Orienteering how to learn to read a map. Orienteering guide for beginners

Orienteering - it is an outdoor sport that combines elementsrace Andorienteering on the ground with the help of a sportskart s and compass (as one of the elements of orienteering is part of the stages of the adventurerace Andmulti-racing ). Orienteering is a limited timerace , during which participants use a special very precise sportsmap to select a route and navigate through diverse and usually unfamiliar terrain in order to find checkpoints (CPs).Competitions Byorienteering held for participants different ages and levels sports training in order to evaluate them physical form, ability to navigate and concentrate. All orienteering competitionsParticipants are prohibited from using electronic navigators.

• Ski orienteering - this is a winter versionorienteering running.
  

  It is carried out in the disciplines"given direction", "marked track", orientathlon. Athletes who specialize in this sport have excellent skills in fast skiing, high speed of recognition and memorizationkart , as well as the ability to quickly decide on a priority route, since navigation tactics inski orienteering similar tobike oriented . differencesports cards lies in special symbols - the ski tracks on the map are marked in green and display the speed of movement along these ski tracks. Tablets withcards attached to the participant's chest.

  Exactorientation ororientation on the trails focuses on the accurate reading of maps and the ability to navigate a certain section of the route.

  Unlike otherstypes of orienteering this sport does not focus on the race from one checkpoint to another and does not take into account the ability of the participants to choose the best route. Therefore, the exactorientation accessible even to people with disabilities.

  Types of orienteering competitions according to the methods of performing tasks
  

  There are many criteria for classificationorienteering competitions : time spendingcompetitions , the nature of the offset of results, the method of organizing the start, etc. Among the most commonspecies :

  • orientation in a given direction (the task of the participants is to go the distance in a certain order).
  • orientation by choice (participants are tasked to cover the distance in random order),
    
  • orientation on a marked track (the participant must independently enter intomap checkpoints along the route)
    
  • orienteering in rogaine format.
    
  Alsoorienteering is a component of other sports, such asadventure race Andmulti-race . Oftenorienteering also compared withrogaine .

  Orienteering in the countries of the world and Russia

  After emerging as a separate sport in Swedenorienteering became widespread in the Scandinavian countries, then throughout Europe and in the United States of America. Now it's popular sport in many countries of the world for both amateurs and professionals.

  They take place in different countries of the world at the regional, city and national levels, since 1966 international competitions have been regularly held.

  The most significant multi-dayorienteering competitions in Scandinavian countries ________________ ________________ ___

  The Baltic countries also host large multi-day» Orienteering ________________ ________________ ______________

  In Soviet Unionorienteering developed since the mid-thirties of the last century. In November 1991, theOrienteering Federation of Russia. AND Russian athletes steadily began to reach high results on the world stage, regularly taking prizes in all types oforienteering .
  

  Significant regions in the development of this sport in Russia are the Leningrad region, the Pskov region, Krasnodar region, Perm region. It regularly hosts multi-day openorienteering competitions .
  
  

  In the Leningrad Region, a series of multi-day competitions is held annually in June, the dates of which in 2014 are:

  June 12 - 16 - 24th multi-day race "Nevsky Azimut" (Championship of Russia among veterans running belongs to N. Volkov from KSO "Azimut")

  In the Pskov region, competitions are held in July, dates for 2014:

  July 03-14 - Festivalorienteering "Alol 2014", training camp

  04-06 - International competitions in orienteering "Ivan Kupala 2014"

  July 05-06 - Championship of the Pskov region 2014 (multi-day cross)

There are sports that for some reason are not customary to cover in the media - either they are not popular, or not mass, or simply not interesting to journalists. But, nevertheless, such sports exist. They perform all major tasks sporty look- maintenance of health, physical development athlete, have a competitive part, that is, they allow a person to realize his natural ambitions - to prove to everyone that he is the first. And of course, such sports gather a team of adherents around them. These people become good friends for many years.

It is this sport that we are engaged in and it is about it that we want to tell in more detail. In the process of in-depth research, we ourselves learned a lot of important and interesting things about this exciting sport.

So, orienteering - what is it? Who is engaged in it, and how developed is this sport today in our Kuban?

Orienteering is a sport in which, with the help of a map and a compass, participants must go the distance, checking in at certain control points (CP).

In general, this sport is an orientation on the terrain for speed. The participant needs to go through a given section, not to stray from the set course, which he chooses for himself, and to do it faster than his rivals. The area can be quite large.

Whoever runs the distance the fastest wins. The rules are simple. The difficulty lies in choosing the easiest and fastest way to the finish line. In this case, you need to visit all the checkpoints. The most important thing that an athlete should be able to do in this sport is to read the map. After all, only thanks to her it is possible to choose the right path on the ground. And this area, imagine, can consist of forests, rivers, ravines, mountains, slopes, and much more. The more elements of the landscape that can lead the athlete off the right path, the more interesting the race will be.

The most interesting thing is that the terrain is chosen so that it does not have one clear path to victory. By choosing any option from several, the athlete can win - it all depends on his skill, physical fitness and ability to read a map.

In order to avoid foul play, even in this sport, where people run in the forest, modern technologies are used.

There are the following types of orientation:

Running (orienteering running)

Skiing (ski orienteering)

On bicycles (orienteering on bicycles)

On foot and in wheelchairs (orienteering along the trails - competitions for disabled athletes).

ski orienteering

Ski orienteering competitions are held in two disciplines: in a given direction, on a marked track or in a combination of these types, such as: Orientathlon, Ski-O-thlon. Competitions in a given direction are held in the same way as running competitions, with the difference that a winter map is used, on which the tracks are marked. In the marked track discipline, the participant is provided, as a rule, with a summer sports card without marked checkpoints (CP). Following the marked track, the participant encounters checkpoints, and his task is to plot their location on the map by piercing the map with a needle. At the finish, the judges check the accuracy of determining the location of the control point and charge a fine. The penalty may be extra time or penalty loops. Orienteering on a marked track is mainly found only in Russia and other countries. former USSR. Unfortunately, we only dream of this kind of orienteering: in our area, only those who have acquired these skills while living in other regions can stand on skis.

Bicycle orienteering competitions are held in disciplines: a given direction, on a marked track, by choice or in a combination of these types.

We have been participating in running competitions for many years, although in Krasnodar they are sometimes held on bicycles. But we haven't participated in them yet.

The following types of competitions are distinguished:

Orientation in a given direction

Choice Orientation

Trail orientation

Marked route orientation

sports maze

City orientation

(the last two are gaining distribution in the current, XXI, century)

Specified Direction

The essence of the type of given direction is to go the distance in a given order. Competitors start sequentially after an equal time interval (usually 1 minute, an interval of 30 seconds - 3 minutes is possible). A minute before the start, or at the time of the start, the participant receives a map at his disposal, on which the start place, checkpoints and finish place are marked. The distance on the map is connected by a line that indicates the sequence of movement. Violation of the sequence of movement is a violation of the rules of the competition and the participant is automatically removed from the race. In addition, the participant has a "legend" - a clarifying description of the location of the control point (for example, the northern corner of the clearing). The indicator by which the winner is determined is the time for the participant to complete the distance.

Sports maze - the new kind orienteering in a given direction, which differs from the classical one in that athletes navigate on a small area among artificial obstacles, the length of the distances is 100-500 m. As artificial landmarks / obstacles, fences are usually used, installed on the sports labyrinth site immediately before the start of the competition. Despite the minimalism, the distances in the sports labyrinth can be quite difficult.

One of the reasons for the creation of the sports labyrinth was the insufficient entertainment of orienteering. In classical orienteering, an athlete shows not only his physical fitness, but also quick wits; this sport does not require special facilities, special equipment, and has no age restrictions. By all criteria, this sport should have become popular. But the lack of information due to the specifics of this sport limits the influx of athletes into orienteering. Various attempts have been made to attract the media to cover orienteering competitions:

Observation and radio checkpoints

Demonstration in online mode on a large map-screen of the movement of athletes along the distance (using transmitters)

However, such demonstrations are incomprehensible to uninitiated viewers and uninteresting for TV.

To increase the entertainment of orienteering, a sports labyrinth was proposed. Competitions can be held almost anywhere, the audience understands the tasks facing the athletes, if desired, any spectator can become a participant.

Sports labyrinth and classic orienteering

In the sports labyrinth, athletes solve the same problems as in the classic orienteering - there are point and line landmarks on the map and on the ground, you need to quickly choose a route and go through it correctly. Competitions are held on a small platform, fully visible to the audience, which makes it possible to demonstrate competitions on TV.

The distances of the sports labyrinth do not depend on the terrain and absolutely identical sports labyrinths can be installed in different places. Orienteers know that it is easier to navigate in “their own terrain”, and orienteering on an equally alien terrain relieves the competition from inequality of position. The sports labyrinth offers orienteering on a universal terrain, which, in addition to increasing entertainment, allows you to get rid of the “home terrain” factor. And then it will become possible for athletes from different regions, cities or countries to compete in absentia at the same distance. At the same time, the comparison of results will be as objective as comparing the results of swimmers or athletes from different countries.

There are obstacles and checkpoints on a fenced flat area. The map shows the checkpoints, which are connected and renumbered in the order of passage. The map is oriented according to the location of the launch site, regardless of the magnetic meridian. The task of the participant is to pass the checkpoints marked on the map in the specified order. It is not allowed to jump over obstacles or otherwise cross them. For incorrect passage of the distance or overcoming obstacles, the athlete is removed (the result is not counted). A feature of the sports labyrinth is that only serial numbers are indicated in the athlete’s map-scheme, there are no legends and real CP numbers. Usually in sports labyrinths electronic means of marking are used (this allows you to quickly check the correctness of the passage of the distance), but it is possible to use composters or other means.

At the end of 2002, the first sports labyrinth competition was held in Moscow. Despite the apparent simplicity, the distances turned out to be quite interesting. Since 2003, the sports labyrinth has been regularly included in the program of many Moscow orienteering competitions. We have repeatedly held competitions in the sports labyrinth in the Krasnodar Territory. This is one of the stages of the "School of safety", held in our area.

Competitions can be personal and team. There were also relay races in the sports labyrinth.

Urban orienteering is a kind of sport that includes elements intellectual games and widely used today.

The goal of the participants of the competition is to find and achieve for shortest time checkpoints set by the organizers. Unlike classic sports orienteering, urban orienteering has several ways to set checkpoints. These can be addresses, local names and landmarks inherent in the urban landscape, conditional diagrams and photographs, combined descriptions and urban mysteries. The remaining rules are already negotiated depending on the competition itself.

Depending on the rules, the competition may or may not allow different kinds transport:

Car, car competitions are held mainly at night due to less traffic;

Public transport (except taxi);

Bike;

In some competitions, you can only move on foot.

In Russia, for the first time, urban orienteering competitions called "Running City" were held by a group of enthusiasts in 2000 in St. Petersburg and then became an annual event.

Choice Orientation

The essence of the type of orienteering by choice is to cover the distance in random order, to find the required number of CP/points in the shortest time or the maximum number of points/CP for the pre-assigned control time. In both cases, the capture of a certain CP is counted only once. Checkpoints of varying complexity and range are usually assigned different scores. For exceeding the control time, a fine is assigned, as a rule - one point is deducted for each full minute of exceeding the control time.

Before the start, each participant is given a map with marked start, finish and checkpoints. As in the previous case, the participant has a "legend", where each checkpoint is given detailed description its installation on the ground. The participant's task is to choose a number of checkpoints given in the conditions of the competition, design the order of their passage and go the distance. The result of the participant is determined by the time spent on the passage of a given number of CPs from the start to the finish or by the sum of points taken by the CP (points are awarded for each CP).

night orientation

Night orientation is carried out in the dark. The essence of the competition remains the same. The complexity of the competition lies in the fact that the darkness hides a huge number of terrain details that help the participants navigate (for example, the border of a forest area or elevation). To make the checkpoints more visible, they are equipped with an LED beacon and/or a reflective strip. In night orienteering, in addition to individual competitions, for the safety of participants, team races are held, participants start in teams of two people.

Rogaining is an independent sport, quite close to orienteering, adventure racing, mountain marathons and some other sports. Formally, it can be considered a team daily orienteering by choice, although in reality it differs significantly from the classic orienteering.

Rogaining in its classic 24-hour version is a team sport. The international standard provides for the participation in rogaining competitions of teams of two to five people who do not have the right to split into distances. The main task is to score for a limited period of time (usually 24 hours, but competitions are also held in an abbreviated format - 6, 8, 10, 12 hours) the maximum amount of points that are awarded for visiting checkpoints established on the ground. For each minute of delay after the expiration of the allotted time, one penalty point is deducted from the total points scored by the team, and if the team is late for the finish line for 30 minutes or more, the result of the team is canceled. In the event that two or more teams have scored the same amount of points, more than high place awarded to the first finishing team. Checkpoints have different value, expressed in points, depending on the distance from the start and the difficulty of the checkpoint, and you can pass them in any order.

Rogaining originated in Australia, the sport originated in the 1970s and then developed in countries such as New Zealand, USA, Canada. The International Rogaining Federation (IRF) was established in 1989. In 1992, the first world championship in this sport was held, since then the world championships have been held every two years. Gradually, this sport is developing in European countries, including the Czech Republic, Sweden, Ireland, and Russia. European Rogaining Championships have been held since 2003. In the autumn of 2009, similar competitions were held in Sochi and adult children took part in them.

Rogaining is a universal sport: both well-trained strongest athletes who are ready to continuously fight for the title of champions for 24 hours, and amateurs who want to actively spend the weekend in nature can participate in rogaining. The team itself determines the task according to its strength, chooses the order of passing the distance and the pace of movement. The format of the competition (taking checkpoints of your choice) allows you to return to the base camp at any time, where hot food is provided, you can spend the night and continue the distance the next morning. Rogaining's basic idea is that it's a sport for everyone. It is important for each team to determine what goals it sets for itself, and the answers to many questions will depend on this - the choice of tactics, equipment, equipment. All rogaine competitions, including the world championships, are open to everyone.

Basic terms, knowledge necessary for a beginner orienteer:

Card (chip)

Control time

KP, prism

Symbols of sports cards

Symbols of pictograms.

A sports map is a detailed topographic map made using special symbols. The sports map must reflect the real picture of the terrain, perceived at competitive speed. The map must show all information that may affect the readability of the map or the possibility of choosing a route.

The task of the orienteer is to overcome the distance equipped on the ground as soon as possible, using the map obtained at the start and the compass. As in any other sport, the main thing is equal conditions for all participants. The planning and setting of good distances, fair for all orienteers, largely depends on the quality of the map and its design.

An accurate and legible map is a reliable guide to choosing the best movement option and executing it safely to make the most of your physical abilities and ability to navigate. The choice of the path of movement loses all meaning if the map is "poorly readable", that is, it has gross errors or was compiled long ago and has not been corrected. The map should show clearly visible objects on the ground, which are good reference points.

The main rule is that an athlete at competitive speed should not notice the inaccuracies of the map. The accuracy of the map depends entirely on the accuracy of measurements (location, height, shape of displayed objects) and accuracy (accuracy) of drawing. The accuracy of measurements must be such that the athlete using the compass and controlling the distance covered by counting steps does not notice inconsistencies between the map and the terrain.

The main document that confirms the passage of the distance by the participant is his card or electronic chip (for last years electronic marking is increasingly used in competitions). Each checkpoint has a pencil, composter or electronic marking station. The participant puts a cross with a pencil, punches a card with a composter or applies a chip to the base, and this is proof that he was at the checkpoint. The loss of a card or chip by a participant results in automatic withdrawal from the competition. To control the correct passage of the distance in the form of "given direction" after the finish of the participant, the judges check the contents of the cards. If the order of passage is violated, then the participant is removed from the competition. If a chip is used, then the computer at the finish line processes the information stored on it, thereby verifying the presence of the mark and the correct passage of the distance.

In orienteering competitions, there is always a "control time" for the course. This is the maximum time for which the distance is covered. If the participant does not fit into it, he is automatically removed from the competition. In other words, if you started at dawn, and sunset is approaching, and the control time is 2.5 hours, then you can safely return to the finish line. The result will no longer be taken into account.

For streamlining and objectivity, participants are divided into age groups (those who are 10, 12, 14, or even 60 years old) and by gender (girls and boys - in different groups). This determines the complexity of the distance and its length. In addition to age groups, there are also groups at the level of participants - recognized masters can be distinguished in separate group, with a distance of increased complexity.

Achievements of Russian orienteers.

Andrei Khramov is our countryman.

In 2005 Andrey Khramov became the first Russian orienteer to win gold medal at the World Championships in orienteering running (Aichi, Japan, 2005). In the same year, Khramov won the World Cup in orienteering running for the first time in Russian history.

In 2006, at the World Championships in Denmark (Aarhus), the Russian men's team consisting of Roman Efimov, Andrey Khramov and Valentin Novikov won the gold medal in the relay for the first time in Russian history.

At the World Championships in the Czech Republic in 2008, Andrey Khramov won the gold medal in the sprint, beating Swiss Daniel Hubman by just 2 seconds.

Andrei Mikhailovich Khramov (January 17, 1981 (19810117), Bashkir ASSR) - Honored Master of Sports, five-time champion world in orienteering.

He was born in Bashkiria in 1981. Father - Mikhail Alekseevich Khramov worked as a school director for about twenty years, taught algebra and geometry. Mother - Raisa Isaevna Khramova - a housewife. In addition to Andrei, two more sons grew up in the Temple family.

In 1987, together with his family, he moved to the Krasnodar Territory to the Sadovy farm in the Crimean District, where his parents still live. Later, together with his wife Nadezhda, he moved to the village of Varenikovskaya. In 2002, the son Alexander was born.

He started orienteering at the age of 9, when he was in the 3rd grade of secondary school x. Garden. Classes in the section were conducted by a school teacher - Mishchenko Sergey Pavlovich - Andrey's first coach.

Until the junior age, Andrey was trained in orienteering by Andrey Fedorovich Podolyan, and from the age of 13, in order to improve running training, training in athletics began to conduct Alexander Olegovich Gukov. At present, his coach is Igor Akermanovich Guriev, Evgeny Viktorovich Pavlov.

In 2004 he graduated from the Faculty of Road and Cadastral Systems (FAKS) of KubGTU.

Sports achivments

He first announced himself at the age of 18 when he won a gold medal in long distance at the Junior World Championship in Varna (Bulgaria) in 1999. Two years later (2001) he repeated his success at the World Junior Championships in Hungary.

In 2005 Andrey Khramov became the first Russian orienteer to win a gold medal at the World Championships in running orienteering (Aichi, Japan, 2005). In the same year, Khramov won the World Cup in orienteering running for the first time in Russian history.

The following year, 2006, at the World Championships in Denmark (Aarhus), the Russian men's team consisting of Roman Efimov, Andrey Khramov and Valentin Novikov won the gold medal in the relay for the first time in Russian history.

At the World Championships in the Czech Republic in 2008, he won the gold medal in the sprint, beating the Swiss Daniel Hubman by only 2 seconds.

It's interesting that:

At his first competition, he was the last among all his classmates.

The personal best in the 5000m at the stadium is 14.05 and in the 3000m is 8.12.

Orienteering has practically no age limits. This is a sport that can be practiced by children from the age of 5 and older people who are already over 60.

It is also interesting that injuries in this sport are not so common. It would seem that the forest is full of surprises. When you run at high speed, concentration weakens - somewhere you can catch on a dry tree, stumble, step on a sharp stone, and so on. But athletes are trained to such an extent that they can run through the forest without looking at their feet at all. Moreover, orienteering competitions are also held at night! Participants run in the forest, in pitch darkness - highlighting their path with a flashlight. And many turn off the flashlight to confuse the opponent. Surprisingly, but the fact is that during such competitions there are no victims!

It is easy to imagine how much you need to control yourself in order to think on the go about where you should run and at the same time have absolutely no right to make a mistake. And work at this pace can go on for a very long time. Obviously, in order to successfully perform such a task, an athlete must have not only excellent physical fitness, but also a quick, sharp mind. It is these qualities that orienteering develops in a person. No wonder this sport is called "chess on the run"

The task of orienteering is to unite people, develop the spirit of competition and improvement and, at the same time, create a circle of people with the same interests. Nature, Fresh air, interesting people and sports - what else do you need to have a good time. Today, orienteering in the Kuban is gaining momentum - every year more and more people want to go in for this non-professional, but very promising sport. This sport will develop in our region. After all, orienteering is a hardening of character, even a school of life.

We have been engaged in orienteering since the first grade. We also participate in city, district, regional competitions, all-Russian mass competitions"Russian azimuth". We never returned without prizes.

We are firmly convinced that the knowledge gained in orienteering classes will help us navigate difficult life situations, survive in a huge human society.

Orienteering is a kind of sport. Beginners do not always immediately delve into its specifics, rules and its tasks. It is difficult for a person who is not familiar with orientation to explain its essence. Although at first glance it is simple - the fastest way to find and correctly mark the checkpoints

To understand what orienteering is, you have to try it yourself. After all, even after studying the definition, many questions remain. Orienteers often face questions from the outside: “Orienteering? And what is it? After that, long explanations of the specifics of the sport begin, or a concise description of the main task that the athlete faces at the start.

In the broadest sense, the essence of orienteering is that the athlete, with the help of a map, compass, chip, and his skills in orienteering and reading the map, can quickly and, more importantly, correctly overcome the distance marked on the map. Immediately after the start, the athlete is left alone with nature. And in this nature there are checkpoints that he - the athlete must find and mark with a chip.

Almost everyone has come across cards in their life. These could be road maps of Russia, topographic maps of the world in the classroom at school or university, an electronic map in your smartphone, and so on. When you sit and calmly look at it, it seems that there is nothing difficult in choosing the path of movement from point A to point B and go through it. In orienteering competitions, the athlete simply does not have time to look at the map for a long time. You have to choose the path of movement, think it over right on the go, in conditions.

Another factor that makes the “competitive life” of an orienteer more interesting is psychological pressure. Everyone is trying to save precious time and choose a more profitable way of movement. In conditions of competitive struggle, athletes often make mistakes in choosing the path of movement or simply lose themselves on the map. All this is the result of the psychological pressure of the competitive moment. Therefore, one of the main qualities that an orienteer should possess are resilience and stress resistance.

So, the athlete goes to the start. He receives a card, starts and immediately disappears from the field of view of spectators and other athletes. On the sports map, everything that is located in a certain area of ​​​​the area is marked in the form of catch signs. In addition, checkpoints are marked on the map, on which the orienteer must make a mark. On the move, he must have time to choose the path of movement and read the map so as not to get lost. After passing the entire distance, the participant runs to the finish line, which is also marked on the map. The winner is determined by the best time and the correctness of the course.

What is the point of orientation?

Orienteering is a sport that cannot be won with only quick legs, or smart head. To become the best, an athlete must develop both physical qualities and learn to read the map correctly, quickly and accurately. This is achieved only through repeated training and gaining experience in competitions.

Preparing for certain conditions is almost impossible. Orienteering competitions are held all over the world. Starts can be in the mountains, and in the forests, and in the fields, and even in urban areas. Along the course, orienteers may encounter obstacles in the form of streams, rivers, deadwood, steep mountains, impassable bushes and any other creations of nature. An athlete in any other sport can only envy what orienteers have to face in competition.

Orienteering Rules

Immediately after the beginner gets acquainted with the tasks and delves into the essence of orientation, he must also learn a number of important rules, without the knowledge of which it will not be possible to successfully compete in competitions. So, for example, for violation of many rules, an athlete is simply disqualified from the competition. In order not to overshadow your performance, you must always be aware of new changes in the rules, although the basic rules of orienteering do not change from year to year.

First of all, the orienteer must pass the distance exactly in the order in which it is marked on his map. If the order of passing the distance is violated or other people's control points (control points) are marked, then the result of the athlete on the distance is canceled. Now this issue is very strictly controlled with the help of modern technology.

The athlete must meet the time allotted by the judges to overcome the distance. Otherwise, the participant will also be disqualified. Although, in general, the control time is more than enough to complete the distance completely.

On the map, special signs can mark areas of the terrain that cannot be crossed, or vice versa, they must be run. An example of the first can be areas of terrain that are dangerous to the life and health of an athlete, and of the second, marked areas or places for fording rivers or crossings through busy roads.

Before the start is given, the athlete must not leave the warm-up area and enter the competition map. This rule operates with the aim that the participant does not find the control points in advance and does not choose the path to them.

A large list of rules also applies to the organizers, who must ensure the safety of athletes at a distance different ways, for example, by marking all the same dangerous areas, to control the compliance of the location of checkpoints on the terrain with the map.

There used to be interesting rule, according to which the participant did not have the right to pursue another along the distance. Now such a technique is not prohibited by the rules. That is, a participant can simply run after another who follows an identical distance. No sanction will follow today for this, but the interest in sports is falling sharply, and besides, no one excludes the possibility of a mistake by the “leading” athlete.

Orienteering manual

In order to get better acquainted with all the techniques and methods of orienteering, athletes and coaches study various literature. It may describe various interesting methods, methods and techniques that can improve the performance of an athlete. You can download this orienteering manual from the link:

It describes in detail all the concepts, terminology, techniques and methods of working with a map and compass, basic rules and psychological advice.

True, a number of provisions from this manual are already morally and technically outdated. For example, in modern competitions, participants use chips to mark, and the manual describes cards for marking. Previously, the mark at the checkpoints was made using a composter and a cardboard card for marks, but now it is practically not used anywhere.

Outcome

To understand the essence of orienteering in the area, it will be enough to go to the start at least once, at least a training one, and plunge headlong into this wonderful sport, feel in your own skin how difficult and interesting it is at the same time. Indeed, many mistakenly believe that this is a simple running around the forests with a map.

In order not to overshadow the memories of the start, it is necessary to know and strictly follow the rules of orienteering. And in order to improve, it is necessary to study additional literature, manuals and communicate with more experienced athletes.

People tend to strive for more. We set goals, achieve them and move on to the next. We start running with a couple of kilometers, then five, ten, half marathon and marathon, gradually improving the results. Now many are not limited to this, they are discovering triathlon, adding swimming and cycling to running. But tritalon is not the only alternative. Today I want to talk about orienteering that can add to your running. wildlife, cheerful company and interesting logical tasks. An experience you won't get in other sports.

What is terrain orientation

Orienteering is a sport in which athletes use a compass and a map to locate checkpoints in the area. Competitions are held in the city or in nature. Athletes move by running - a classic option.

The winner is the participant who finds all the points and comes to the finish line first. The most important qualities of an orienteer are the speed of passing the distance, and the accuracy of choosing the route.

Story

The term orienteering appeared in 1886 among the Scandinavian military. It denotes movement with the help of a map in unfamiliar terrain. Orientation among civilians began in 1918. At that time, interest in athletics was declining, and orienteering, with its fascination, returned young people to sports. Since then, the popularity of this sport has been growing.

Orienteering appeared in the USSR in 1957 as a form of tourism. In the beginning, it was an adult sport. But from the beginning of the 90s, youth and children's competitions began to appear.

Today, major competitions, such as Russian Azimuth, gather up to 200,000 participants annually.

What orienteering can give a runner

Let's start with the fact that running volumes are quite decent. Competitive distances up to 20 km on difficult ground require serious and versatile physical training. Endurance and running technique alone is not enough. You need developed coordination of movements, trained stabilizer muscles, and a stable ankle.

When you run on the highway, you develop a movement pattern. With each workout, jogging takes less and less energy. The body adapts to monotonous movements, disables extra muscles, optimizes energy consumption. The asphalt is smooth and even, so it's easy to get used to it.

In addition, the asphalt is hard, which means you can use the elastic force of the muscles and tendons as a spring, returning some of the energy when repulsed. See how marathon runners run - they jump like balls on asphalt.

In orienteering, the ground is soft, it dampens the elastic shock, no spring is obtained. Running this way is much more difficult, you can test it out by doing a sandy beach workout. Just do not overdo it - such training easily leads to overtraining.

The surface is also constantly changing. Path, forest, swamp, stones, branches, logs. It is impossible to develop a universal stereotype of movement. The body adapts differently, it begins to train endurance.

Let's leave the epic atmosphere and music on the conscience of the creators of the video, in real orientation everything is more prosaic. Look better at running technique and compare with the previous video.

One of the most objective indicators of human performance is maximum oxygen consumption (MOC). It determines the power of the work produced by the muscles by the amount of oxygen absorbed. On average, athletes have this parameter of about 70, and orienteers have about 80. That is, orienteers are one-eighth more enduring.

Don't be embarrassed that marathons are won by runners, this is due to the accumulated motor stereotype that we talked about above. And this does not mean that a runner does not need to be endurance. Developing technique can be easier than building endurance.

An example is Pavel Naumov, who, after performing in orienteering, moved to athletics. In 2005, he received gold at the Russian Athletics Championships in the 3 km run. He was a member of the Russian national running team and won prizes in international competitions.

Besides running

Running is one side of orienteering. No less important is the work of the head: the speed of decision-making, attentiveness, spatial imagination, the ability to keep several objects in the head at the same time, to quickly find them. Without these qualities, good physical training easily lead in the opposite direction from the finish line.

Athletes are guided by a map, on which roads, forests, glades, swamps, rocks, pits and hills, in some cases even trees are shown by symbols.

The brain solves several problems at once.

He analyzes the map, notes the characteristic features of the area: “on the right is a clearing, ahead after 200 meters the path will turn left, after the turn from the path a ravine will depart, at the end of which there is a checkpoint.”

Gives an idea of ​​how this area will look like in reality: what is the density of the forest and the visibility range, which landmarks will be clearly visible and which are difficult to notice, how difficult it is to run in this area, etc.

You must notice landmarks and understand where you are relative to them so as not to get lost. They must look under their feet so as not to fall or crash into a tree. Must follow the map.

Psychologist George Miller published in 1955, in which were the results of a study of human attention. You can read it and at the same time raise the level of English, but for me the general conclusion is important: a person can simultaneously keep about 7 objects in his mind. But this number can be increased by training. For a strong orienteer, it reaches 11, that is, one and a half times higher than for an ordinary person. There are athletes who plan their way to the next checkpoint before reaching the first one.

This may not sound like much, but keep speed in mind. Can you make a grocery list for the whole family at a speed of 4 min / km? And after 15 km through the hills and bushes at this pace?

Together

When planning a path to the next point, you must not only determine the shortest option, but also correctly assess your capabilities. You can choose a direct path through the swamp and swim in it for 20 minutes. Or run around, increase your distance by half a kilometer, but in the end be the first, because running along the path is much faster.

You must use your strengths: endurance, speed, error-free analysis and route building. This approach provides an almost endless variety of tactics and options for passing the distance. Therefore, even within one competition, each participant gets his own distance. And only the time at the finish line shows who is really right.

Other types

In addition to the classic running orienteering described above, there are 4 more types in which the World and European Championships are held:

ski orienteering happens the set direction and marking.

The given direction is reminiscent of summer orienteering, only on skis. Athletes move mainly on ski tracks, because it is inconvenient to climb through the bushes on skis. The meaning of competition, as in summer form, take a number of checkpoints and be the first to finish the distance.

Marking is our national type of orienteering. It is expensive and difficult to prepare a network of ski tracks for a given direction, so Soviet coaches came up with the idea of ​​letting athletes go on one track. On it, participants find control points and must mark their position on the map. If the item is marked incorrectly, the athlete is charged a penalty time. The final result is determined by the time of passage of the route in the amount of a fine. This type of orienteering is the most technically complex and is still carried out only in Russia.

Bicycle orientation looks like a winter set direction. On the map, instead of ski tracks, roads and the speed of movement along them are indicated, as well as places dangerous for cyclists, such as logs.

trail-o- Orientation for the disabled. Competitions in this form are arranged according to a principle similar to marking. The route and the sequence of passing the route are predetermined. Several prisms are located at the checkpoints, and participants need to determine which one most closely matches the map and legend. Legend - a description of the item's location. It may turn out that all the prisms are wrong. The one with the fewest mistakes wins.

Participants may have different limited opportunities, so the time of passing the distance is not taken into account.

Rogaine- long orientation.

Unlike the classic format, rogaine competitions last from several hours to a day. During this time, participants must find as many checkpoints as possible, and the order of passing them can be arbitrary.

Sports are developing, other disciplines are also emerging: orienteering in kayaks, in caves and labyrinths, sprinting, night orienteering, etc.

Conclusion

Orienteering is an exciting sport. Workouts combine running training, game moments and logical tasks. Competitions offer a versatile test of your abilities.

We at the Running Lab love orienteering. Many of our employees were professionally engaged in it or are still engaged in it, they were members of the national teams of Russia and took part in the World Championships.

If you are looking for new goals or want to diversify running training- try orientation.

The article was prepared by: Dmitry Gavrilov and Svetlana Razumnaya.

To effectively teach orienteering techniques, we first define a list of those knowledge, skills and abilities, the development of which will make it possible to consider that the student has mastered the initial stage and can move on.

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1. Knowledge of symbols.
2. Getting used to the forest, to orientation.
3. Understanding diagrams and maps.
4. Determination of cardinal directions without a compass, map orientation.
5. Determination of the azimuth to the landmark.
6. Distance measurement on the map, distance control on the ground.
7. Orientation along individual paths.
8. Orientation from path to path, cuts from path to path.
9. Folding the card, tracking with the thumb.
10. Relief reading.

Exercises for teaching knowledge, skills and abilities

1. Conventional signs (hereinafter referred to as SS) of orienteering maps are certainly one of the most important knowledge, without which an athlete is like a student trying to understand what is written in a book without knowing the letters. The following exercises can be applied to the study of US:

1.1. Explain the KM table - compare the graphic image with real objects.

1.2. Make “loto” out of UZ: draw symbols on the plates, write the name on the “barrels” - we take out the name from the bag, the one who has this UZ on the table closes the cage, everything else is like in loto.

1.3. Distribute sports cards, the task is to redraw the KM in groups:
a) hydrography,
b) vegetation,
c) relief,
d) rocks and stones
e) artificial structures.

1.4. On identical maps, give the task to find the smallest or largest clearing, the same lake, the same swamp, count the number of micropits and other point landmarks, name the signs oriented along the magnetic meridian line.

1.5. “Journey” on the map along the line of the magnetic meridian or arbitrarily - we call the US, the students name the object or vice versa.

1.6. A relay race in which we hang checkpoints (hereinafter referred to as CP) on the turn line with a UZ instead of a number, the participants pass cards in which they write the name of the UZ.

1.7. “Dictation” - the trainer verbally describes the path, the students draw a diagram with the help of US.

1.8. On the card, five UZs are drawn, one of which does not correspond to the group, for example, four dotted, one linear, students must determine the inappropriate sign.

2. Getting used to the forest, to orientation - this skill is necessary to overcome the natural fear of an unfamiliar forest and to get the children used to the process of orientation.

2.1. Jogging in a group with a coach along a marked track, along the track near the landmarks, hang out signs with a UZ pattern.

2.2. Jogging first in a group, then one by one along the marked track, mark on the card the encountering checkpoints or some, for example, those on which the KM of the “relief” group is depicted.

2.3. In the classroom, in the gym or in the school yard, equip up to 20 CPs, the task is to mark all the CPs in order, mark the CP with ultrasonic hydrography. The same with the relay.

2.4. The coach verbally describes the path of movement from the map, the students follow the maps, the control is carried out at the control point - the students show where they are.

2.5. On the map with a drawn “thread”, students verbally describe what they “see” around them: “I am walking along the path, on the left I see a microhole twenty meters away”, etc.

2.6. The trainer schematically draws fragments from the map in an enlarged image, the students look for the corresponding places on the map, the option is pieces of the distance.

3. Understanding the scheme, maps - a skill necessary for understanding a sports map - what it is, how it is created, how it is used in orienteering.

3.1. The task is to draw a map of your hand, name the fingers on the map and in reality.

3.2. Draw a map of the desk, placing the objects on it yourself - the beginning of scaling.

3.3. Having placed several objects on the field, give the task to draw a map.

3.4. Together with the group, draw up a map of the class, gym, school yard, take turns setting the distances from the control point.

3.5. Compare geographical maps and schemes, land management, forest management, urban, etc. Review aerial photographs.

3.6. “Mosaic” - cut the map into pieces, for beginners into large fragments, for more experienced ones into small ones, the task is to fold the map, for a while or in a relay race.

4. Determining the cardinal points - this skill is necessary, first of all, to maintain safety when doing orienteering, inexperienced orienteers in the forest sometimes lose their orientation, the compass can be lost or broken, it cannot exist at all. Orientation of the map is necessary for the successful completion of orientation - the main skills: the “north” of the map must coincide with the direction to the north, the map must be read “from oneself”.

4.1. To teach to determine the direction to the north by trees, by anthills, by the sun, by the stars.

4.2. Draw a north-south line on a sheet in a box, mark the start and conduct a dictation in the directions and number of movement cells. For example: “three cells to the north, two cells to the northwest”, etc.

4.3. The students are divided into two teams, the coach indicates the direction to the north, calls one participant at a time and shows the direction - whoever calls first, earns a point for the team.

4.4. IN gym on the floor we draw cells and a route, on the hands of a “map” - the participants walk along the route and, when changing the direction of movement, turn the map, following the principle of reading “from oneself”.

4.5. On the terrain, during a walk or cross-country, the group on command moves in a certain direction with distance control, for example, to the northeast 200 meters, then the coach changes direction and distance.

4.6. “Dictation” of movement on the map, students change the position of the map with each change of direction in order to read “from themselves”

5. Determining the azimuth to a landmark - this skill includes the skill of using a compass, not only determining the azimuth, but also controlling the direction in motion.

5.1. Studying the compass, learning to determine the azimuth to the landmark, the azimuth to the CP on the map.

5.2. Each student has a map with a distance and a compass, while doing physical exercises on command, everyone takes the azimuth to the next control point, shows the coach the direction of movement.

5.3. On the terrain around the start, we set the control point at a different distance, the task is to use the azimuth to find all the control points in turn, returning to the start after each execution.

5.4. On the ground, we set a closed distance on a “white” map (a sheet of paper with a distance without conventional signs, with a direction to the north), everyone passes the distance in azimuth, taking into account the specified scale.

5.5. On a sunny day, students determine the bearing to the control point using a compass, but find the control point, leaving the compass at the start - used to maintain the direction of the shadow from the trees. It is carried out both on the “white” and on the regular map.

6. Measuring the distance on the map, converting to meters taking into account the scale, controlling the distance on the ground - the orienteer must accurately determine the distance to the landmark on the map, which he must overcome and control the distance traveled on the ground.

6.1. Draw lines of various lengths on the card, first straight, then curvilinear - the task is to measure the length of the lines in millimeters, convert to meters at different map scales, write down the answer on the cards. Take measurements by eye, checking yourself with a ruler.

6.2. At the command of the coach, students put in a notebook segments of various lengths: in centimeters, in millimeters, in meters at such and such a scale.

6.3. The trainer describes the movement on the map indicating the distance in meters, then indicating the distance in centimeters on a scale other than that of the students.

6.4. Measure 100 meters in different terrain (on the road, in the field, in the forest, in the swamp, etc.), count the steps with one foot (only the left or only the right) while running at competitive speed - the so-called pair of steps, remember each one indicators.

6.5. During cross-country training, measure the distance traveled by counting pairs of steps, control on the map or mutually.

6.6. During the cross-country, visually determine the distance to the landmark, control by counting pairs of steps.

6.7. KP put on learning distance on linear landmarks (at a distance of up to 10 meters from them) indicating at each distance to the next.

6.8. Students walk the distance according to a verbal description, for example: 200 meters along the path, turn southwest, walk 160 meters along the azimuth of 195 degrees, 250 meters down the stream, etc.

7. Orientation along individual paths - the task at this stage is to teach the beginner not just to run around the area, but to move along the distance with constant reading of the map.

7.1. Put a control on familiar terrain on 2-3 paths - at forks, at the intersection with clearings, with streams, near noticeable, unambiguous landmarks, run in a group, mark the location of the control on the map, at the next training give the task to independently run the same route and mark the control (change the location of the checkpoint), then give a map with other checkpoints on the same track - the task is to find the checkpoint on your own.

7.2. On the map, draw a line along the paths - a “thread”, set a checkpoint on landmarks, students run along the paths, trying to adhere to the drawn line, mark the location of all checkpoints on the map.

8. Orientation from path to path - this skill continues the development of the orienteer's thinking, is a step towards constant orientation.

8.1. Running along a marked distance with a transition from path to path along the marking.

8.2. Running along the path from the control at the transition from the trail to the trail, on the control there is an arrow indicating the direction of the transition, on the second path there is also a control.

8.3. Running in a group along the paths, taking control points from landmarks on the trail, control points are not very far from the trails.

8.4. Independent setting of the checkpoint, first at the forks of the trails, at the intersections of the trails with glades, with streams, then at point or areal landmarks not far from the trails.

9. Folding the card, tracking with the thumb - when folding the card, it is necessary to save as much information as possible while working with the card (large working field - the card is torn, it is inconvenient to work with it, a small working field - you can not see important information).

9.1. During the discussion of distances in the audience, follow the folding of the map, tracking the movement with the help of thumb(the thumb should be on the place on the map where the athlete decided in this moment, or the last time).

9.2. During the cross-country in pairs, one tells the second, looking at the run in the map, his best option for moving along the distance, the second controls the movement on the map, folding the map and accompanying the first participant with the thumb, change roles from time to time.

10. Terrain Reading - A lot of CPs are placed on the terrain, so it is very important to read the terrain correctly, in addition, when moving along the distance, the terrain is used almost all the time as a guide.

10.1. On the cards, draw several profiles and contour lines of the vertices, the task is to find the contour lines corresponding to the profile.

10.2. Determine from the contour line drawing which hill is the highest, which is the lowest, which slope is steep, which is gentle.

10.3. For 5-6 descriptions, select the appropriate profiles and contour lines, for example: a) a hill 15 meters high with one vertex in the middle, b) with two vertices equal in height, etc.

10.4. On the map, paint over the projections of the relief in red, and in blue - the hollows and depressions.

10.5. On a map with small and medium relief, draw circles with a diameter of 3-4 centimeters, mark the “sun” with a dot inside the circle, the task is to draw shadows from the “sun” inside the circle with a pencil.

10.6. Take a map with a distance and a blank sheet of paper, the task is to draw a profile along the relief section along a straight line connecting the control point, observing the scale and relief section.

10.7. On the map with the distance, find and draw with a pencil the path with the smallest (greatest) climb between the two control points.