short muscle that removes the thumb of the hand (m. Abductor pollicis brevis); 3 - short flexor of the thumb (m. flexor pollicis brevis); 4 - muscle that opposes the thumb of the hand (m. opponens pollicis); 5 - adductor muscle (m. adductor pollicis); 6 - short palmar muscle (m. palmaris brevis); 7 - muscle that removes the little finger (m. abductor digiti minimi); 8 - short little finger flexor (m. flexor digiti minimi brevis); 9 - muscle opposing the little finger (m. opponens digiti minimi); 10 - tendon of the radial flexor of the wrist; 11 - tendon of the ulnar flexor of the wrist. B - dorsal surface: 1 - palmar interosseous muscles (mm. interossei palmares); 2 - dorsal interosseous muscles (mm. interossei dorsales)

The lateral elevation of the palm is formed by the short muscles of the thumb: short abductor muscle, short flexor, muscle that opposes the thumb, And muscle that brings it. Thus, the thumb has its own muscular apparatus in the palm, which significantly increases and diversifies its movements.

On the medial side of the palm is a slightly smaller elevation formed by the muscles of the little finger: diverting, opposing And short flexor. They are less developed short muscles thumb, sometimes not differentiated from each other.

In the gap between the metacarpal bones are the interosseous muscles: three from the side of the palm (bring the fingers together) and four from the back of the hand (spread the fingers).

On the fingers, the palmar aponeurosis thickens and, fusing with the periosteum of the phalanges, forms fibrous sheaths of the fingers. In the latter, the tendons of the muscles that bend the fingers glide. The tendons are surrounded by synovial sheaths. These are connective tissue cases that surround the tendons of the muscles, contributing to their sliding and reducing friction, as well as localizing inflammatory processes.


chest muscles(A - front view. B - pectoralis major muscle removed). 1 - deltoid muscle (m. deltoideus); 2 - pectoralis major muscle (m. pectoralis major); 3 - external oblique muscle of the abdomen (m. obliquus externus abdominis); 4 - serratus anterior muscle (m. serratus anterior); 5 - subclavian muscle (m. subclavius); 6 - internal intercostal muscles (mm. intercostales interni); 7 - pectoralis minor (m. pectoralis minor); 8 - latissimus dorsi (m. latissimus dorsi)


Muscles of the chest and abdomen. 1 - pectoralis minor (m. pecforalis minor); 2 - internal intercostal muscles (mm. intercostales interni); 3 - external intercostal muscles (mm. intercostales externi); 4 - rectus abdominis (m. rectus abdominis); 5 - internal oblique muscle of the abdomen (m. obliquus internus abdominis); 6 - transverse abdominal muscle (m. transversus abdominis); 7 - external oblique muscle of the abdomen (m. obliquus externus abdominis); 8 - aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle of the abdomen; 9 - serratus anterior muscle (m. serratus anterior); 10 - pectoralis major (m. pectoralis major); 11 - deltoid muscle (m. deltoideus); 12 - subcutaneous muscle neck (platysma)

Consider the main human muscles and their functions.

The muscles of the head are divided into two groups:

  • chewable;
  • mimic.

Chewing muscles represented by four pairs of strong muscles, common to which is that they start on the bones of the skull, are attached to different areas lower jaw (actually chewing, temporal, etc.). When contracted, they raise lower jaw and move it forward, backward or to the sides, which leads to the grinding of food with the teeth.

Mimic They are thin muscle bundles that are attached to the bones of the skull with one end, and are woven into the skin with the other, and some go into the skin with both ends. Their contractions lead to displacement of the skin, which determines facial expressions.

The manifestation of complex feelings - joy, contempt, grief, pain, etc. - is determined by numerous combinations of contractions of facial muscles. The largest facial muscles are frontal, buccal, circular muscles eyes and mouth.

Musculature of the neck

The muscles of the neck move the head and neck. The largest of them - sternocleidomastoid, which with its two legs starts from the sternum and clavicle and is attached to the mastoid process of the temporal bone.

With a unilateral contraction, it tilts the neck in one direction or another with a simultaneous turn of the head in the opposite direction. With bilateral contraction, it supports the head in a vertical position; with a maximum contraction of both muscles, it causes the head to tilt back.

Trunk muscles

The muscles of the body are divided into muscles:

  • chest;
  • back;
  • belly.

breasts

The muscles of the chest are divided into:

  • Muscles of the chest related to the shoulder girdle and upper limb (large and small pectoral, subclavian, etc.);
  • the actual muscles of the chest (external and internal intercostal).

Large and small pectoral muscles move the upper limb. External and internal intercostal muscles take part in respiratory movements. External intercostal raise the ribs, providing inspiration, and internal- lower them, providing exhalation.

Backs

The muscles of the back are divided into:

  • Surface;
  • deep.

Superficial back muscles(trapezoidal, latissimus) move the shoulder blades, neck, head, shoulder and lower the arms down. deep muscles(diamond-shaped, upper and lower dentate) move the shoulder blades, raise and lower the ribs during breathing.

sacrospinous muscle maintains the body in an upright position, unbends the back.

belly

The abdominal muscles are involved in the formation of the anterior and lateral walls of the abdominal cavity. Rectus abdominis involved in forward flexion of the body. Oblique abdominal muscles provide a tilt of the spinal column to the sides.

The abdominal muscles, by their contractions, increase intra-abdominal pressure, forming the abdominal press. muscles abdominals help to keep the insides in a normal position.

Musculature of the upper limbs

The muscles of the upper limb are divided into the muscles of the shoulder girdle and the muscles of the free upper limb.

Easily palpable on the lateral surface of the shoulder, the strongest muscle of the shoulder girdle - deltoid. She raises her hand to a horizontal position.

The most pronounced muscles of the shoulder are the biceps and triceps. two-headed located on the anterior surface of the humerus, during contraction, it flexes the arm at the shoulder and elbow joints. It is attached with two upper tendons to the shoulder blade, and the lower - to the forearm.

three-headed, located on the posterior surface of the humerus, it is an antagonist of the biceps and extends both joints. Tendons depart from its upper end:

  • one of them is attached to the shoulder blade;
  • the other two - to the back surface of the humerus.

The tendon extending from the lower end of the triceps muscle passes along the back surface of the elbow joint and is attached to the ulna.

Forearm muscles bend and unbend the forearm, hand and fingers, and also rotate the forearm around the axis. Muscles of the hand spread and reduce fingers, bend and unbend the phalanges of the fingers.

lower limbs

The muscles of the lower limb are divided into the muscles of the pelvic girdle and the muscles of the free lower limb.

Muscles of the hip region start from the pelvic bones and attach to the femur. Among them are distinguished:

  • ilio-lumbar;
  • large;
  • average;
  • small buttock.

They cause flexion and extension in the hip joint, forward bending of the torso, etc. In addition, they support the body in an upright position, so humans are much more developed than animals.

Biceps femoris flexes the leg and extends the thigh four-headed- unbends the lower leg at the knee joint.

The muscles that move the foot and fingers are located on the lower leg. The largest of them - gastrocnemius, which reaches its greatest development in man, since in him the entire weight of the body falls on the legs. She also flexes her foot. Anterior tibial flexes the foot.



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