How are the muscles on the face. Muscles of the head

The muscles of the face are a kind of framework for supporting the skin, which is responsible for its tone and elasticity.

All cosmetic procedures are performed strictly in a certain direction. Massage lines are areas of the least stretching of the skin. If you perform a massage movement along them, you can tighten the oval of the face, create an expressive contour, improve the color of the skin and get rid of acne and fine wrinkles.

Along the massage lines, not only massage is performed, but also the application of a variety of cosmetics. Performing procedures along these lines will preserve the youthfulness of the skin for a long time. Since the skin does not stretch.

How does knowing about the structure of the face help a woman take care of her skin?

The anatomy of the muscles of the face is special knowledge that will help determine the correct vectors of movement. These lines coincide with the direction of the lymph flow. Applying cosmetics over them is a lymphatic drainage massage for the face.

If you take into account where the muscles of the face and neck are located when caring for the skin, then you can get the following results:

When pressed with fingers, the skin will not stretch.
The pores are cleared, and the rash disappears over time.
No new wrinkles appear.
Are not damaged.
The forehead area is toned, which prevents the appearance of horizontal wrinkles.
No sagging of the corners of the mouth
The muscle of laughter becomes not so deep.
Puffiness and dark circles under the eyes are reduced.
Passes stiffness in the occipital region.
The second chin gradually decreases.
The appearance of mimic wrinkles is prevented.

The correct effect on the muscles of the face will delay the onset of old age and preserve the beauty of the skin. Regardless of the chosen cosmetic product, a lymphatic drainage effect will be produced due to massage movements.

Massage guides were discovered by the German scientist Karl Langer in 1861. Beauticians and massage therapists call them Langer lines.

Where are the massage lines located?

The following massage lines are distinguished:

In the forehead area - the movement is performed from the middle of the forehead to the temporal region.
Eye area: upper eyelid- the line stretches from the inner corner to the outer; lower eyelid - the vector runs from the outer corner to the inner.
Lips: the line goes from the middle of the upper lip to the earlobe; the line stretches from the chin to the earlobe.
Nose: movement is carried out from the bridge of the nose to the end of the nose; from nasal wings to ear.
Neck area: from the décolleté to the chin; from the region of the lymph nodes, the lines pass to the collarbones.

How does knowing about the location of the main lines affect the work of a beautician?

In cosmetology, knowledge of human physiology is of great importance. Every cosmetologist knows how the muscles of the face are arranged.

Depends on its type: oily, normal or dry. The study of deep layers helps specialists to select products that protect the skin from early aging.

There are some aspects of the structure of the facial muscles that the cosmetologist evaluates before work:

Job facial muscles: location of the masseter and mouth muscles and the number of muscle fibers.
The use of needles requires knowledge of the location of the vessels and how to clamp the skin in an emergency.
Knowledge of the characteristics of the branches of nerves helps to determine the causes of deformation of a person's face.

Mimic muscles during contraction are able to move the skin depending on the emotional state of the person.

Age-related changes depend on the individual behavior of the masticatory and facial muscles during sleep, stress, conversation or work.

How many major muscles on the face will this table help you find out.

Kinds	Description	Functions	Benefits
Muscles of the skull	The skull is covered with the supracranial muscle, which is divided into tendon and muscle parts. The latter consists of the frontal, lateral and occipital belly.	The main function is to raise the eyebrows to the top.	Massage and special exercises frontal area will be protected from the occurrence of horizontal wrinkles.
Muscles of the eye circle	The circular muscle surrounds the eye. The brow wrinkler is located on the frontal bone above the lacrimal tissue and skin of the eyebrows.	The main functions include: squinting the eyes, bringing the eyebrows together and the appearance of vertical wrinkles.	Massage movements and special gymnastics eliminate bags under the eyes and swelling, and also prevent the appearance of vertical wrinkles.
Muscles of the nose	The proud muscle crosses the bridge of the nose. Affects the occurrence of transverse folds. Nasal affects the compression of the nostrils.	The contraction causes the alae of the nose and the cartilaginous part of the nasal septum to descend.	Proper care prevents the formation of acne and wrinkles.
Muscles of the circumference of the mouth.	The circular muscle is located around the oral fissure. The zygomatic muscles are connected to the circular. The laughter muscle is responsible for pulling back the corners of the mouth when smiling. There are also muscles that raise and lower the corners of the mouth and lips.	The main functions include closing and opening the mouth, stretching the lips. The laughter muscle is used when smiling.	Proper exposure will prevent the appearance of facial wrinkles and drooping corners of the mouth.
Chewing muscles.	They begin on the bones of the skull and lead to a point on the lower jaw.	Perform the act of chewing.	Care and exercises for this area will help to form the correct oval of the face.

The correct effect on the muscles of the face indicated in the table will help create elastic and clean skin.

How can using knowledge about massage lines help prolong youth?

After 35 years, skin aging occurs in all women, and facial muscles lose their tone. At the same time, the intensity of aging is different for everyone and depends on lifestyle, proper care and hereditary factors.

During aging, the following processes occur:

The skin loses moisture.
Decreased secretion of sebaceous glands.
The blood flow in tissues is disturbed.
Decreased muscle tone. In this case, sagging of the cheeks and appears.
Metabolism slows down and the production of elastin and collagen fibers decreases, which leads to loss of elasticity and the appearance of wrinkles.

To prolong the youthfulness of the skin, daily care is required, which consists of such procedures as moisturizing, cleansing and nourishing. Knowledge of physiology will allow you to properly care for your face.

Carrying out cosmetic procedures in compliance with massage lines will help delay the appearance of deep wrinkles.

The palms are used to stroke each line with fingers at the end.
Stretches the face and neck. At the same time, the palms are pressed against soft tissues, and pressure is applied to the bones.
Circular movements are made.
Lightly tap on the face with the tips of bent fingers.
The procedure is performed with straight fingers.
The face needs to be stroked, as at the beginning of the procedure.
At the end, several circular rotations of the head are performed in each direction.

A few minutes of massage a day and masks made from natural ingredients will help maintain skin elasticity. long years without the use of expensive procedures and tools.

Facial care should be carried out in a complex, that is, you need to conduct healthy lifestyle life, do gymnastics in the morning and eat right.

It is very important for any specialist working in the field of cosmetology to regularly refer to fundamental knowledge. One of the basic topics of anatomy is the structure of the skin muscles of the face - just what a beautician should know brilliantly. In order to competently inject Botox, conduct biocybernetic therapy and even do facial massage, the cosmetologist needs to know which muscles are affected by this or that method and what will be the results of these effects on each muscle.

General concepts

What are skin muscles?

The skin muscles are the muscles of the face that originate on the surface of the bones of the skull, and at the other end are fixed in the deep layers of the skin.

What is the shape of the skin muscles?

Most often, these are flat, elongated muscles with a very thin fleshy part. That is why, unlike other muscles in our body (biceps, for example), their contraction does not cause protrusion of skin tissue.

Where are they located?

Almost all of them are located on the front of the face in the subcutaneous connective tissue.

How are they directed?

They are oriented from the surface of the bone, to which they are attached on one side, to the skin - the place of their superficial attachment, which, in fact, is also quite deep.

What are the external manifestations of contraction of the skin muscles?

The contraction of the skin muscles is externally manifested in the movement of the skin of the face, resulting in the formation of folds and changes in facial features. That is why they are called "mimic".

What are mimic skin folds?

The contraction of each of these muscles of the face entails the formation of one or more folds on the skin, which are always located in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the corresponding muscle fibers. Each such contraction corresponds to a certain facial expression. The names of these muscles sometimes reflect not only and not so much their anatomy as the designation of the facial expression that they provoke. For example, they say: the muscle wrinkling the eyebrow or "muscle of pain", the frontal pyramidal or "muscle of anger."

How are they reduced?

Muscle work is controlled and coordinated nervous system. The received sensory signal is transmitted to the skin muscles, which translate it into the language of muscle contraction and depict it on the face in the form of skin wrinkling. Muscle movements are "immediate and accurate reflections of various nerve impulses." The face also presents muscles, both ends of which are attached to the bone. This is a group of four muscles located on the lateral surfaces of the head that provide chewing movements: temporal, chewing, medial and lateral pterygoid.

Myological proposology

Proposology (from the Greek "proposon" - a person, and "logos" - study, reasoning) is a science whose subject of study is a person.

Myological proposology (“myos” in Greek means muscle), in particular, studies the muscles of the face, the processes of their contraction and the results obtained, in other words, facial expressions. This science is based on several provisions, very simple, which Dr. Ermian formulated as follows:

Each muscle of the face, when contracted, deforms facial features compared to the state of rest.
Each muscle produces the type of deformation that is characteristic only for it, and which becomes its definition.
Each type of such deformations reflects the characteristics of the character of the individual, his inclinations and the main properties of nature.

The result of contraction of the muscles of the face, or even one of them, allows you to link facial expressions with the character as a whole and draw appropriate conclusions.

In addition to an excellent knowledge of the facial muscles and the changes in facial expression corresponding to their contraction, proposology requires extraordinary observation. This ability comes over time, after studying and "reading" many different faces.

The most insignificant changes in the tone of the facial muscles, their ability to contract, express the finest nuances of a person's inner life, which is accurately and fully reflected in the saying: "The face is a mirror of the soul."

“When the skin muscles move (contract), they cause some deformation of the facial features compared to the state of rest, and sometimes wrinkles and folds appear, and all this together creates a characteristic picture that makes it easy to detect the contraction of certain muscles.”

“The slightest start, a sharper designation of wrinkles, a frown of eyebrows, a barely noticeable wink - all of them reveal a train of thought and a movement of feelings, sometimes hidden from consciousness and verbally inexpressible.”

“The skeleton and proportions of the face, which, as it were, are related only to the physiological side of existence, however, betray the features of nature and are both physical and moral characteristics of a person.”

"The muscles, whose movement is controlled by the nervous system, form the dynamic appearance of the individual and his character."

“Each skin muscle is associated with a certain state of mind. Its reduction betrays this state of mind, this shade of mood. If this muscle is not contracted, then this state of mind is absent.

Muscle activity and resulting facial expressions

Occipital-frontal Contracting, this muscle, which occupies the surface of the cranial vault, "pulls" the skin on the forehead and pulls the eyebrows up. It causes the formation of transverse folds and wrinkles on the forehead. It is formed by two flat paired muscles (occipital and frontal). The frontal muscle is responsible for the mimic manifestation of surprise and attention.
Raises the outer side of the forehead and the tip of the eyebrow. She may wrinkle her forehead.
This small muscle is located between the two frontal muscles at the base of the eyebrow (inner edge). She furrows her brows, pulling them together and forming vertical wrinkles between them. This is a muscle of strong emotional activity. It makes arousal and reaction to pain noticeable.
It is located flat and surrounds the palpebral fissure. It consists of different parts (orbital, secular and lacrimal), which can be reduced independently of each other. The part located at the outer edge of the eye and responsible for its closure is responsible for the formation of wrinkles in the form of "crow's feet".
(or leg of the frontalis muscle) It is located between the eyebrows, directly at the root of the nose. When this small muscle contracts, it pulls the skin down, lowers the top of the eyebrow and forms transverse folds near it, which give the face a severe look. It is also called the "threat muscle".
It allows you to wrinkle the nose, lifts the nostrils and the middle part of the upper lip, giving the face an ominous look. It is better to stay away from a person who has this muscle contracted.
(wing part of the nasal muscle) With the help of this muscle, a desire, an appeal is expressed. In some people, it is also reduced in the event of a prolonged fit of rage.
This muscle covers all upper part nose. When it contracts, the skin of the cheeks is stretched and the wings of the nose are wrinkled. She creates a facial expression corresponding to a bad mood, displeasure.
This muscle is attached to the upper part of the zygomatic bone and ends in the thickness of the tissue at the corners of the lips. When it contracts, the corners of the upper lip rise by about one centimeter, while the middle part, where the nasolabial groove is located, is pressed in. Facial features are modified, it acquires a displeased expression, so sadness and sadness are manifested.
It is attached to the posterior outer part of the zygomatic bone and goes into a deep layer of tissue in the region of the corners of the mouth. Contracting, it pulls up the corners of the mouth and the lower part of the nasolabial fold in such a way that the cheeks become convex and rays of wrinkles form at the outer edge of the eyes. Such a metamorphosis makes the face laughing and joyful. This is the most "pretty" of all the skin muscles, the main muscle of laughter.
Strictly speaking, this muscle is not associated with facial expression. In fact, when it contracts, it makes the cheeks puff up, gasping for air, and is involved in creating a contented look.
Passes from the anterior surface of the upper jaw to the deep layer of the tissue of the upper lip. In humans, as a rule, it is poorly developed, and, on the contrary, it is very strongly developed in predators. She raises her upper lip above her fangs, and her fangs are exposed. The contraction of this muscle gives the face an aggressive and bloodthirsty look.
This is a flat circular muscle that surrounds the mouth with the so-called arcuate fibers, which are really arch-shaped. There are two halves of it: the upper semicircle and the lower semicircle. Connecting at the level of the corners of the lips, they serve as antagonists to the muscles that push the lips apart (for example, both zygomatic, both buccal). The contractions of these muscles are primarily of functional importance: they work during sucking movements, food capture by mouth and chewing. When the inner section of this muscle contracts, the mouth opening narrows, the lips tighten. The face acquires a special expression, which is usually characterized by the words "pursed lips", "finicky look".
It is located near the square muscle of the chin and almost completely covers it. Attached to the bone at the level of the lower jaw, and to the skin - in the corners of the lips. The contraction of the triangular muscle leads to the following changes in the facial features: the corners of the lips are lowered, the line of the lips is curved, the naso-chin folds go down and are sharply marked. It follows that the face takes on an expression of more or less profound sadness. If there is a significant contraction of the triangular muscle, an expression of contempt or disgust appears.
(cone-shaped bundle of muscle fibers) This small muscle is located in deep layer chin skin. When it contracts, it raises the lower lip, and the chin becomes covered with folds and tubercles. Manifestations of her activity are easy to detect in indecisive people who are in doubt and have a facial expression corresponding to "mumbling through their teeth."

Myrtle muscle(muscle that lowers the nasal septum)

Located under the nostrils, it can pinch or narrow them, as well as push forward the middle part of the upper lip. It helps to express a state of disagreement, opposition to something.

Muscle that lowers the lower lip

This muscle, which attaches to the lower jaw, is also called the aversion muscle. It is oriented upward and is fixed in the skin, in the region of the lower lip. When it contracts, an expression of disgust appears on the face, more or less obvious, depending on the degree of muscle contraction.

Smile muscle (muscle of the corners of the lips)

This small muscle is attached to the corners of the lips. When it contracts, it stretches the corners of the mouth and the oral fissure without squeezing the lips.

Subcutaneous muscle of the neck

The subcutaneous muscle of the neck can also be considered a mimic muscle, since when it contracts, the skin muscles of the face also contract, it emphasizes and enhances the results of their work. Thus, when, for example, the muscle that wrinkles the eyebrow (pain muscle) contracts, and if the subcutaneous muscle of the neck contracts, an expression of unbearable suffering appears on the face. Reduction subcutaneous muscle neck simultaneously with the pyramidal muscle of the forehead, an expression of wild anger is achieved.

Joint muscle contractions

If it were necessary to demonstrate all the possible combinations that are provided by the potential resources of "muscle play", we would get up to 1200 combinations described by Dr. Bardonno, one of the largest specialists in the field of myological proposology.

But just like in colloquial speech, we use only a part of the words from the available vocabulary, it is enough to own 20-25 options muscle contractions and their corresponding facial expressions. A person, except in some extraordinary situations, has a rather limited set of facial expressions that are characteristic of him and are a reflection of his personality.

Some skin muscles can perform simultaneous actions. For others, this is not possible due to the mechanical nature of their work and the fact that abbreviations various muscles can cause diametrically opposed facial expressions.

For example, the frontalis muscle, contracting, causes the eyebrows to be raised and gives the face an attentive expression. And the circular muscle of the eyelids makes you lower your eyes and gives the face a thoughtful look.

These two muscles are antagonists and cannot contract at the same time.

Another such pair: a large zygomatic muscle and a small zygomatic muscle. One is fun, the other is dissatisfaction.

A similar relationship exists between the frontalis pyramidalis muscle and the muscle that wrinkles the eyebrow, since it is impossible to simultaneously demonstrate the threat and suffering from pain.

Other combinations result in the following facial expressions:

The frontal muscle + the circular muscle of the eye + the alar part of the nasal muscle (expanding the nostrils) is bliss.
Frontal muscle + muscle that wrinkles the eyebrow + muscle that lifts the upper lip - an expression of extreme disgust.
Frontal muscle + circular muscle of the eye - blinking and expression of interest.
Frontal muscle + muscle wrinkling the eyebrow - interest.
The muscle that raises the corner of the mouth + frontal + large zygomatic - the facial expression of a conceited person.
The frontal muscle + the muscle that raises the corner of the mouth + the circular muscle of the eye - complacency.

Dr. Bardonno wrote: Any of the various mental states is always reflected on the face with the help of the same combination of muscle contractions. This parallelism is so definite and constant that there is no other way to express this state. If additional contractions of other muscles occur at the same time, the tone of the facial expression will change.

There is always an appropriate given state the combination of muscles involved, as well as a certain sequence in their activation. In addition, it is necessary to pay attention to which muscles are at rest and, therefore, what shade of state of mind is missing. Such observations, no less than those already described earlier, are of value for determining individual character traits.

So, we can summarize by establishing the relationship between muscle activity and the processes that make up intellectual life, as well as the presence or absence of certain emotions in the “experimental” client. According to the frequency of some specific mimic repetitions, as well as to the traces that they forever leave on the face, one can very accurately and accurately determine the psychological type.

The muscles of the face are mostly paired, according to the location, they are divided into the muscles of the cranial vault, the muscles of the auricle, the muscles surrounding the palpebral fissure, the muscles surrounding the nasal openings (nostrils), the muscles surrounding the oral fissure (Fig. 227, 228, table. 37) . All facial muscles are innervated by branches facial nerve- nerve of the II visceral arch.

Muscles of the cranial vault. The supracranial (occipital-frontal) muscle (m. epicranius, s. m. occipitofrontalis) has an occipital belly located in the occipital region, and a frontal belly in the forehead, connected by a wide tendon (tendon helmet, supracranial aponeurosis), which occupies most of the arch skulls. Flat occipital abdomen (venter occipitalis), located on the surface of the scales of the occipital bone, is divided into right and left parts by a thin fibrous plate. The abdomen begins with tendon bundles at the highest nuchal line and at rear surface base of the mastoid process of the temporal bone. Muscle bundles follow from the bottom up and pass into the tendon helmet. The flat frontal abdomen (venter frontalis), also divided in the middle by a narrow fibrous plate into two quadrangular parts, is located in the frontal region. The muscle bundles of the frontal abdomen begin on the tendon helmet at the level of the border of the scalp (anterior to the coronal suture), follow down and are woven into the skin of the eyebrows.

Tendon helmet, or supracranial aponeurosis (galea aponeurotica, s. aponeurosis epicranialis) is a flat fibrous plate, firmly fused with the skin of the scalp through connective tissue bundles. The tendon helmet is thicker in the occipital region, thinner in the frontal and temporal regions. In the temporal region, the tendon helmet on the right and left is fused with the fascia of the temporal muscle. Under the tendon helmet, between it and the periosteum of the bones of the cranial vault lies a layer of loose fibrous connective tissue. As a result, when the occipital-frontal muscle contracts, the tendon helmet, together with the skin of the scalp, easily shifts above the cranial vault (and is scalped in case of injuries).

Function: the frontal abdomen, contracting, raises the eyebrow upward. In this case, transverse folds of skin are formed on the forehead. As a result, the face is given an expression of attention, surprise. The occipital abdomen, when contracted, pulls the tendon helmet and the skin of the scalp posteriorly, the transverse folds of the skin on the forehead are smoothed out. Thus, the frontal and occipital bellies function as antagonists.

Blood supply: occipital, posterior auricular, superficial temporal, supraorbital arteries.

Procerus muscle (m. procerus - Santorinian muscle), or muscle that lowers the glabella (syn.: pyramidal muscle of the nose), a pair of narrow elongated, located in the region of the root of the nose, begins on the outer surface of the nasal bone and goes up (Santorini Giovanni ( Santorini Giovanni Domenico, 1681-1737) - Italian anatomist). Part of the bundles of this muscle is intertwined with the muscle bundles of the frontal abdomen of the occipital-frontal muscle and is woven into the skin of the forehead between the eyebrows.

Function: the proud muscles, when contracted, form transverse wrinkles above the bridge of the nose. The muscle of the proud is an antagonist of the frontal abdomen of the occipital-frontal muscle, it helps to straighten the transverse folds on the forehead.

Blood supply: angular, supratrochlear branch of the frontal artery.

The muscle wrinkling the eyebrow (m. corrugator supercilii - Koiter's muscle), a pair of thin, lying in the thickness of the eyebrow, begins on the medial part of the superciliary arch, follows upward and laterally and is woven into the skin of the eyebrow. Part of the bundles of this muscle is intertwined with the bundles of the circular muscle of the eye (Coiter (Koyter) Volcherus, 1534-1600) - a Dutch doctor and anatomist).

Function: The brow pucker muscle pulls the brows together, resulting in vertical creases above the bridge of the nose.

Rice. 227. Muscles of the face, front view:

1 - Depressor labii inferioris; 2 - Platysma; 3 - Depressor anguli oris; 4 - Risorius; 5 - Levator anguli oris; 6 - Zygomaticus major; 7 - Zygomaticus minor; 8 - Levator labii superioris; 9 - Nasalis; 10 - Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi; 11 - Procerus; 12 - Epicrania! aponeurosis; 13 - Occipitofrontalis, frontal bclly; 14 - Corrugator supercilii; 15 - Orbicularis oculi; !6 - Buccinator; 17 - Masseter; 18 - Orbicularis oris; 19- Mentalis

Rice. 228. Muscles of the head, forks on the right. The section shows parts of the masticatory muscle:

1 - Inferior constrictor; 2 - common carotid artery; 3 - Hypoglossal nerve; 4 - Vagus nerve; 5 - Interna l jugular vein; 6 - Digastric, posterior belly; 7 - Masseter, deep part; 8 - Sternocleidomastoid; 9 - Superficial temporal artery; 10 - Styloid process; 11 — Ramus of mandible; 12 - Epicranius; Occipitofrontalis, occipital belly; 13 - Cartilage of acoustic meatus; 14 - Temporomandibular joint; joint capsule; arteular capsule; Lateral ligament; 15 - Epicranial aponeurosis; 16 - Zygomatic arches; 1 7— Temporalis; Temporal muscles; 18 - Pericranium; 19 - Epicranius; Occipitofrontalis, frontal belly; 20 - Corrugator supercilii; 21 - Depressor supercilii; 22 - Orbicularis oculi; 23 - Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi; 24 - Levator labii superioris: 25 - Nasalis; 26 - Infra-orbital nerve; 27 - Levator anguli oris; 28- Orbicularis oris; 29 - Parotid duct; thirty — mentalis; 31 - Depressor labii inferioris; 32- Depressor anguli oris; 33 - Buccinator; 34 - Digastric, anterior belly; 35 - Masseter, superficial part; 36 - Hyoid bone; 37-Stylohyoid

Table 37. Facial muscles (mimic muscles), innervated by branches of the facial nerve

Name		Start		attachment		Function		blood supply
Muscles of the skull
Epicranial muscle: (occipital-frontal muscle) occipital abdomen frontal abdomen		Highest nuchal line, base of the mastoid process of the temporal bone		tendon helmet Eyebrow skin		Pulls the skin of the scalp backwards Raises the eyebrow upward, forms transverse folds of the skin of the forehead		Muscular branches of the cervical plexus (C) Aa: occipital, vertebral
Eyebrow wrinkling muscle		Medial part of the superciliary arch		Eyebrow skin		Brings together the eyebrows, causes the formation of vertical wrinkles on the glabella		Aa: frontal, supraorbital, superficial temporal
Muscle of the proud		nasal bone		Forehead skin between eyebrows		Forms transverse folds - above the bridge of the nose		Aa: angular, frontal
Muscles of the auricle (poorly developed)
superior ear muscle		tendon helmet		Cartilage of the auricle (upper edge)		Pulls auricle up		Aa.: superficial temporal
anterior ear muscle		Temporal fascia and tendon helmet		Ear skin		Pulls the auricle forward
back ear		Mastoid process of the temporal bone		Cartilage of the auricle (posterior surface)		Pulls the auricle backwards		Aa.: rear ear
Muscles surrounding the eye
Circular muscle of the eye orbital part		Nasal part of the frontal bone, frontal process of the maxilla, medial ligament of the eyelid		Located on the bony edge of the orbit, attached near its origin, forming a closed ring		Closes eyes		Aa: facial, superficial temporal, supraorbital, infraorbital
secular part		Medial ligament of eyelid		Lateral ligament		Closes eyelids
lacrimal part		lacrimal bone		Lacrimal sac wall		Expands the lacrimal sac
Muscles surrounding the nasal passages
nasal muscle transverse part wing part		Upper jaw, lateral to and above the upper incisors Upper jaw, lateral to the upper incisors		Aponeurosis of the back of the nose Nose wing skin		Constricts the opening of the nostrils Lowers the wing of the nose		Aa: upper labial, facial
		Upper jaw above the medial incisor		Cartilaginous part of the nasal septum		Lowers the nasal septum		Aa: upper labial
Muscles surrounding the mouth
Circular muscle of the mouth marginal part labial part		Muscle bundles of the buccal and other facial muscles, suitable radially to the opening of the mouth		Skin and mucous membrane of the upper and lower lips		Closes the mouth opening (labial part), tightens (compresses) and pushes forward the lips (marginal part)		Aa .: upper and lower labial, chin
Muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth			skin of the corner of the mouth		Pulls the corner of the mouth down
Muscle that lowers the lower lip	The lower edge of the body of the mandible		Skin and mucous membrane of the lower lip		Pulls lower lip down		Aa .: lower labial, chin
Chin	Walls of the alveoli of the lower incisors		Chin skin		Lifts the skin of the chin		Aa .: lower labial, chin
Muscle that lifts the corner of the mouth	Canine fossa of the upper jaw				Raises the corner of the mouth		Aa.: infraorbital
	Inferoorbital margin of the upper jaw		Upper lip skin		Raises the upper lip		Aa.: infraorbital, upper labial
Large and small zygomatic muscles	Cheekbone				Raise the corner of the mouth, deepen the nasolabial fold		Aa.: infraorbital, buccal
buccal muscle	Upper jaw, lower jaw, pterygo-mandibular suture		Orbicular muscle of the mouth		Strains (strengthens) the cheek, pulls the corner of the mouth backwards		Aa.: buccal
Laughter muscle	Masseter fascia		skin of the corner of the mouth		Stretches the mouth, forms a dimple on the cheek		Aa .: front, transverse a. faces
Subcutaneous muscle (of the neck)	Thoracic fascia, skin of the upper chest at the level of the II rib		Chewing fascia, edge of the lower jaw, corner of the mouth		Pulls the corner of the mouth down, pulls the skin, protecting the saphenous veins from squeezing		Aa .: superficial cervical, facial

Blood supply: frontal, supraorbital, superficial temporal arteries.

Muscles of the auricle. The muscles of the human auricle are poorly developed and practically do not contract arbitrarily. It is extremely rare to meet people who are able to move the auricle (with simultaneous contraction of the occipital-frontal muscle). There are three ear muscles: superior, anterior and posterior.

The superior auricular muscle (t. auricularis superior) is the largest of the muscles of the auricle, located on the lateral surface of the skull above the auricle. Begins with several muscle bundles on the lateral side tendon helmet, goes down and attaches to the inner surface of the cartilage of the auricle.

Function: the temporoparietal muscle pulls the auricle upward.

The anterior ear muscle (t. auricularis anterior) is unstable, it is a thin muscle bundle located in the temporal region. It starts on the temporal fascia, goes backwards and downwards and attaches to the cartilage of the auricle and to the cartilage of the external auditory canal.

Function: the anterior ear muscle pulls the auricle forward.

The posterior ear muscle (m. auricularis posterior) is located in the mastoid region, begins in two bundles on the mastoid process, goes forward and is attached to the posterior convex surface of the funnel of the auricle.

Function: the posterior auricular muscle pulls the auricle backwards.

Blood supply to all ear muscles: superficial temporal (anterior and upper muscle), rear ear ( back muscle) arteries.

Muscles surrounding the eye. The circular muscle of the eye (m. Orbicularis oculi), which has the shape of a flat wide ring, is located around the palpebral fissure and orbit. Three parts are distinguished in the muscle: orbital, secular and lacrimal.

The orbital part (pars orbitalis) is a wide plate that surrounds the entrance to the orbit, located on its bony edge. The orbital part begins on the nasal part of the frontal bone, on the frontal process of the maxilla and on the medial ligament of the eyelid. The bundles of this muscle go up, down and laterally around the orbit. At the lateral edge of the orbit, the upper and lower bundles pass into each other, forming a flat closed muscle ring. From above, the muscle fibers of the frontal abdomen of the occipital-frontal muscle and the muscle wrinkling the eyebrow are woven into the deep bundles of the orbital part. The orbital part closes the eyes, forms fan-shaped wrinkles on the skin of the orbital region, more at the lateral corner of the eye, shifts the eyebrow down, and at the same time pulls the skin of the cheek up.

The eyelid part (pars palpebralis) is a thin flat plate that lies under the skin of the upper and lower eyelids. The age-old part begins on the medial ligament of the eyelids and adjacent areas of the medial part of the orbit. Muscle fibers run along the anterior surface of the cartilages of the upper and lower eyelids to the lateral corner of the eye (Riolanova muscle), where they end in the lateral suture of the eyelid, which has the structure of a tendon strip. Part of the muscle fibers is attached to the periosteum of the lateral wall of the orbit. A thin bundle of muscle fibers located along the edge of the eyelids, around the ducts of the glands of the cartilage of the eyelids, was called the Molle muscle (syn.: Riolan muscle, eyelash muscle) (Riolan Jean (Riolan Jean, 1577-1657) - french doctor and anatomist; Moll Jacob Antonius (1832–1914) was a Dutch ophthalmologist and anatomist.

The lacrimal part (pars lacrimalis) - Horner, Duverny muscle - is a deeply located thin muscle bundles that begin on the posterior crest of the lacrimal bone and go laterally behind the lacrimal sac. Having rounded the lacrimal sac from behind, the fibers of this part of the muscle are woven into the secular part and into the walls of the lacrimal sac. The lacrimal part expands the lacrimal sac, promoting the outflow of tear fluid into the nasal cavity through the nasolacrimal duct (William Horner (Horner William Edmonds, 1793-1853) - American anatomist, surgeon, pathologist; Joseph Duverny (Duverney Joseph Guichard, 1648-1730) — French anatomist and otolaryngologist).

Function: the circular muscle of the eye as a whole is a narrower of the palpebral fissure.

Blood supply: facial, superficial temporal, infraorbital, supraorbital arteries.

Muscles surrounding the nasal passages. The nasal muscle (m. nasalis) is a poorly developed plate, which consists of two parts: transverse and alar, and also includes a muscle that lowers the nasal septum. The transverse part (pars transversa), or the muscle that compresses the nostrils (m. depressor nasium), located in the region of the wing and the cartilaginous part of the back of the nose, begins on the anterior surface of the upper jaw, laterally and slightly above the upper incisors. Muscle bundles go up and medially, pass into a thin aponeurosis, which spreads through the cartilaginous part of the back of the nose and continues into the muscle of the same name on the opposite side.

Function: the transverse part of the right and left nasal muscles narrows the openings of the nostrils, pressing them against the nasal septum.

The wing part (pars alaris), or the muscle that lifts the wing of the nose (m. Levator alae nasi), is partly covered by the circular muscle of the mouth and the muscle that lifts the upper lip. The alar part begins on the upper jaw, somewhat lower and medial to the transverse part, then the muscle follows upward and medially and is woven into the skin of the alar of the nose.

Function: the alar part of the nasal muscle pulls the wing of the nose down and laterally, expanding the nostril.

A variant of the alar part of the nasal muscle is Arnold's muscle (syn.: own wing lifter, m. levator alae proprius), it starts from the upper edge of the cartilage of the wings of the nose and goes to its tip (Arnold Friedrich (Arnold Friedrich, 1803-1890) - German anatomist ).

Blood supply: superior labial, angular arteries.

Muscle that depresses the nasal septum

(m. depressor septi nasi), is usually part of the alar part of the nasal muscle. Its bundles begin on the upper jaw above the medial incisor, go up, attach to the cartilaginous part of the nasal septum.

Function: the muscle lowers the nasal septum.

Blood supply: superior labial artery.

Muscles surrounding the mouth. There are several muscles around the oral fissure: the circular muscle of the mouth, which is a constrictor, and several muscles that have a radial direction and are dilators of the oral fissure.

The circular muscle of the mouth (m. orbicularis oris), which lies in the thickness of the lips, is formed by circularly oriented muscle bundles, as well as fibers that approach the mouth opening from neighboring facial muscles: buccal, raising the upper lip, raising the corners of the mouth, lowering the lower lip, lowering the corners mouth, etc. Part of the muscle bundles of the circular muscle of the mouth passes from one lip to another. In accordance with the location of the muscle bundles in the circular muscle of the mouth, two parts are distinguished: marginal and labial.

The marginal part (pars marginalis) is located in the peripheral parts of the muscle. It is formed by circularly oriented muscle bundles and bundles that originate from nearby mimic muscles (buccal and others - see above) suitable for the lips, especially those located near the corners of the mouth. In this regard, in the marginal part there are muscle bundles that run radially and in the anteroposterior direction with respect to the oral fissure.

The labial part (pars labialis) lies in the thickness of the lips, its muscle bundles pass from one corner of the mouth to the other, are woven into the skin and mucous membrane of the upper and lower lips. The muscle bundles of the labial part are oriented predominantly circularly around the oral fissure. Part of the fibers of the circular muscle of the mouth, going in the sagittal direction to the skin of the lips, was called the Klein muscle (syn.: Krause muscle, lip compressor, m. compressor labii) (Klein Edward Emanuel, 1844-1925) - Austrian doctor and anatomist ; Karl Krause (Krause Karl Friedrich Theodor, 1797-1868) - German physician and anatomist).

Function: the circular muscle of the mouth closes the mouth opening, participates in the acts of sucking and chewing.

Blood supply: upper and lower labial, mental arteries.

Muscle bundles of radially located facial muscles are woven into the skin and mucous membrane of the upper and lower lips.

The muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth (m. depressor anguli oris) is a triangular plate that begins with a wide base on the lower edge of the anterior third of the body of the lower jaw. Muscle bundles, tapering upward, are woven into the skin in the region of the corner of the mouth and in circular muscle mouth.

Function: the muscle pulls the corner of the mouth down and laterally.

Blood supply: inferior labial and mental arteries.

Muscle that lowers the lower lip (m. depressor labii inferioris),- a wide thin quadrangular plate, which begins at the lower edge of the anterior part of the lower jaw, below the mental foramen. The muscle bundles follow upward and medially and attach to the skin and mucous membrane of the lower lip, and are also woven into the circular muscle of the mouth. The lateral part of the muscle that lowers the lower lip is covered with bundles of the muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth.

Function: the muscle lowers the lower lip and pulls it somewhat laterally. With bilateral contraction, it twists the lip, gives the face an expression of irony, sadness, disgust.

The chin muscle (m. mentalis) is short cone-shaped, located in the chin region, begins on the alveolar elevations of the lower incisors, follows down and medially. The fibers of the muscles of both sides are interconnected and woven into the skin of the chin.

Function: the mental muscle lifts the skin of the chin up so that a dimple appears on it. Promotes protrusion of the lower lip forward.

Blood supply: inferior labial, mental arteries.

The muscle that lifts the corner of the mouth (m. Levator anguli oris) is a triangular plate that begins on the anterior surface of the upper jaw, in the region of the canine fossa. The muscle bundles are directed from top to bottom and forward, attached to the skin of the corner of the mouth and woven into the circular muscle of the mouth.

Function: the muscle raises the corner of the mouth up and laterally.

Blood supply: infraorbital artery.

Muscle that lifts the upper lip (m. levator labii superioris), ribbon-like, begins at the infraorbital margin of the upper jaw. The muscle bundles descend down and medially, are woven together with the muscle that raises the angle of the mouth, into the muscle of the upper lip and into the skin of the wing of the nose.

Function: the muscle raises the upper lip, participates in the formation of the nasolabial groove located between the lateral side of the nose and the upper lip, pulls the wing of the nose upward.

Blood supply: infraorbital, superior labial arteries.

On the anterior surface of the upper jaw, under the muscle that raises the upper lip, there may be Albinus muscle - an abnormal muscle of the upper jaw, which is a flat muscle ribbon or spindle-shaped bundle (Albinus Bernhard Siegfried, 1697-1770) - German anatomist and doctor).

Small zygomatic muscle (m. zygomaticus minor) - Santorinian muscle - ribbon-like, located in the zygomatic and buccal regions. The muscle begins on the zygomatic bone at the lateral edge of the muscle that lifts the upper lip. Its bundles are directed from top to bottom and medially, woven into the skin of the corner of the mouth and into the muscle of the upper lip (Giovanni Santorini (Santorini Giovanni Domenico, 1681-1737) - Italian anatomist).

Function: the zygomatic minor muscle raises the corner of the mouth.

Blood supply: infraorbital, buccal arteries.

The large zygomatic muscle (m. zygomaticus major) is ribbon-like, located in the zygomatic and buccal regions somewhat lateral to the small zygomatic muscle. The muscle begins on the zygomatic bone, goes from top to bottom and forward and is woven into the skin of the corner of the mouth and into the muscle of the upper lip.

Function: the large zygomatic muscle pulls the corner of the mouth up and laterally, is the main muscle of laughter.

Blood supply: infraorbital and buccal arteries.

Cheek muscle (m. buccinator) - a flat wide thin quadrangular plate, lies in the thickness of the cheek between the upper and lower jaws, forms the muscular basis of the cheek. WITH inside covered with a mucous membrane, together with which it limits the vestibule of the mouth. The muscle begins on an oblique line on the branch of the lower jaw, on the outer surface of the alveolar arch of the upper jaw above the large molars, on the anterior edge of the pterygo-mandibular suture connecting lower jaw with winged hook kli

novice bone. Muscle bundles are directed forward and medially to the corner of the mouth, partially cross and continue into the circular muscle of the mouth. The posterior and lateral parts of the buccal muscle are covered masseter muscle. At the level of the upper large molar, the duct of the parotid salivary gland passes through the muscle.

Function: the buccal muscle strains the cheek (“trumpeter muscle”), pulls the corner of the mouth backwards, presses the cheek to the teeth.

Blood supply: buccal artery.

The muscle of laughter (m. risorius - Santorini muscle) is a thin triangular non-permanent plate located in the anterior sections of the buccal region, begins on the masticatory fascia. The bundles of this muscle converge anteriorly and attach to the skin of the corner of the mouth and are woven into the circular muscle of the mouth.

Function: the laughter muscle pulls the corner of the mouth to the lateral side, forms a dimple on the cheek.

Blood supply: facial artery, transverse artery of the face.

In order to safely carry out any injection techniques for facial rejuvenation, it is necessary to know exactly the danger zones where the branches of the nerves and large vessels pass. Today we will tell you in detail how the mimic muscles of the face are located, we will dwell on the features of the blood supply and innervation of the zones in which it is necessary to carry out aesthetic correction.

With age, the appearance and outlines of the face change. The reason for such changes is the weakening of the muscles of the face and neck, which decrease in volume and deform, while their tone decreases. This entails the need for the introduction of fillers and botulinum toxins.

For a safer work of a cosmetologist, the performance of any cosmetic procedures or manipulations of the face area inevitably requires knowledge of the anatomy and topography of the formations of this zone. the site will not only describe, but also demonstrate the video lesson "anatomy of facial aging for cosmetologists".

Anatomical structures: nerves, vessels, vessels of the face

There are several important aspects of facial anatomy for cosmetologists that need to be assessed by a doctor before starting work:

1. Using botulinum toxin in work, it is necessary to clearly understand and imagine the work of facial muscles, the place of origin and attachment of the muscle, its size, strength, number of muscle bundles and fibers, interlacing and interaction of muscles with each other.

2. Working with needles requires precise knowledge of the location of the vessels, possible places of their damage or puncture, pressure points in emergency cases.

3. Knowledge of the innervation of the face, the difference between the sensory and motor branches of the nerves sometimes becomes a decisive factor in determining the cause of deformation or asymmetry on the face.

Nerves of the face anatomy

Motor innervation of the face(innervation mimic muscles) is provided by the branches of the facial nerve (n.facialis):

rr.colii cervical branches - innervation of platysma;
rr.marginalis mandibulae extreme branches of the lower jaw - innervation of the muscles of the chin and lower lip;
rr.buccalis buccal branches - innervate the muscle of the same name and the muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth;
rr.zygomatici zygomatic branches - innervate the large and small zygomatic muscles, the muscle that lifts the upper lip and wings of the nose, the partially circular muscle of the eye and the cheek muscle;
rr.temporalis temporal branches - innervate the circular muscle of the eye, the muscle wrinkling the eyebrow, the frontal muscle and the anterior part of the ear.
Sensitive innervation of the face and neck is provided by branches of the trigeminal nerve (n. trigeminus), supratrochlear (n. supratrochlearis), supraorbital (suprorbitalis), infraorbital (n.infraorbitalis) and chin (n.mentalis) nerves.

Blood supply of the face anatomy

The blood supply to the face is carried out to a greater extent by the branches of the external carotid artery (a.carotis externa): a.facialis, a.temporalis superfacialis, a.maxillaris.

In the region of the orbit, there is an anastomosis between the external and internal carotid arteries using a.ophtalmica. The vascular network on the face is very developed, which, on the one hand, ensures perfect nutrition of all areas, and on the other hand, it means that an injury to one of the vessels can lead to severe bleeding.

Mimic facial muscles anatomy

The name "mimic muscles" is functional. In the course of evolution, they transformed from specially adapted structures for capturing food, acute smell and hearing into facial muscles, the contraction of which moves the skin of the face in accordance with the psycho-emotional state of a person, and is also responsible for the articulation of speech;

Mimic muscles are mainly concentrated around the natural openings on the face, expanding or closing them.

The muscles surrounding the oral cavity have the most complex structure and the largest number.

In accordance with their development, the facial muscles have a close relationship with the skin of the face, into which they are woven with one or two ends. For us, this is important because in the process of skin aging, loss of elasticity and firmness, they cannot adequately contract, and the muscle frame weakens. This underlies skin ptosis and the appearance of mimic wrinkles on the face;

Most often, botulinum toxin injections occur on the frontal abdomen of the occipital-frontal muscle, the circular muscle of the eye, the circular muscle of the mouth, the muscles that lower the corner of the mouth and the lower lip, chin muscle, since their active reduction causes the reflection of our psycho-emotional state in facial expressions.

Your attention is invited to a visual representation of the location of anatomically important formations in the face from the site:

We hope that by paying attention to how the mimic muscles of the face work, how blood vessels and nerve endings pass, you will be able to work more confidently and bring amazing aesthetic results to your patients!

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Before proceeding with the exercises, you should get acquainted with the anatomy of the face. It is important to know what muscles we have to work on and what the structure of the face is.

Anatomical features of the face

The structure of the skull

The external appearance of a person largely depends on the facial part of the skull, which consists of the frontal, nasal, temporal, lower jaw, sphenoid, zygomatic, lacrimal and some other bones.

The shape of the bones determines its proportions, they form the relief of the face, for example, the width depends on the bone of the lower cheekbone. The size of the eyes is directly related to the size of the eye sockets. From the angle at which the bone of the nose departs from the bones of the forehead, its shape will depend.

The layers of the face do not have clear boundaries - sometimes they pass from one to another, in some cases they intertwine with each other or delaminate.

A distinctive feature of the facial muscles is that they are not attached to the skin, which means that if they become flaccid, the skin also sags. There are signs of aging such as bags under the eyes, double chin and nasolabial folds.

Muscles are divided into main groups:

chewing;
muscles of the oral cavity and sublingual;
mimic;
neck and nearby areas;
oculomotor.

This division is rather arbitrary, the same muscles can belong to one or more groups. The state of the face is more influenced by facial muscles, which have a peculiarity - they are attached to the skin at one end, and to the bones at the other.

The main task of facial muscles is to take part in the appearance of emotions on the face. Emotions are manifested due to the stretching of the skin and the formation of folds. The folds run across the direction in which the muscles contract.

Most of the muscles of the face are paired, they are located on the left and right sides of the face, which makes it possible for them to contract separately.

Muscles of the upper, middle and lower parts faces:

Frontal.
surrounding eye.
Anovrotic helmet.
Raising the corner of the mouth - lowering the corner of the mouth.
Large zygomatic - small zygomatic.
Temporal.
Rhizorius.
Chin.
Raising the upper lip.
Surrounding the mouth.
Muscles of the cheeks.
Chewing.
Superficial necks.

With age, muscle tone weakens, they narrow and become smaller in volume. To maintain attractiveness for a long time, you should train your muscles even before the appearance of wrinkles. Face-gymnastics exercises give a stable and stable result.

lymphatic system

Lymph is a colorless liquid that seeps through the thin walls of capillaries and passes through the entire body. The role of lymph is to remove toxins, with its help, the exchange of useful substances between the circulatory system and tissues takes place. Is reliable protection from infection.

The lymphatic system consists of nodes and vessels that are located along the course of the lymph nodes. In the facial area are located on the cheeks, cheekbones or chin. There are several groups of lymph glands:

chin;
facial (buccal, mandibular and nameless);
submandibular;
superficial and deep parotid.

The chin and submandibular are located in the neck and chin. The location of the lymph nodes on the face depends on how developed the facial muscles and subcutaneous tissue are, as well as on the genetic predisposition.

The skin is an important organ that has many functions, including aesthetic, and the appearance of a person largely depends on its condition. To properly care for the skin, you should know the anatomy of the structure of the cover. It has a multilayer structure:

1. The outer layer is the epidermis, it consists of layers:

germinal (or basic) - melanin is present in it;
spiny - lymph flows in this layer, with its help cells are supplied with useful elements and waste products are removed;
granular layer, contains the substance keratohyalin;
transparent layer - it contains the protein substance eleidin.

In the upper, stratum corneum, keratin is formed. The cells of this layer gradually exfoliate and die off, new ones appear in their place.

The main role of the epidermis is protection from microbes, fungi and viruses, damage, sunlight and cold. The epidermis is involved in thermoregulation and protects against moisture loss.

2. Derma. Beneath the epidermis is the dermis, which consists of the papillary and reticular layers. Collagen and elastin are produced in the dermis, they give the skin elasticity, make it strong and elastic.

This layer contains sweat glands that help regulate temperature. As well as the sebaceous glands, which are involved in the synthesis of fat, which ensures the impermeability of the dermis from moisture.

3. Adipose tissue. It is permeated with blood vessels and nerve endings. This layer contains nutrients, without which the epidermis would not be able to function normally. An important role of the subcutaneous fat layer is to provide thermoregulation.

The structure of the skin is different different areas, on the face it is the most tender and mobile due to the striated muscles.

In the human body, everything is closely connected - any disease can affect the state of the upper layer of the epidermis. Therefore, it is important not only to carefully care for the skin itself, but the right lifestyle.

Vascular and nervous tissue of the face

In the facial area, the vessels form a well-developed network, which makes it possible for wounds to heal quickly enough.

The blood supply to the face is mostly carried out through the external arteries. They pass under the facial muscles from the neck to the face, bending around the lower jaw from below, then go to the corners of the lips and further to the eye sockets.

The largest branch goes to the corners of the upper and lower lips. Another artery passes through the zygomatic arch. The deep parts of the face supply the branches of the maxillary artery.

Venous blood passes through superficial and deep vascular networks. Almost throughout the veins are located in two layers, with the exception of the forehead.

The external veins penetrate the subcutaneous adipose tissue, forming multi-loop networks. Their thickness varies from person to person. This also explains the difference in bleeding from wounds or during surgical operations - some people have a little bleeding, others profuse, which is difficult to stop.

Superficial veins, through which the blood of the skin flows, flows into a vein that runs parallel to the branches of the arteries of the face.

Deep veins carry blood to the pterygoid venous plexus. From here it is diverted along the maxillary vein to the mandibular vein.

facial nerves

The task of the facial nerve is to provide motor function face, but it also has taste and secretory fibers.

The facial nerve consists of:

1. From the nerve trunk (more precisely, its processes).

2. Nuclei (between the bridge and the medulla oblongata).

3. Lymph nodes and capillaries that feed the nerve cells.

4. Spaces of the cerebral cortex.

The facial nerve is divided into branches - temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular and cervical, and the trigeminal nerve - into the maxillary, mandibular and optic.

Looking much younger than your age is not so difficult - you need to be able to take care of yourself: do massage, gymnastics, use cosmetics. After all, there is not always time and opportunity to turn to a professional cosmetologist. But in order to do everything right and not harm yourself, you should know the anatomy of the face.