33. Muscle of inspiration charisma (from the Greek charisma - “gift”, “gift”), capable of creating something extraordinary, are distinguished by a high level of energy. It is also known that their brain consumes more energy than the brain of ordinary people. It's easy

30:20-26 Pharaoh's broken arm

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How the air muscle works

How the Air Muscle Works The air muscle is a long tube shaped like a black plastic sleeve. Inside the sleeve is placed a tube of soft rubber. Metal clips are attached to each end. Each end of the plastic sleeve is rolled into

Peroneus longus muscle
Peroneus brevis
Tibialis third muscle

Peroneal muscles and points of tension
Left to right: long, short and third

THIN LONG PERONEAL MUSCLES pass from outside shins.

Peroneus longus muscle attached to the top fibula from the side of the knee.

Peroneus brevis also attached to the fibula, but at a distance of 2/3 from the end and lies under the long peroneal muscle.

Their long tendons run on the outside of the talus and attach to the foot.

Third peroneal muscle attached to the anterior side of the fibula in its lower part. Its tendon runs from the front of the talus and is attached, along with two other muscles, to the bottom of the foot.

The peroneal muscles lift the foot off the floor.

Tension points occur in these muscles due to dislocations and sprains of the ankle - the most common causes. Mostly such injuries occur during sports. Runners, dancers, basketball players, gymnasts, tennis players fall into the risk category. Lack of ankle mobility and standing is another cause of stress points. Tension points in the tibial muscles develop, among other things, due to the constant stiffness of the peroneal muscles. Flat feet, high-heeled shoes, and frequent sitting cross-legged can lead to their appearance.

Pain and weakness in the ankle are the first symptoms of tension points in these muscles. Pain is usually felt on the outside of the talus. It happens that it spreads to the foot. In this case, the cause is the points of tension in the short and long peroneal muscles. Pain from points of tension is different from pain from ankle sprains. When sprained, pain usually appears on the outside of the ankle joint and is accompanied by swelling. Pain from points of tension can be felt anywhere on the ankle and in the absence of swelling.

In order to feel for the peroneal muscles, you first need to find the upper end of the fibula. Put your palm on the outside knee joint and feel for a small bony bump just below. This is the top end of the bone. Use your fingers to trace this bone all the way down the shin to the outside of the ankle. The peroneal muscles are located along the midline of the fibula.

Feel the muscles in front. If at the same time you lift your foot from the floor and turn it around, you will feel a contraction of the muscles under your fingers.

Voltage points in long peroneal muscle can be found at a distance of 2.5 cm down from the top of the bone.

Voltage points in short peroneal muscle usually located 2/3 down from the top of the bone.

To find third peroneal muscle and points of tension in it, feel the anterior side of the talus.

Stretch: Sit with your leg extended in front of you. Grab the foot with a band or towel and pull it towards you, turning it slightly inward. You will feel a stretch on the outside of your lower leg. Hold this position for 15-20 seconds and repeat the stretch several times a day to achieve complete relaxation.

Beginning: head and body of the fibula

Attachment: metatarsal bones

Function: participation in the flexion of the foot

CONTROL QUESTIONS

1. List the main muscles of the back and indicate their location on the preparation;

2. Indicate the origin and attachment points and the function of the trapezoidal and latissimus dorsi;

3. Describe the location and function of the rhomboid muscles and the extensor of the trunk

4. Show on the preparation the location, places of origin and attachment of the pectoralis major, pectoralis minor and serratus anterior; describe the function of these muscles

5. Specify the location and function of the intercostal muscles;

6. Specify the location, parts and places of attachment of the diaphragm, apertures of the diaphragm.

7. Describe the shape of the diaphragm in a living person and indicate the function of the diaphragm

8. List and indicate on the preparation the location, places of origin and attachment of muscles abdominals.

9. Specify the places of origin and attachment of the inguinal ligament

10. What is white line abdomen and how is it formed?

11. What are the functions of the abdominal muscles?

12. List and show on the preparation of the main muscles shoulder girdle

13. Indicate the places of origin and attachment of the deltoid, small and large round and subscapularis muscles, describe the function of these muscles

14. List and show on the preparation the muscles of the shoulder, their places of origin and attachment.

15. Describe the functions of the anterior and posterior muscle groups of the shoulder

16. List and show on the preparation the main muscles of the anterior muscle group of the forearm;

17. Specify the origin and insertion of the pronator teres, brachioradialis, flexors of the hand and fingers;

18. Describe the functions of the anterior group of muscles of the forearm

19. Describe the location and functions of the posterior forearm muscles

20. List and show on the preparation the location of the main muscles of the pelvis;

21. Specify the places of origin and insertion of the gluteus maximus, piriformis and iliopsoas muscles and describe their function;

22. What muscle groups located on the thigh?

23. List and show on the preparation the location of the muscles of the anterior group; indicate the origin and insertion of the quadriceps femoris muscle

24. List and show on the preparation the location of the main muscles of the medial group;

25. Indicate the places of origin and attachment of the long, short and large adductor muscles, describe their function

26. List and show on the preparation the location of the muscles of the posterior group;

27. Indicate the places of origin and attachment of the muscles of the posterior group, describe their function

28. What muscle groups are located on the lower leg?

29. Describe the location and function of the anterior leg muscles;

30. Describe the location and function of the peroneal muscles;

31. List and show on the preparation the location of the muscles of the posterior leg group;

32. Indicate the places of origin and insertion of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles, posterior tibial muscle and finger flexors, describe their function

Lesson #12.

Topic 112. TEMPOR-MANANDIBLE JOINT. CHECKING MUSCLES. MUSCLES AND FASCIA OF THE NECK

temporomandibular joint

Structures that form the joint: head mandible, articular tubercle of the temporal bone, mandibular fossa, articular disc

Articular cartilage: in structure it is fibrous, covers the articular tubercle and fossa anterior to the petrotympanic fissure;

Complexity: complex joint (has an articular disc dividing the joint cavity into upper and lower floors) combined joint

articular capsule. Attachment points:

On the temporal bone: behind - at the level of the petrotympanic fissure, in front - in front of the articular tubercle;

On the neck of the lower jaw: in front - along the edge of the head, behind - below the head on the neck

Form: ellipsoid joint

Types of movements in the joint:

- Descent of the lower jaw(occurs in three phases or stages)

o First phase: lowering the jaw to a small angle. Movement in the lower floor of the joint. The head of the mandible rotates along the disk lying in the fossa;

o Second phase: lowering the jaw to a medium angle. Movement in the upper floor of the joint. The articular disc, together with the head, is displaced to the articular tubercle;

o Third phase: lowering the jaw to the maximum angle. Movement in the lower floor of the joint. The head of the mandible rotates on a disc lying on the articular tubercle

- Raising the lower jaw;

- Displacement of the lower jaw forward - backward. Movement in the upper floors of the joint. The heads, together with the discs, are displaced along the articular tubercles, the displacement of the lower jaw to the sides. On the side of rotation, the head rotates along the disk (in the lower floor of the joint), on the opposite side, the head, together with the disk, moves to the articular tubercle (in the upper floor of the joint). The movements of the lower jaw carry out the capture, biting and chewing of food; also take part in the formation of speech

LIGANS OF THE JOINT:

Intracapsular ligaments

Discotemporal ligaments: fix the articular disc to the temporal bone

Disco-maxillary ligaments: fix the articular disc to the neck of the mandible

Extracapsular ligaments

- Lateral ligament

o Beginning - zygomatic process of the temporal bone

o Insertion: neck of the mandible

- Sphenomandibular ligament

o Origin: sphenoid spine

o Insertion: uvula of the lower jaw

- Stylomandibular ligament

o Origin: styloid process of the temporal bone

o Insertion: mandibular angle

- Pterygomandibular suture. It is a thickening of the masticatory fascia.

o Beginning: from the pterygoid hook of the sphenoid bone,

o Attachment: on the branch of the lower jaw

MUSCLES AND FASCIAS OF THE HEAD

CHECKING MUSCLES

temporalis muscle ( located in the temporal fossa)

Beginning: from the walls of the temporal fossa

Insertion: coronoid process of the lower jaw

Function: raises the jaw, acting on the front teeth; posterior bundles displace the jaw backwards

chewing muscle

Beginning: zygomatic process of the upper jaw, zygomatic arch

Attachment: masticatory tuberosity

Function: elevates the jaw by acting on the angle and large molars

Anatomy of the lower leg

The shin is part lower limb and is located between the knee and foot. The lower leg is formed by two bones - the tibia and the fibula, which are surrounded by muscles on three sides that move the foot and fingers.

Lower leg bones

Tibia

The tibia at its upper end expands, forming the medial and lateral condyles. On the top of the condyles are the articular surfaces that serve for articulation with the condyles of the thigh; between them is the intercondylar eminence. Outside, on the lateral condyle there is an articular surface for articulation with the head of the fibula. The body of the tibia is like a trihedral prism, the base of which is turned backwards; it has three surfaces corresponding to the three sides of the prism: inner, outer and back. Between the inner and outer surfaces is a sharp leading edge. In its upper section, it passes into a well-defined tibial tuberosity, which serves to attach the tendon of the quadriceps femoris. On rear surface bone is a rough line of the soleus muscle. The lower end of the tibia expands and inside has a protrusion directed downwards - the medial malleolus. On the distal epiphysis of the tibia is the lower articular surface, which serves for articulation with the talus.

Fibula

The fibula is long, thin and located laterally. At the upper end, it has a thickening, the head, which articulates with the tibia, at the lower end it also has a thickening, the lateral malleolus. Both the head and the malleolus of the fibula protrude outward and are easily palpable under the skin.

Joints of the bones of the lower leg

Between both bones of the lower leg - the tibia and fibula - is the interosseous membrane of the lower leg. The head of the fibula is articulated with the tibia by means of a joint that has a flat shape and is reinforced in front and behind by a ligamentous apparatus. The lower ends of the leg bones are connected by syndesmosis. The joints between the bones are inactive.

Leg muscles

On the lower leg, the muscles are located on three sides, making up the anterior, posterior and outer groups. The anterior muscle group extends the foot and fingers, and also supinates and adducts the foot. It includes: tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, and extensor longus thumb feet. back group The muscles that flex the foot and toes are: triceps calf, flexor digitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus, tibialis posterior, hamstrings. The outer group of muscles abducts, pronates and flexes the foot; it includes the long and short peroneal muscles.

Tibialis anterior

The tibialis anterior muscle originates from the outer surface of the tibia, the interosseous membrane, and the fascia of the leg. Going down, it passes under the ankles and ankle joint two ligaments - the upper and lower retainers of the extensor tendons, which are places of thickening of the fascia of the lower leg and foot. Attaches the anterior tibial muscle to the medial sphenoid bone and the base of the first metatarsal bone. This muscle is well felt under the skin throughout, especially in the transition area from the lower leg to the foot. Here, her tendon protrudes when the foot is extended. The function of the anterior tibial muscle is that it contributes not only to the extension of the foot, but also to its supination.

Long finger extensor

The extensor digitorum longus lies outside the tibialis anterior in the upper leg. It starts from the upper end of the tibia, the head and anterior edge of the fibula, as well as from the interosseous membrane and fascia of the leg. Passing to the foot, this muscle is divided into five tendons, of which four are attached to the distal phalanges of the second, third, fourth and fifth fingers, and the fifth - to the base of the fifth metatarsal bone.

The function of the long extensor of the fingers as a polyarticular muscle is not only to extend the fingers, but also to extend the foot. Due to the fact that one of the tendons of the muscle is attached to the outer edge of the foot, it not only unbends, but also somewhat penetrates the foot.

Long extensor thumb

The long extensor of the thumb starts from the inner surface of the fibula and the interosseous membrane in the region of the lower half of the leg. This muscle is weaker than the two previous ones, between which it is located. It is attached to the base of the distal phalanx of the thumb. The function of the muscle is that it is an extensor not only of the big toe, but of the entire foot, and also contributes to its supination.

Triceps muscle of the leg

The triceps muscle of the leg is located on the back of the leg and has three heads. Two of them make up the superficial part of this muscle and are called calf muscle, and the deep one forms the soleus muscle. All three heads pass into one common, calcaneal (Achilles) tendon, which is attached to the tuber of the calcaneus.

The place of origin of the gastrocnemius muscle is the medial and lateral condyles of the thigh. medial head it is better developed and descends somewhat lower than the lateral. The function of these heads is twofold: flexion of the lower leg at the knee joint and flexion of the foot at the ankle joint.

The soleus muscle originates from the posterior surface of the upper third of the body of the tibia, as well as from the tendon arch located between the tibia and fibula. This muscle is located deeper and somewhat lower than the calf muscle. Passing behind the ankle and subtalar joints, the soleus muscle causes flexion of the foot.

The triceps muscle of the lower leg is clearly visible under the skin and is easily palpable. The calcaneal tendon protrudes significantly posterior to the transverse axis of the ankle joint, due to which the triceps muscle of the leg has a large moment of rotation in relation to this axis.

The medial and lateral heads of the gastrocnemius muscle are involved in the formation of the popliteal fossa, which has the shape of a rhombus. Its boundaries are: above and outside - biceps thighs, above and inside - a semimembranosus muscle, and below - two heads of the gastrocnemius muscle and plantar muscle. The bottom of the fossa is the femur and the capsule of the knee joint. Through the popliteal fossa pass the nerves and blood vessels that feed the lower leg and foot.

Long finger flexor

The long flexor of the fingers starts from the posterior surface of the tibia and passes to the foot under the medial malleolus in a special channel located under the ligament - the retainer of the flexor tendons. On the plantar surface of the foot, this muscle crosses the tendon of the long flexor of the thumb and, after attaching the square muscle of the sole to it, is divided into four tendons that are attached to the bases of the distal phalanges of the second to fifth fingers.

The function of the long toe flexor is to flex and supinate the foot and to flex the toes. It should be noted that the square muscle of the sole, attached to the tendon of this muscle, contributes to the "averaging" of its action. The fact is that the long flexor of the fingers, passing under the medial malleolus and fan-shaped dividing towards the phalanges of the fingers, causes not only their flexion, but also some reduction to the median plane of the body. Due to the fact that the square muscle of the sole pulls the tendon of the long flexor of the fingers outward, this adduction is somewhat reduced and the flexion of the fingers occurs to a greater extent in the sagittal plane.

flexor thumb longus

The long flexor of the thumb is the strongest muscle of all. deep muscles posterior surface of the leg. It starts from the lower part of the posterior surface of the fibula and the posterior intermuscular septum. On the plantar surface of the foot, this muscle is located between the heads of the short flexor of the thumb. It is attached to the plantar surface of the base of the distal phalanx of the thumb.

The function of the muscle is to flex the thumb and the entire foot. Due to the fact that the tendon of the muscle partially passes into the tendon of the long flexor of the fingers, it has some effect on the flexion of the second and third fingers. An increase in the moment of rotation of the long flexor of the thumb is facilitated by the presence of two large sesamoid bones on the plantar surface of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the thumb.

Tibialis posterior

The tibialis posterior muscle is located under the triceps muscle of the lower leg. It starts from the posterior surface of the interosseous membrane of the lower leg and adjacent areas of the tibia and fibula. Passing under the medial malleolus, this muscle attaches to the tuberosity of the navicular bone, to all the cuneiform bones and to the bases of the metatarsal bones. Its function is to flex the foot, adduct and supinate it.

Between the posterior tibial and soleus muscles is the shin-popliteal canal, which looks like a gap and serves to pass blood vessels and nerves.

Hamstring

Hamstring - short flat muscle directly adjacent to the back of the knee joint. It starts from the lateral condyle of the thigh, below the gastrocnemius muscle, and the bag of the knee joint, goes down and inward and attaches to the tibia above the line of the soleus muscle. The function of this muscle is that it contributes not only to flexion of the lower leg, but also to its pronation. Due to the fact that this muscle is partially attached to the capsule of the knee joint, it pulls it back as the lower leg flexes.

Peroneus longus muscle

The long peroneal muscle has a pinnate structure. It lies on the outer surface of the fibula, starts from its head, partly from the fascia of the leg, from the lateral condyle of the tibia and from the outer surface of the fibula in the region of its upper two thirds. In the lower third, the muscle covers the short peroneal muscle. The tendon of the long peroneal muscle wraps around the back and bottom of the lateral malleolus. In the region of the outer surface of the calcaneus, the muscle is held by ligaments - the upper and lower retainers of the tendons of the peroneal muscles. Passing to the plantar surface of the foot, the tendon of the muscle goes along the groove located on the lower surface of the cuboid bone, and reaches the inner edge of the foot. The peroneus longus attaches to the tuberosity on the undersurface of the base of the first metatarsal, to the medial cuneiform and to the base of the second metatarsal.

The function of the muscle is to flex, pronate, and abduct the foot.

Peroneus brevis

The short peroneal muscle originates from the outer surface of the fibula and the intermuscular septa of the lower leg. The tendon of the muscle bends around the lateral malleolus of the lower leg from below and behind and is attached to the tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal bone. The function of the short peroneal muscle is to flex, pronate, and abduct the foot.

References

• human anatomy: studies. for stud. inst. physical cult. / Ed. Kozlova V.I. - M., "Physical culture and sport", 1978
• Sapin M.R., Nikityuk D.K. Pocket atlas of human anatomy. M., Elista: APP "Dzhangar", 1999
• Sinelnikov R. D. Atlas of human anatomy: in 3 volumes. 3rd ed. M.: "Medicine", 1967

The lateral muscle group of the lower leg includes two muscles: the long peroneal muscle (m. peroneus longus) and the short peroneal muscle (m. peroneus brevis).

Peroneus longus muscle
M. peroneus longus

It is located in the superficial layer on the lateral side of the lower leg. It starts with two heads: the anterior one - from the head of the fibula, the lateral condyle of the tibia, the fascia of the lower leg; back - from the proximal lateral part of the fibula. Going down, the muscle passes into a long tendon, which goes around the lateral ankle, passes in a groove along the lateral surface of the calcaneus, crosses the lateral edge of the foot, lies under it in the groove on the cuboid bone, and, stretching obliquely through the sole, is attached to its medial edge to medial sphenoid bone and I metatarsal bone.

The long peroneal muscle (m. peroneus longus) is shown in fig. 1.

Rice. 1. Lateral muscle group of the lower leg:

1 - long peroneal muscle (m. peroneus longus);

2 - short peroneal muscle (m. peroneus brevis)

Function:

• foot pronation and abduction;
• plantar flexion of the foot.

Peroneus brevis
M. peroneus brevis

The muscle is a third shorter than the previous one, which is reflected in its name. The proximal part of the short peroneal muscle (m. peroneus brevis) lies on the fibula, the distal part - under the long peroneal muscle (m. peroneus longus). It starts from the lateral part of the middle third of the fibula, goes down, goes around the lateral malleolus and is attached to the tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal bone.