Mimic muscles are innervated by a nerve. Innervation of the maxillofacial region, nerves of the face

A) Motor innervation of the face. All mimic muscles are innervated (7th pair of cranial nerves). The facial nerve leaves the cranial cavity through the stylomastoid foramen, between the apex of the mastoid process and the styloid process.

Before entry into the parotid salivary gland it gives off the posterior auricular nerve, which goes backwards and upwards towards the ear, innervating the occipital belly of the fronto-occipital muscle and the posterior auricular muscle. Then the facial nerve enters the parotid salivary gland, where it forms the crow's foot, giving off its five terminal branches.

temporal branch goes up above the zygomatic bone, innervating the frontal belly of the fronto-occipital muscle and the circular muscle of the eye. The zygomatic branch is divided into a number of small branches that innervate the frontal sinuses and the circular muscles of the eye. The buccal branch runs anteriorly, innervating the buccal muscle and the circular muscle of the mouth. The mandibular branch leaves the parotid salivary gland at its lower edge, crosses the mandible deeper than the platysma inside the submandibular fascia, and then innervates the muscle that depresses the angle of the mouth.

cervical branch goes down and innervates the platysma. In addition to the facial muscles, the facial nerve provides innervation of the posterior belly of the digastric, stylohyoid, and stapes muscles.

Educational video of the anatomy of the facial nerve and the projection of its branches

b) Sensory innervation of the face. Sensitive innervation of the face is provided primarily by the trigeminal nerve (V pair of cranial nerves). After departing from the trigeminal ganglion, it gives off three branches: ophthalmic (V 1), maxillary (V 2) and mandibular (V 3). V 1 and V 2 are fully sensitive, V 3 has motor fibers for innervation of masticatory and some small muscles.

Orbital branch is the smallest of the three. After departing from the trigeminal ganglion, it passes through the superior orbital fissure, dividing into three terminal branches: naso-ciliary, frontal and lacrimal. They innervate the nose (via the subtrochlear and external nasal nerves), the skin of the forehead and upper eyelids (via the lacrimal, supratrochlear and supraorbital nerves). The maxillary nerve is the middle branch of the trigeminal nerve, it leaves the cranial cavity through the foramen magnum and enters the pterygopalatine fossa. Before passing through the infraorbital foramen, it gives off branches to the pterygopalatine ganglion, as well as the zygomatic branch.

Before as leave infraorbital foramen and become the cutaneous infraorbital nerve, it gives off the zygomaticotemporal and zygomaticofacial branches. It is responsible for the sensitivity of the skin of the temples, the upper part of the cheek, lower eyelids, upper lip, upper teeth and maxillary sinus mucosa. The largest branch of the trigeminal nerve is the mandibular nerve, which leaves the cranial cavity through the foramen ovale. Its branches are the auricular-temporal, inferior alveolar and buccal nerves, innervating lower half faces. The auricular-temporal nerve originates from two roots passing near the middle meningeal artery and passes through the parotid salivary gland to the skin of the temporal region.

It provides secretory parasympathetic innervation of the gland and sensory innervation auricle, external auditory canal and skin of the temporal region. The buccal and inferior alveolar branches innervate the cheek, buccal mucosa, chin skin, lower lip, and lip mucosa.

Educational video on the anatomy of the trigeminal nerve and its branches

In case of problems with viewing, download the video from the page

Afferent innervation of the maxillofacial region is carried out by branches of the cranial nerves: trigeminal (V pair), glossopharyngeal (IX pair) and vagus nerve (X pair).

The trigeminal nerve (Fig. 6.7.) departs from the bridge and contains sensory and motor fibers. Zone sensitivity(innervation) of the trigeminal nerve is as follows: skin of the face, skin of the fronto-parietal and temporal region, eyeball, mucous membrane of the oral cavity, nose, anterior third of the tongue, teeth, gums, periosteum of the bones of the facial skull, dura mater of the anterior and middle cranial fossae, proprioceptors of chewing, eye, facial muscles, salivary and lacrimal glands. In the cranial cavity (temporal bone), the trigeminal nerve forms the Gasser node (trigeminal ganglion), from which the three terminal branches of the trigeminal nerve extend:

Rice. 6. Branches of the trigeminal nerve.

1 - trigeminal node; 2 - ophthalmic nerve; 3 - maxillary nerve;

4 - mandibular nerve; 5 - bridge; 6 - trigeminal nerve.

1) the optic nerve is completely sensitive. It innervates the meninges, the mucous membrane of the frontal sinus, the conjunctiva of the eye, the mucous membrane of the upper part of the nose, the lacrimal gland, the skin upper eyelid, forehead and parietal region, the skin of the back of the nose, and also provides proprioception of the muscles of the eye. The ophthalmic nerve enters the soft tissues of the face through the superior orbital fissure and is divided into the following branches: nasociliary, lacrimal and frontal nerves;

2) maxillary nerve - completely sensitive, exits the cranial cavity through a round hole pterygopalatine fossa, where it divides into the infraorbital nerve, zygomatic nerve. The branches of the maxillary nerve innervate the teeth and gums of the upper jaw, the hard and soft palate, the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity, the skin of the lower eyelid, the skin of the temporal, zygomatic, buccal region, the external nose and upper lip.

3) mandibular nerve - mixed, contains sensory and motor fibers. It leaves the cranial cavity through the foramen ovale. Sensory branches of the mandibular nerve come from the dura mater, skin of the temporal region, skin of the lower jaw, lower lip, from the mucous membrane of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue, cheeks, teeth and gums mandible, salivary glands. The motor fibers of the nerve innervate the muscles of mastication and the muscles of the diaphragm of the mouth.

Fig. 7. Zones of sensitive innervation of the face by the branches of the trigeminal nerve.

Rice. 8. Branches of the facial nerve.

1 - bridge; 2 - motor nucleus of the facial nerve; 3- stylomastoid

hole; 4 - branches of the facial nerve; 5 - muscle lowering the corner of the mouth;

6 - muscle lowering the lower lip; 7 - chin muscle;

8 - buccal muscle; 9 - circular muscle of the mouth; 10 - muscle,

lifting the upper lip; 11 - muscle that raises the corner of the mouth;

12 - large and small zygomatic muscles; 13 - circular muscle of the eye;

14 - muscle wrinkling the eyebrow; 15 - occipital-frontal muscle;

16 - facial nerve; 17 - vestibulocochlear nerve.

Glossopharyngeal nerve (1X pair) innervates the mucous membrane of the posterior third of the tongue, palatine arches, tonsils and pharynx. Parasympathetic branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve innervate the parotid gland. The axons of the vagus nerve together with the branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve form the pharyngeal plexus.

The facial nerve (VII pair) (Fig. 8) has an extensive zone of muscle innervation. The axons of the motor nucleus of the facial nerve control all the facial muscles, the posterior belly of the digastric muscle, the stylohyoid muscle. Sensory fibers carry out taste reception of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue. Vegetative parasympathetic fibers end in the lacrimal gland, in the salivary sublingual and submandibular glands, as well as in the glands of the palate and nasal cavity.

The motor innervation of the maxillofacial region is also carried out by: fibers of the vagus nerve (X pair - muscles of the pharynx), hypoglossal nerve (XII pair - muscles of the tongue).

The blood supply of the face is an important section of anatomy for physicians of any specialty. But it acquires the greatest importance in maxillofacial surgery and cosmetology. Perfect knowledge of the innervation and blood supply of the face in cosmetology guarantees the safety of injection procedures.

Why do you need to know the anatomy of the face?

Before proceeding to the study of the blood supply to the face and its anatomy as a whole, it should be clearly understood why this knowledge is needed at all. For cosmetologists, the following aspects play the greatest role:

When using botulinum toxin ("Botox"), there must be a clear understanding of the location of the facial muscles, their beginning and end, the vessels and nerves that supply them. Only with a clear understanding of the anatomy can successful injections be carried out without any aesthetic disturbances.
When performing procedures using needles, it is also necessary to have a good understanding of the structure of muscles, and especially nerves. With knowledge of the innervation of the face, the beautician will never damage the nerve.
Knowing the anatomy of the face is important not only for the successful implementation of procedures, but also in order to recognize a certain disease in time. After all, a person who came to a beautician to correct wrinkles may actually have facial nerve paresis. And such a pathology is treated by a neurologist.

Types of facial muscles and their functions

To understand the blood supply to the muscles of the face, you should understand what they are. They are divided into two large groups:

chewing;
mimic.

The main functions of these muscles are already clear from the name. Chewing muscles are necessary for chewing food, facial muscles - for expressing emotions. The beautician works with facial muscles, so it is most important for him to know the structure of this group.

Mimic muscles. Muscles of the eye and nose

This group muscle includes thin bundles of striated muscles, which are grouped around natural openings. That is, they are located around the mouth, eyes, nose and ears. By closing or opening these holes, emotions are formed.

Mimic muscles are closely related to the skin. They are woven into it with one or two ends. Over time, the water in the body becomes less and less, and the muscles lose their elasticity. This is how wrinkles appear.

Due to the proximity of the muscles to the skin, the blood supply to the face is also very superficial. Therefore, even the slightest scratch can lead to serious blood loss.

Around the palpebral fissure are the following main muscles:

Muscle of the proud - it originates from the back of the nose and ends at the bridge of the nose. It lowers the skin of the bridge of the nose down, due to which a "dissatisfied" fold is formed.
The circular muscle of the eye - completely surrounds the palpebral fissure. Due to it, the eye is closed, the eyelids are closed.

Around the nose is located actually nasal muscle. It is not well developed. One part of it lowers the wing of the nose, and the other part - the cartilaginous part of the nasal septum.

Mimic muscles of the mouth

The mouth is surrounded by more muscles. These include:

The muscle that raises the upper lip.
Small zygomatic muscle.
Large zygomatic muscle.
Laughter muscle.
Muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth.
Muscle that lifts the corner of the mouth.
Muscle that lowers the lower lip.
Chin muscle.
Cheek muscle.
Circular muscle of the mouth.

Features of blood circulation

The blood supply to the face is very abundant. It consists of a network of arteries, veins and capillaries, which are closely located to each other and the skin, and are constantly intertwined with each other.

The facial arteries are located in the subcutaneous fat.

The veins of the face collect blood from both the superficial and deep parts of the facial skull. Ultimately, all blood drains into the internal jugular vein, which is located in the neck along the sternocleidomastoid muscle.

Facial arteries

The largest percentage of blood supply to the face and neck is carried out from the vessels that depart from the external carotid artery. The largest arteries are listed below:

facial;
supraorbital;
suprablock;
infraorbital;
chin.

Branches of the facial artery provide most of the blood supply to the face. It branches off from the external carotid artery at the level of the mandible. From here it goes to the corner of the mouth, and then comes to the corner of the palpebral fissure, closer to the nose. At the level of the mouth, branches that carry blood to the lips depart from the facial artery. When the artery approaches the canthus, it already bears the name of the angular artery. Here it connects with the dorsal artery of the nose. The latter, in turn, departs from the supratrochlear artery - a branch of the ophthalmic artery.

The supraorbital artery provides blood delivery to the infraorbital vessel, according to its name, carries blood to the area of the face under the eyeball.

The mental artery provides blood supply to the lower lip and, in fact, the chin.

Facial veins

Through the veins of the face, poorly oxygenated blood is collected in the internal jugular vein, so that it can then reach the heart through the vascular system.

From the superficial layers of the muscles of the face, blood is collected by the facial and retromaxillary veins. From the layers that lie deeper, the maxillary vein carries blood.

We also have anastomoses (connections) to the veins that go to the cavernous sinus. This is the formation of a hard shell of the brain. Vessels of the face are connected to this structure through the ophthalmic vein. Due to this, the infection from the face can spread to the membranes of the brain. Therefore, even a simple boil can cause meningitis (inflammation of the meninges).

Nerves of the face

Blood supply and innervation of the face are inextricably linked. As a rule, the branches of the nerves run along the arterial vessels.

There are sensory and motor nerves. Most of the face receives nerve impulses from two major nerves:

Facial, which is fully motorized.
Trigeminal, which consists of motor and sensory fibers. But sensory fibers are involved in the innervation of the face, and motor fibers go to the masticatory muscles.

The trigeminal nerve, in turn, branches into three more nerves: the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular. The first branch is also divided into three: nasociliary, frontal and lacrimal.

The frontal branch passes over the eyeball along top wall orbits and on the face is divided into supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves. These branches send nerve impulses to the skin of the forehead and nose, the inner lining of the upper eyelid (conjunctiva), and the frontal sinus mucosa.

The lacrimal nerve innervates the temporal part of the palpebral fissure. The ethmoid nerve departs from the nasociliary nerve, the final branch of which passes through the ethmoid labyrinth.

The maxillary nerve has its branches:

infraorbital;
zygomatic, which is then divided into zygomatic-facial and zygomatic-temporal.

Innervated areas of the face correspond to the name of these nerves.

The largest branch of the mandibular nerve is the auricular-temporal, which ensures the delivery of nerve impulses to the skin of the auricle and condylar process.

Thus, from this article you have learned the main points of the anatomy of the blood supply to the face. This knowledge will help in the further study of the structure of the facial part of the skull.

In order to safely carry out any injection techniques for facial rejuvenation, it is necessary to know exactly the danger zones where the branches of the nerves and large vessels pass. Today we will tell you in detail how the mimic muscles of the face are located, we will dwell on the features of the blood supply and innervation of the zones in which it is necessary to carry out aesthetic correction.

With age appearance and the shape of the face changes. The reason for such changes is the weakening of the muscles of the face and neck, which decrease in volume and deform, while their tone decreases. This entails the need for the introduction of fillers and botulinum toxins.

For a safer work of a cosmetologist, the performance of any cosmetic procedures or manipulations of the face area inevitably requires knowledge of the anatomy and topography of the formations of this zone. the site will not only describe, but also demonstrate the video lesson "anatomy of facial aging for cosmetologists".

Anatomical structures: nerves, vessels, vessels of the face

There are several important aspects of facial anatomy for cosmetologists that need to be assessed by a doctor before starting work:

1. Using botulinum toxin in work, it is necessary to clearly understand and imagine the work of facial muscles, the place of origin and attachment of the muscle, its size, strength, number of muscle bundles and fibers, interlacing and interaction of muscles with each other.

2. Working with needles requires precise knowledge of the location of the vessels, possible places of their damage or puncture, pressure points in emergency cases.

3. Knowledge of the innervation of the face, the difference between the sensory and motor branches of the nerves sometimes becomes a decisive factor in determining the cause of deformation or asymmetry on the face.

Nerves of the face anatomy

Motor innervation of the face(innervation mimic muscles) is provided by the branches of the facial nerve (n.facialis):

rr.colii cervical branches - innervation of platysma;
rr.marginalis mandibulae extreme branches of the lower jaw - innervation of the muscles of the chin and lower lip;
rr.buccalis buccal branches - innervate the muscle of the same name and the muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth;
rr.zygomatici zygomatic branches - innervate large and small zygoma muscle, the muscle that lifts the upper lip and wings of the nose, partially the circular muscle of the eye and the cheek muscle;
rr.temporalis temporal branches - innervate the circular muscle of the eye, the muscle wrinkling the eyebrow, the frontal muscle and the anterior part of the ear.
Sensitive innervation of the face and neck is provided by branches of the trigeminal nerve (n. trigeminus), supratrochlear (n. supratrochlearis), supraorbital (suprorbitalis), infraorbital (n.infraorbitalis) and chin (n.mentalis) nerves.

Blood supply of the face anatomy

The blood supply to the face is carried out to a greater extent by the branches of the external carotid artery (a.carotis externa): a.facialis, a.temporalis superfacialis, a.maxillaris.

In the region of the orbit, there is an anastomosis between the external and internal carotid arteries using a.ophtalmica. The vascular network on the face is very developed, which, on the one hand, ensures perfect nutrition of all areas, and on the other hand, it means that an injury to one of the vessels can lead to severe bleeding.

Mimic facial muscles anatomy

The name "mimic muscles" is functional. In the course of evolution, they transformed from specially adapted structures for capturing food, acute smell and hearing into facial muscles, the contraction of which moves the skin of the face in accordance with the psycho-emotional state of a person, and is also responsible for the articulation of speech;

Mimic muscles are mainly concentrated around the natural openings on the face, expanding or closing them;

The most complex structure and the greatest number are the muscles surrounding the oral cavity;

In accordance with their development, the facial muscles have a close relationship with the skin of the face, into which they are woven with one or two ends. For us, this is important because in the process of skin aging, loss of elasticity and firmness, they cannot adequately contract, and the muscle frame weakens. This underlies skin ptosis and the appearance of mimic wrinkles on the face;

Most often, botulinum toxin injections occur on the frontal abdomen of the occipital-frontal muscle, the circular muscle of the eye, the circular muscle of the mouth, the muscles that lower the corner of the mouth and the lower lip, chin muscle, since their active reduction causes the reflection of our psycho-emotional state in facial expressions.

Your attention is invited to a visual representation of the location of anatomically important formations in the face from the site:

We hope that by paying attention to how the mimic muscles of the face work, how blood vessels and nerve endings pass, you will be able to work more confidently and bring amazing aesthetic results to your patients!

Mimic muscles develop from the mesenchyme of the second visceral (hyoid) arch, along with which the nerve system is formed. The facial nerve innervates the facial and some other muscles originating from the same mesenchyme. The somatic motor nucleus of the facial nerve is located in the floor of the IV ventricle in the lateral part of the reticular formation of the pontine tegmentum. Upon leaving the brain, the facial nerve enters the canal of the facial nerve, enclosed in the pyramid of the temporal bone.

Part of the way the nerve passes under the mucous membrane of the tympanic cavity of the middle ear. The nerve leaves the pyramid through the stylomastoid foramen to the outer surface of the skull. Encased in a bony canal, the trunk of the facial nerve can be damaged as a result of a fracture of the base of the skull, when a bone fracture passes through the pyramid of the temporal bone, which is observed in cases of a person falling and head trauma. In chronic inflammatory processes of the middle ear, when its cavity is filled with purulent contents, there may be disturbances in the effector innervation of the facial muscles associated with the involvement of the facial nerve conductors in the pathological process.

The thickness of the facial nerve ranges from 0.7-1.4 mm. The nerve contains 4-10 thousand myelin fibers [Belyaev VI, 1963]. Upon exiting the stylomastoid foramen, the facial nerve enters the thickness of the parotid salivary gland, where it divides into several primary branches, forming the parotid nerve plexus, from which its terminal branches originate.

"The Face of a Man", V.V. Kupriyanov, G.V. Stovichek