The history of the development of hockey and its rules. Hockey: the history of the emergence and development Which country is considered the birthplace of modern hockey
Millions of loyal fans from all over the world are watching with great interest the battles of the best hockey teams. Famous athletes are real idols for many men and women. Vivid emotions, amazing combinations, as well as spectacular goals have long been an integral part of the competition. From this article you will learn everything about hockey.
Versions of occurrence
Canadians are considered the founders of the game, it is in the country of the maple leaf sports matches on ice were a popular pastime. The Dutch also claim the right to call themselves ancestors. Historians have found several ancient paintings by European artists that have been dated back to the 16th century. In these images, you can see people playing with sticks on the ice. The older brother of this sport is field hockey with a small ball. It was popular with the British military who stayed in Canada after the war with the French. The long winter and the harsh climate of the northern part of the continent caused the game to be adapted to the new weather conditions. Matches began to take place on frozen bodies of water.
Big Debut
The modern stage in the history of ice hockey began back in 1875, when local athletes held an official match at a small rink in Montreal. Many Canadians wanted to know everything about hockey and find out what it is. Newspaper columns were devoted to the first competitions, fans came to the skating rinks. About 9 people played in each of the teams, a wooden disk served as an analogue of the puck, and stones were used as gates. Beginning athletes did not think about protection, they most often used light baseball equipment.
First Rules
At first, matches could be played according to different rules, everything depended on specific cases. Several students from the local University of Montreal managed to fix a number of laws of the game. 7 simple points became fundamental for the further development of the competition. Soon the first rubber puck was developed, after a couple of years several teams created a common sports association. The rules gradually became more perfect, they managed to streamline and print only in 1886.
The following players were on the field at the same time:
- 3 forwards.
- 2 defenders.
- 1 goalkeeper.
- 1 rover (a strong athlete who moved around the court and scored the most goals).
Stanley Cup
More and more men began to get involved in the newfangled game. Lord Frederick Stanley (local Governor-General) at the end of the 19th century acquired a large goblet. The trophy looked like a pyramid, which is completely made of silver rings. This award was presented annually to the winners of the next tournament. From 1927 the prize was taken home best players National Hockey League. At the moment, this competition is considered the most prestigious in the world. 
New rules at the beginning of the 20th century
In the zero years of the last century, many people wanted to know everything about hockey - who invented it and what to do with the puck on ice. Great spectator interest was the reason that the game improved at a rapid pace. A net appeared on the gate for the first time. Thus, almost all disputes about the correctness of goal scored. A whistle made of metal in the cold Canadian realities turned out to be impractical, the judges used the bell for a long time.
The spectacle, however, had several shortcomings. The speeds of the players were still slow, the athletes quickly tired. After some time, the members of the hockey association approved the following innovations:
- Legalization of replacements.
- The appearance of numbers on sweaters.
- Allowing goalkeepers to take their skates off the ice.
- Repealed the rule that forbade passing the puck forward.
- The recommended duration of the match is set (3 periods of 20 minutes).
Arena construction
Matches were played mostly outdoors. Initially, the hockey rink was an ordinary ice rink, the ice was natural and not always perfectly even. After some time, fights began to take place in specially constructed buildings. When designing buildings, workers deliberately left small holes in the walls so that the high temperature would not interfere with the competition.
The ice rink with an artificial cooling system was built in the birthplace of ice hockey. Large arenas appeared only in the 1930s of the twentieth century. Canada is not the only country where sports infrastructure has developed. In the American city of Chicago, in 1938, the fifteen thousandth "Sports Palace" was built, which regularly hosted various fights of an international scale. Also, Europeans began to get involved in competitions. The International Federation was founded in May 1908.
Emergence of professional teams and leagues
Many fans ask the question of where hockey among professionals originated and came up with the rules. A similar team was created in Canada in 1904. During this period of time, the match organizers decided to switch to a new game format. As part of each club, there were 6 hockey players on the field at the same time, the standard size of the field was approved: length - 56 m, and width - 26 m. The first leagues appeared purely for professional athletes.It was clear that soon the newfangled sport would conquer the whole world. In 1908, in France, representatives of the athletic elite founded the International Hockey Union, whose members were the British, Belgians, Swiss and French.
Competitions and matches
The intercontinental duel was organized in 1920. The team from Canada coped with the athletes from the UK without any problems. The first World Championship was held only in 1992, before the strongest team on the planet was determined only within the framework of the Winter Olympic Games. On this moment the best sports representatives of 16 nations annually compete for the title of the most skilled hockey players on the planet.
Basic Rules
Modern hockey is very fast paced. The following features of the action can be distinguished:- Hockey ice is put in order before the start of each game segment.
- The fight consists of three periods of 20 minutes.
- Any stoppage of time ends with a throw-in.
- The duration of the break is 15 minutes.
- Only 5 field players and a goalkeeper can be on the field, in total the club consists of approximately 25 athletes.
- Power struggle is allowed.
- Tripping, hitting an opponent with elbows, and trying to hold an opponent by force is strictly prohibited.
- For each violation, an athlete can be removed from the game for several minutes, while his team will be forced to defend in the minority.
Equipment
There is a special form for playing hockey. Beginning players are required to purchase the following items:- Stick made of aluminum or wood.
- Skates.
- Elbow pads.
- Helmet.
- Bib.
- Groin protection.
- Special shorts and sweater.
- Gloves (gaiters) and shields.
Modern competitions
The most prestigious championship is the National Hockey League, which is attended by leading teams from the US and Canada. All young athletes dream of one day entering the NHL field to take part in the next Stanley Cup. The KHL is trying to compete with this tournament, in which leading clubs from Russia, Europe and even China compete. Russian hockey has always been at the top of the world rankings. For the first time the championship of the USSR was held in the post-war 1946. Already after 10 years main team country made a triumphant debut at the world championship when she managed to beat the Canadians in the final. At the moment, our compatriots are the leading team on the planet, and also annually claim the title of World Champion.
- Before the start of each match, the puck is frozen so that it does not bounce around the court.
- Dental problems are a common occurrence among hockey players. Many of the athletes lost them right during the fight.
- The speed of a rubber projectile sometimes reaches 200 kilometers per hour.
- Sport equipment is an integral part of the sport. Previously, players played without special protection, many goalkeepers were simply “strewn” with scars. At the moment, you can choose your equipment in one of the popular online stores. Stayer comfort clothing outperforms its competitors in many ways. Overalls and jackets are made of modern water-wicking synthetic fibers. They keep heat well and are ventilated.
Other versions of the game
This type of competition first became popular in the middle of the last century. Which country invented bandy? Initially, the matches were held on the territory of Great Britain, the official duel was held on the territory of the Russian Empire. In 1898, St. Petersburg sports enthusiasts took part in the competition. At the moment, the team game takes place on a rectangular area measuring 110 by 65 meters. The main goal is to score a small ball with a club into the opponent's goal. The rules are quite simple and similar to football. The winner is determined as a result of two halves of 45 minutes. 11 athletes play on the field at the same time, the number of substitutions is not limited. This type of competition is less popular than its "Canadian brother". In this article, we tried to reveal information about the history of hockey, and its features. Remember that this is a traumatic sport, so you need to be careful and attentive when you are on the ice.
Hockeywith puck is a sports team game on ice in which the goal is to shoot the puck into the opponent's goal more times than the opposing team will do in a set time. The puck is passed from player to player along the ice court with special hockey sticks. The team that scores the most goals in the opponent's goal wins.
International Ice Hockey Federation international organization, which is engaged in the development of ice hockey and unites national federations.
The history of the emergence and development of ice hockey
Disputes about where and when hockey appeared do not stop to this day. The official birthplace of modern hockey is considered to be Montreal (Canada). Another popular view is that hockey originated in Holland. There are paintings by Dutch masters dating back to the 16th century showing people playing a game similar to hockey. But whatever it was in Holland, in Montreal at the Victoria rink, on March 3, 1875, the first officially recorded hockey match was played.
Where and when did ice hockey originate?
Canada in the middle of the 19th century.
Two years later, the first seven rules of hockey were invented. In 1879, the wooden washer was replaced by its rubber alternative. In 1886, improved rules of the game were streamlined and printed:
- the number of players was reduced to seven;
- the entire match from start to finish was played by one squad;
- only injured players were allowed to be substituted and after the consent of the opposing team.
The first professional hockey team was formed in Canada in 1904. In the same year, the teams were reduced to six players. The standard size of the site was established - 56 × 26 m, which has changed little since then. It became possible to replace players not only because of injuries.
Later, the Patrick brothers introduced a system for assigning a number to each player, a new scoring system, marking the court into certain zones. In 1945, multi-colored lights were installed outside the goal to more accurately count goals.
Ice hockey rules (briefly)
The following important points are defined in the modern rules of the game of ice hockey:
- an ice hockey match consists of three periods, each period lasts 20 minutes;
- each period begins with a puck face-off and ends with the referee's whistle;
- the puck is thrown in by the referee;
- between periods there are 15 minute breaks, which are accompanied by a change of gates;
- six players can be on the field at the same time, while a full hockey team consists of 20-25 people;
- replacement of players occurs both in pauses and during the game;
- power wrestling is allowed in hockey;
- in power wrestling, the following are prohibited: tripping, delaying an opponent, elbow strikes, as well as attacking a player who does not own the puck;
- the regular time of the game may end in a draw and there will be overtime, after which a shootout may follow;
- for violations, athletes are sent to the penalty box.
Hockey field
Hockey rink sizes vary depending on the rules (NHL or IIHF). According to the IIHF version, the size of the site can vary from 56 - 60 meters in length and 26 - 30 meters in width. In the NHL, the dimensions of the court are strictly fixed at 60.96 meters long and 25.90 meters wide. It is believed that a smaller court leads to a more colorful game, namely power struggles, shots on goal and play near the boards.
The corners of the court must be rounded with an arc of a circle with a radius of 7 m to 8.5 m according to the rules of the IIHF and 8.53 m in the NHL.
The site must be fenced with a side 1.20 - 1.22 meters high. On the front sides behind the gates along the entire width of the field (including roundings) a protective glass fence 1.6-2 m high is attached.
The hockey rink is marked as follows:
- end lines (goal lines) are drawn at a distance of 3 - 4 meters from the boards;
- at a distance of 17.23 meters from the goal line, blue zone lines are drawn, thanks to which the court is divided into 3 zones: the central zone and two opponent zones;
- in the center of the field there is a red line dividing the court in half, and a face-off point located in the middle of the red line;
- face-off points with a face-off zone with a radius of 4.5 meters are drawn on both sides of the goal at a distance of 6 meters.
There are a total of nine throw-in spots on the hockey rink:
- central point;
- four face-off endpoints (two in each zone);
- four face-off spots in the neutral zone.
The hockey rink is equipped with two benches for penalized players.
Ice hockey goal size
Ice hockey goals consist of two bars (vertical posts) that are on the goal line at an equal distance from the sides and connected at the top. horizontal bar. The distance between the bars (width) is 1.83 m, and the distance from the lower edge of the crossbar to the ice surface (height) is 1.22 m. The diameter of the crossbar and both bars is no more than 5 cm.
Hockey equipment
Hockey is a very traumatic sport, so much attention is paid to protective equipment.
Hockey equipment consists of:
- Ice hockey stick - sports equipment, with which athletes move the puck around the court. The size of a hockey stick is approximately 150-200 cm.
- Ice hockey skates are boots with metal blades attached to them. Used to move on ice.
- Helmet for head protection.
- Knee pads and elbow pads. Knee pads are designed to protect knee joint and shins of a hockey player, elbow pads for protection elbow joint player.
- Breastplate provides protection chest and the entire back of the player.
- Gloves protect hands, wrist joints and lower part player's forearms when hitting the hands with the stick or hitting the puck.
- Mouthguard to prevent injury to teeth.
- Hockey shorts are designed to prevent injury to a hockey player during falls, collisions, puck hits and other cases.
- Throat Guard - A semi-rigid piece of plastic or Kevlar that protects the player's throat, neck (front and back), and collarbones.
- Sweater is a must sports equipment an ice hockey player, worn over protection.
- Gaiters.
- Hockey puck. The maximum recorded speed of the puck in hockey is more than 180 km/h. Dimensions hockey puck: thickness 2.54 cm, diameter 7.62 cm, weight 156-170 gr.
The goalkeeper's equipment consists of:
- Goalie stick.
- Goalie skates. They have a long wide blade; plastic impact-resistant outer construction; shortened back; special holes in the glass of the ridge for attaching shields.
- Helmet and mask.
- Throat protection.
- Bib.
- A shell to protect the groin area from being hit by pucks and other injuries.
- Hockey shorts.
- Blocker (Damn) - a wide goalie glove with places for fingers on the inside.
- Trap - a glove similar to a baseball trap, but designed specifically for catching the puck, taking into account hockey specifics.
- Shields.
- The top uniform and helmets of the players of the same team must be the same color (the goalkeeper is allowed to have a helmet of a different color from the helmets of other players).
- Washer.
referees in ice hockey
The history of ice hockey is one of the most contested of all sports. Traditionally, Montreal is considered the birthplace of hockey, although more recent studies point to the championship of Kingston (Ontario) or Windsor (Nova Scotia).
There is evidence that games resembling hockey (more precisely, field hockey) have existed since ancient times. Some believe that this game originated in Persia, where polo once appeared. According to other sources, the ancient Greeks also had a game reminiscent of hockey, which was even included in the program of the Olympic Games. She was called Freininda. In Athens, the bas-reliefs of the famous Themistocles wall, which is over 2400 years old, depict young people playing what is very reminiscent of modern field hockey. A similar game was played in the 16th-17th centuries in England and France. In the 16th century, a game with a ball on ice appeared in Holland - "bandy".
Scene on Ice (Henrik Averkamp, early 17th century)
Then, similar games appeared in Scandinavia, where later in the 19th century they were transformed into bandy on ice. Still, they knew such a game in China, five and a half centuries ago. The ancient Indians were also fond of hockey fights. Evidence of this are the frescoes exhibited at the National Museum of Anthropology in Mexico City. They depict athletes playing a small ball with curved sticks. Some sources claim that the birth of ice hockey is associated with the life of the Indians of the far north of America, who competed on ice in the game with sticks.
And if you resort to the help of linguists, you can find out that the word "hockey" - French descent. "Hoke" - this is the name of the shepherd's staff with a curved handle in French.
But, despite this, Canada is still considered the birthplace of modern ice hockey.
There are many versions of the origin of hockey in Canada. One of them is that field hockey first appeared in Europe. When in 1763 Great Britain conquered Canada from France, the English arrows brought it to Halifax, whose inhabitants were carried away new game. Since Canadian winters are very harsh and long, the area has always welcomed winter views sports. Attaching cheese cutters to their boots, English and French speaking Canadians played the game on frozen rivers, lakes and other bodies of water. At first they played not with a puck, but with a heavy ball, and the number of teams reached 50 or more players on each side. In Nova Scotia and Virginia, there are old paintings of people playing hockey.
The first formal game was held in 1855 in Kingston, Ontario, by teams drawn from the Royal Canadian Fusiliers of the Imperial Army. And the first official match took place on March 3, 1875 in Montreal at the Victoria rink, information about which was recorded in the Montreal newspaper Montreal Gazette. Each team consisted of nine people. They played with a wooden puck, and borrowed protective equipment from baseball. For the first time on the ice put a hockey goal.
1st McGill University Hockey Team
In the 1870s ice hockey in Canada was a compulsory game for everyone sports holidays. In 1877, some students at Montreal's McGill University invented the first seven hockey rules. In 1879, a rubber puck was proposed for the game. After some time, the game became so popular that in 1883 it was presented at the annual Montreal Winter Carnival. The Amateur Hockey Association was founded in Montreal in 1885.
Hockey at the McGill University rink, 1884
The first official rules for the game of ice hockey were published in 1886, which have survived to the present day as much as possible. According to them, the number of field players decreased from nine to seven, the goalkeeper, the front and rear defenders, the center and two forwards were on the ice, and the rover acted ahead across the entire width of the field - the strongest hockey player, best of all throwing pucks. The team played the whole match in the same line-up, and by the end of the game the athletes were literally crawling on the ice from fatigue, because it was allowed to replace only the player who was injured (and even then in the last period and only with the consent of the opponents). The Canadian R Smith became the author of the new code of rules. In 1886, the first international meeting was held between Canadian and English teams.
In 1890, a championship was held in Ontario for four teams. Soon there were covered skating rinks with natural ice. To prevent it from melting, narrow slots were cut in the walls and roofs for the access of cold air. In 1899, the world's first indoor stadium for playing hockey with an artificial ice rink, designed for an unprecedented number of spectators - 10,000 people. In the same year, the Canadian Amateur Hockey League was founded.
Montreal's 1894 Stanley Cup team
The game of hockey became so popular that in 1893, the Governor General of Canada, Lord Frederick Arthur Stanley, bought for 10 guineas a cup that looked like an inverted pyramid of silver rings - to be presented to the country's champion. This is how the legendary trophy, the Stanley Cup, was born. At first, amateurs fought for it, and since 1910 - professionals.
Team Montreal Victoria 1896.
In 1900, a net appeared on the gate, made for the first time from a fishing net, it made it possible to accurately determine whether a goal was scored against a team. After that, disputes about the scored puck that sometimes reached team fights stopped, it became much more convenient for referees and hockey players to follow the goal. Then, a metal net was hung on the gate. It was durable, but after hitting the puck flew back and sometimes injured the goalkeeper or the player who was at the gate. This shortcoming was corrected by a second rope net stretched inside the gate to soften the blow. Today's network combines these two networks. The referee's metal whistle, which stuck to his lips from the cold, was replaced with a bell, and soon with a plastic whistle. At the same time, the puck throw-in was introduced (earlier, the referee used his hands to move the sticks of the opponents to the puck lying on the ice and, having blown the whistle, moved to the side so as not to get hit with the stick).
The first professional hockey team was created in Canada in 1904. In the same year, hockey players switched to a new game system - "six by six". The standard size of the site was established - 56 x 26 m, which has hardly changed since then. Four seasons later, there was a complete division into professionals and amateurs. For the latter, the Allan Cup was established, which has been played since 1908. Its owners subsequently represented Canada at the World Championships.
At the beginning of the 20th century, Europeans became interested in Canadian hockey. I Congress, held on May 15-16, 1908 in Paris, founded the International Ice Hockey Federation (LIHG), which initially united four countries - France, Great Britain, Switzerland and Belgium. From the birth of the game, until 1903, Europeans played on natural ice The first artificial ice appeared in London, after which the improvement of skating rinks and the construction of new ones began. And soon the UK was able to develop hockey to a professional level, but not for long... The war on hockey, like all other sports, had a great negative impact...
To increase the entertainment and speed of the game in 1910, the replacement of athletes was allowed. In the same year, the National Hockey Association (NHA) arose, the successor of which was the famous National Hockey League (NHL), which appeared in 1917.
Hockey match, 1922
In 1911, the LIHG formalized the Canadian rules for hockey.
In 1920, the first meeting took place in an official tournament - at Olympic Games, simultaneously considered world championships - between the teams of the Old and New Worlds. Canadians have confirmed their glory as the strongest hockey power in the world. The Canadians won Olympic tournaments 1924 and 1928. In 1936 Great Britain won the title Olympic champion, taking it away from the Canadians, who owned it for 16 years.
A lot of innovations belong to the hockey players brothers Patrick - Frank and Lester (the latter became a well-known hockey figure). On their initiative, each player was assigned a number, points were awarded not only for goals, but also for assists (the "goal + pass" system), hockey players were allowed to pass the puck forward, and goalkeepers were allowed to take their skates off the ice. The game has since gone on to last three periods of 20 minutes each.
History of hockey
The history of hockey is one of the most contested of all sports. Traditionally, the birthplace of hockey is considered to be Montreal (Canada) (although more recent information indicates the championship of Kingston, Ontario or Windsor, Nova Scotia). However, some 16th-century Dutch paintings also show many people playing a hockey-like game on a frozen canal. But, despite this, Canada is still considered the birthplace of modern hockey.
In 1900, a net appeared on the gate. According to legend, Canadian Francis Nilson adapted fishing net. Thanks to this novelty, disputes about whether a goal was scored or not stopped. The referee's metal whistle, which stuck to the lips from the cold, was replaced with a bell, and soon with a plastic whistle. At the same time, the puck throw-in was introduced (earlier, the referee used his hands to move the sticks of the opponents to the puck lying on the ice and, having blown the whistle, moved to the side so as not to get hit with the stick).
The first professional hockey team was formed in Canada in 1904. In the same year, hockey players switched to a new game system - “six by six”. A standard site size of 56 × 26 m was established, which has changed little since then. Four seasons later, there was a complete division into professionals and amateurs. For the latter, the Allan Cup was established, which has been played since 1908. Its owners subsequently represented Canada at the World Championships.
At the beginning of the 20th century, Europeans became interested in Canadian hockey. The Congress in Paris in 1908 founded the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF), initially uniting four countries - Belgium, France, Great Britain and Switzerland. In 1914, the Canadian Hockey Association (KAHA) was formed, and in 1920 it became a member of the International Federation.
To increase the entertainment and speed of the game in 1910, the replacement of athletes was allowed. In the same year, the National Hockey Association arose, and the famous National Hockey League (NHL) did not appear until 1917.
A lot of innovations belong to the hockey players Patrick brothers - James, Craig and Lester (the latter became a well-known hockey figure). On their initiative, the players were assigned numbers, points were awarded not only for goals, but also for assists (the “goal plus pass” system), hockey players were allowed to pass the puck forward, and goalkeepers were allowed to take their skates off the ice. The game has since gone on to last three periods of 20 minutes each.
In 1911, the IIHF officially approved the Canadian rules of hockey, and in 1920 the first world championship was held. In 1929, goaltender Clint Benedict of the Montreal Maroons wore a mask for the first time. In 1934, the free throw was legalized - shootout. In 1945, multi-colored lanterns were installed outside the goal to more accurately record goals scored (“red” means a goal, “green” means no goal was scored). In the same year, triple refereeing was introduced: the chief referee and two assistants (line judges). In 1946, the system of judicial gestures for specific violations of the rules was legalized.
NHL rules dictate the size of the court at 200 x 85 feet, that is, 60.96 x 25.90 meters. In the NHL, smaller sizes are considered to be conducive to power struggles, shots on goal, play at the boards, where there is a lot of heated martial arts, skirmishes and fights [ ] .
The corners of the court must be rounded with an arc of a circle with a radius of 7 m to 8.5 m under IIHF rules and 28 feet (8.53 m) in the NHL.
boards
The site is fenced with a boarding 1.20-1.22 m high, having roundings (with a radius of 7-8.5 m) in the corners of the field. A 1.6-2 m high protective glass fence is mounted on the front sides behind the goals across the entire width of the field (including roundings). In the middle part of the side wall, there are two gates that open inward and are designed for players to enter the court. Two more gates are located opposite: on the bench for fined players.
markup
At 3-4 m from the front sides, red goal lines are drawn, in the center of which the goal is located and the blue color of the goal area with a red border is applied. At 17.23 m from the goal line there are blue zone lines, thanks to which the court is divided into 3 zones: the middle zone and two opponent zones. In the center of the field there is a red line dividing the court in half, and a face-off point located in the middle of the red line. Throw-in points are marked on both sides of the goal at a distance of 6 m, of which the boundaries of the face-off zones are marked with a radius of 4.5 m.
Penalty Bench
Each hockey rink is equipped with two benches for penalized players. Each bench must be designed for at least 5 players. The minimum length of the bench is 4 meters, the width is 1.5 meters.
Equipment
Much attention is paid to hockey equipment. Athletes take care to protect themselves as much as possible from painful blows pucks and sticks, from impacts in a collision with another player, from falling on board, etc. Previously, the hockey player's uniform was heavy, and the hockey players looked awkward in it, experienced discomfort, but this did not stop them from playing.
The top uniform and helmets of the players of the same team must be the same color (the goalkeeper is allowed to have a helmet of a different color from the helmets of other players). Numbers and surnames must be printed on the jerseys of the players.
History of hockey uniforms
When ice hockey was born in Canada, the jerseys for the game were knitted and differed only in color. With the development of this sport, hockey equipment developed and changed. hockey teams sought to be remembered not only for their game, but also for being different from others appearance. With the growing popularity of hockey and the increasing number of teams participating in hockey tournaments, distinctive signs and logos began to be applied to hockey uniforms, and then the numbers and names of the players. The manufacturing technology of hockey jerseys has also changed, they began to be made from different types materials. Currently, polyester is the main material used for the production of hockey jerseys. It is this material that contributes to good breathability, strength and lightness. hockey uniform. It became possible to produce very bright shape with saturated colors. Now at hockey clubs or a single team has two or more uniforms. Hockey kits are home, away or away. For example, the KHL is characterized by a dark shade of hockey sweaters for home uniforms, a sweater for away meetings is light (the NHL uniform is also chosen according to the rules - home - dark, away - light).
Game duration
An ice hockey match consists of three periods of 20 minutes of pure time. Breaks between periods last 17 minutes. From January 11, 2013 to KHL championship breaks between match periods (including events on the ice surface of the hockey rink) are 17 minutes. In the event of a draw at the end of three periods, additional time (overtime) may be assigned. In case of a draw at the end of overtime, post-match shots (shootouts) are made. If there is a playoff in the tournament, then overtime goes to the first abandoned puck. The need for overtime, as well as its duration and the number of post-match shots, are specified separately in the tournament regulations.
Team line-ups
Usually 17-22 players from one team apply for a match. The minimum and maximum number of players is determined by the tournament regulations.
At the same time, six players must be on the field from one team: five field and one goalkeeper. It is allowed to replace the goalkeeper with a sixth field player. Changes of players are possible both in pauses during the stoppage of the game time, and directly during the game.
During overtime, the number of players on the court can be reduced by the tournament regulations (usually to five: goaltender + four outfield players, but since December 15, 2016, 3-on-3 overtimes have been introduced in the KHL, JHL and WHL: goaltender + 3 outfield players). In the NHL, starting from the 2015-16 season, overtime was introduced in a 3-on-3 format: a goaltender + three fielders.
| Positions of players on the ice hockey rink | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Forwards: |  |
Left | Central | Right | ||
| Defenders: | Left back | Right back | |||
| Goalkeeper : | Goalkeeper | |||
| Majority player | Tough guy | Captain | Head coach| Judge | ||||
Judges
A hockey match is played by a referee team consisting of three or four referees. One or two judges (depending on the tournament regulations) are called chief judges, the other two are called linesmen (linesmen -
- two referees behind the gates (if there is one chief referee)
- one secretary and up to two assistant secretaries
- one timekeeper
- one informant judge
- one video review judge
- two referees on the penalty bench
Rule violations and penalties
In hockey, the following types of violations of the rules are distinguished:
- Pushing an opponent (same as pushing with a club and pushing on board)
- Blocking - an attack on a player who does not own the puck (power moves can only be carried out when the player is in possession of the puck; while the attacking player must not take more than two steps towards the attacked)
- Goalkeeper attack (including in episodes in which the goalkeeper is not in his zone)
- Step
- Delaying an opponent
- Delaying an opponent with a club (hook)
- Holding the opponent's club (hands)
- Attack from behind
- Opponent strike (elbow, knee, etc.)
- Dangerous high stick play (above shoulder level)
- Playing with a Broken Stick or a Stick of Non-Standard Sizes
- Holding the puck with your hands
- Deliberate fall on the puck (including the goaltender if he has gone out of bounds)
- Violation of the throw-in procedure or lineup change order
- Delaying the game (deliberately throwing the puck off the court, moving the goal, etc.)
- Throwing a stick on the ice to obstruct an opponent
- Rough play and fight
- Unsportsmanlike and undisciplined behavior (the player allows a simulation - the so-called "dive" or "fish", disputes the referee's decision, interferes with his actions, uses offensive gestures, etc.)
- Offside"
- icing puck
For some violations of the rules, the punishment may be different depending on the game situation and the assessment of the violation by the main referee, for example, whether the violation was intentional, how much the player is responsible for participating in a fight, etc. The rules provide for the following penalties:
- small fine (2");
- a small bench penalty (2"), the difference from a small penalty is that it is given to the whole team, and not to the player personally;
- double small fine (2"+2")
- large + automatic disciplinary until the end of the game penalty (5 "+20)
- disciplinary fine (10");
- disciplinary penalty until the end of the game (20")
- match penalty (25");
- free throw (shootout).
A hockey player punished with a minor penalty is removed from the ice for 2 minutes and cannot be replaced by another player during this time. If the goalkeeper violates the rules, he is not removed from the site. One of the field players is serving a sentence for him. The team at the same time plays in the numerical minority. A penalized player can return to the court ahead of schedule if the opposing team manages to realize a numerical advantage (to make a goal), and also if the removal occurred less than two minutes before the end of the match, but the player is still charged with a penalty of 2 minutes.
If a player who is on the bench or penalized quarrels with the referees or interferes with the game, he may be penalized with a minor penalty. If such a violation was committed by a penalized hockey player, then one of the players on the court leaves it. A bench minor penalty is not given to a specific player, but to the entire team for a general offense such as a number violation, an equipment violation, or for a direct offence, for which the offender cannot be identified, such as throwing an object onto the ice from the bench. In this case, the coach appoints a field player who is penalized with a minor penalty. The first big penalty entails the removal of the player for 5 minutes without the right to replace. A repeated large penalty within one game automatically results in a player being sent off for the rest of the game, while his team plays 5 minutes shorthanded.
For undisciplined behavior, a hockey player, with the exception of the goalkeeper, may be removed for 10 minutes with the right to substitute. A repeated misconduct penalty becomes a misconduct penalty for the remainder of the game. The hockey player, removed before the end of the game, goes to the locker room. He will not be able to continue playing until his action is discussed with the organization responsible for conducting matches.
Misconduct penalties offer the replacement of the penalized player. The so-called delayed penalty is applied if, at the time of the violation of the rules by a player, two or more of his teammates are on the penalty box: according to the rules, at least 3 players from each team must be on the court. In this case, the offending player is removed from the court and replaced by another player for a while until the penalty time of one of his partners who was fined earlier expires.
Both removals are also possible. Both penalized players serve the penalty in full, even if one of the teams manages to shoot the puck into the goal. If the referee has recorded a violation of the rules, but the puck is still with the opponent, then the game does not stop until one of the team members whose player has violated the rules touches the puck. If at this moment the opposing team throws the puck into the goal, then the referee fixes the goal, and the penalized player remains on the court.
A free throw is awarded in the following cases if:
- A player on the defensive team deliberately moved the net to prevent an opponent from scoring the puck. If this is done by a field player, then he is also additionally penalized with a large fine.
- The penalized player entered the pitch to prevent a goal being scored;
- A field player, being in his goal area, deliberately lay down on the puck, took it from the ice in his hands or raked it under him with his hand;
- A defending player deliberately threw a stick at the puck to interfere with a goal;
- The player, when going one on one with the goalkeeper, was attacked or knocked down by a player of the defending team;
- 2 minutes before the end of the match, a team with less than two players on the penalty bench violated the number of players.
The free throw is taken by the player against whom the infringement was made. In the event of a player's injury, the penalty is executed by his teammate, who is appointed by the captain. On the referee's whistle, the shooter leads the puck without stopping from the center point to the opponent's goal and tries to hit them.
When performing a bullet, only the goalkeeper protects the goal. Before the start of the free throw, he is not allowed to leave the goal area. After the shooter touches the puck, the goaltender defends the net in any way permitted. When the throw on goal has already been taken, it is considered completed. The player who performs it does not have the right to hit the puck into the goal if it has rebounded from the goaltender, goal post or front board.
Notes). However, some 16th-century Dutch paintings also show many people playing a hockey-like game on a frozen canal. But, despite this, Canada is still considered the birthplace of modern ice hockey.
The game of hockey became so popular that in 1893, the Governor General of Canada, Lord Frederick Arthur Stanley, bought for 10 guineas a cup that looked like an inverted pyramid of silver rings to present to the country's champion. This is how the legendary trophy appeared - the Stanley Cup. At first, amateurs fought for it, and since 1910 - professionals. Since 1927, the Stanley Cup has been contested by teams in the National Hockey League.
A lot of innovations belong to the hockey players Patrick brothers - James, Craig and Lester (the latter became a well-known hockey figure). On their initiative, the players were assigned numbers, points were awarded not only for goals, but also for assists (the “goal plus pass” system), hockey players were allowed to pass the puck forward, and goalkeepers were allowed to take their skates off the ice. The game has since gone on to last three periods of 20 minutes each.
The corners of the court must be rounded with an arc of a circle with a radius of 7 m to 8.5 m under IIHF rules and 28 feet (8.53 m) in the NHL.
boards
The area must be surrounded by plastic or wooden boards not less than 1 m high and not more than 1.22 m above the ice surface. Protective glass must be installed on the front sides of the site and a protective net must be installed on top of the glass to prevent the puck from flying out of the site and, as a result, hitting the audience. In the middle part of the side rail there are two doors that open inward, designed for players to enter the court. Two more doors are located opposite, on the bench for fined players.
markup
At 3-4 m from the sides, the front lines (goal lines) are drawn. At 17.23 m from the goal line there are blue zone lines, thanks to which the court is divided into 3 zones: the central zone and two opponent zones. In the center of the field there is a red line dividing the court in half, and a face-off point located in the middle of the red line. On both sides of the goal at a distance of 6 m, face-off points are drawn with a face-off zone with a radius of 4.5 m.
Penalty Bench
Each hockey rink is equipped with two benches for penalized players. Each bench must be designed for at least 5 players. The minimum length of the bench is 4 meters, the width is 1.5 meters.
Gates
Hockey gate
Gate design:
- Width - 1.83 m (6 ft)
- Height - 1.22 m (4 ft)
- Outer diameter of racks - 5 cm
Hockey goals are fixed on pins for which holes are drilled in the ice. This technology provides a fairly strong fixation of the goal on the surface of the court, but at the same time, the goal can move so that the player who collides with it does not get injured. From the center of the goal line with a radius of 1.8 m, a goal area is usually drawn:
- in Russia, the length of the front line of the goal area is 3.6 m
Equipment
Much attention is paid to hockey equipment. Athletes take care to protect themselves as much as possible from painful blows of the puck and stick, from impacts in a collision with another player, from falling on board, etc. Previously, the hockey player's outfit was heavy, and hockey players looked awkward in it, experienced discomfort.
The top uniform and helmets of the players of the same team must be the same color (the goalkeeper is allowed to have a helmet of a different color from the helmets of other players). Numbers and surnames must be printed on the jerseys of the players.
Game duration
An ice hockey match consists of three periods of 20 minutes of pure time. Breaks between periods last 15 minutes. In the event of a draw at the end of three periods, additional time (overtime) may be assigned. In case of a draw at the end of overtime, free throws (shootouts) are made. The need for overtime, as well as its duration and the number of free throws, are specified separately in the tournament regulations.
Team line-ups
Hockey. Goalkeeper.
Usually 20-25 players from one team declare for the match. The minimum and maximum number of players is determined by the tournament regulations.
At the same time, six players must be on the field from one team: five field and one goalkeeper. It is allowed to replace the goalkeeper with a sixth field player. Changes of players are possible both in pauses during the stoppage of the game time, and directly during the game.
In addition to the referees on the ice, there is an off-ice refereeing team at each match. It includes:
- two referees behind the goal
- one secretary
- one timekeeper
- one informant judge
- one video review judge
- two referees on the penalty bench
- two umpires
fines
In ice hockey, players are allowed to use the so-called power wrestling (power wrestling is prohibited in women's ice hockey). Power struggle provides contact game, body-to-body game. However, not all contact play is permitted. Tripping, holding an opponent with hands, holding with a stick, playing with a high stick, hitting with hands, elbows, attacking an opponent who does not own the puck, and the like are prohibited.
Table of penalties
| Small (Minor) | Big (Major) | Disciplinary (Misconduct) | Disciplined to the end of the game (GM) | Match Penalty (MP) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| minutes | 2 | 5 | 10 | 0 | 5 |
| Reduces the number of players? | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes |
| Leaving the game? | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Ends with a missed puck? | Yes | No | No | No | No |
| Recorded in NHL statistics | 2 | 5 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Recorded in IIHF statistics | 2 | 5 | 10 | 20 | 25 |
Violations as part of the strategy
Players may deliberately break the rules. In some cases, they rely on the fact that the violation will go unnoticed and there will be no fine. Often the plan is to provoke a player from the other team into a penalty offense. Some players, coaches and fans consider such provocation to be indecent behavior. Quite often, players go to breaking the rules in order to bring down the mood of the opposing team or improve the mood of their own team - especially fights are used for this. A violation is considered justified if it does not allow the opponent to score a goal.
Types of fines
- Small (2 minutes) - the player is removed for 2 minutes without the right to replace. It is given for minor violations: tripping, hooking, dangerous play with a high stick, holding an opponent with hands or a stick, delaying the game, unsportsmanlike behavior, rudeness, etc. If the goalkeeper has received a penalty, any player who is on the court for choosing the coach of the offending team. If a player receives a misconduct, game misconduct or match penalty along with a minor penalty, the other player will serve the minor penalty (as in the case of a goalkeeper penalty). Can be removed ahead of schedule by a goal scored. 2 minutes are recorded in the penalty time statistics.
- Bench Minor (2 minutes) - When a Bench Minor is assessed, any player on the offending team, other than the goaltender, appointed by the Manager or Coach through the team captain, will be sent off the ice for two minutes, during which no substitution of that player will be permitted. The designated player must immediately take his place in the penalty box and serve the penalty as if he had been assessed the Minor penalty.
- Big (5 minutes) - the player is removed for 5 minutes without the right to replace. It is given for gross violations: a planned injury to a player, a fight, provoking players to fight, etc. An additional disciplinary fine may be imposed. Any player chosen by the captain is serving a penalty. Cannot be withdrawn early. 5 minutes are recorded in the penalty time statistics.
- Disciplinary (10 minutes) - the player is removed for 10 minutes with the right to replace. At the end of the penalty time, the penalized player may leave the penalty box at the first stoppage of play. Repeated infraction by one player is punishable by a disciplinary penalty until the end of the game. 10 minutes are recorded in the penalty time statistics.
- Misconduct until the end of the game (GM) - a player or team official is sent off until the end of the game with the right to substitute and sent to the under-tribune room. After the game, the referee must submit a report and the competition organizer may impose an additional penalty. 20 minutes are recorded in the penalty time statistics.
- Match penalty (MP) - the player is sent off until the end of the game with the right to substitute after 5 minutes, disqualified for next match and goes to the under-tribune room. Any player who was on the court at the time of the violation, at the choice of the captain, serves a penalty of 5 minutes. After the game, the referee must submit a report and the competition organizer may impose an additional penalty. The 5 minute penalty cannot be removed early. 25 minutes are recorded in the penalty time statistics.
- Free throw (PS) - if a player who went one on one with the goalkeeper was attacked from behind in violation of the rules, the chief referee may appoint a free throw (shootout) at the gate of the offending team. All players must leave the pitch, with the exception of the offending team's goalkeeper and the opponent's court player. The puck is placed in the center of the field in front of the field player, the main referee blows a whistle, after which the player starts approaching the goalkeeper and delivers one shot on goal without the possibility of finishing. If the offending team was shorthanded at the time the free throw was called and the free throw was taken, the penalty elimination rule does not apply.
If a penalty offense is committed against a player entering an empty net (i.e. the goalkeeper is replaced by a field player), the referee does not award a penalty, but counts the goal.
A Minor (2 minutes), Double Minor (2+2 minutes) or Major (5 minutes) penalty will result in underhanded play. If the number of players is different, then one team has a numerical advantage (majority), while the other plays in the minority. A goal scored in a state of numerical advantage is called the realization of a numerical advantage. In Russian, there is no special term for the situation when a team, playing in the minority, does not concede a goal before the end of the penalty; in English this situation is called killed penalty.
There cannot be less than three field players on the court. If, during a three-player game, a player breaks the rules and receives a removal, then the removed one is sent to the penalty box and replaced by another player, however:
- If the team played three against five, then the start of serving the sentence is postponed until the end of the next penalty. In this case, a player whose penalty time has ended can enter the court only when the game is stopped.
- If the team played three against four or three, then serving the sentence begins immediately, and the opponents get the right to release the 5th or 4th player on the court, respectively, for the duration of the penalty.
If the handicap is caused by a minor penalty, then the conceded goal removes that minor penalty.
If the goalkeeper or player who was injured at the time of the violation is sent off, another field player will serve the penalty instead.
In the case where the rules were violated, but the puck remained in the control of the injured team, a delayed penalty is assigned. The head referee raises his hand vertically upwards, and with the other hand brings the whistle to his lips and waits for the puck to be intercepted by the offending team. During a delayed penalty, the goalkeeper of the offending team may leave the net empty by changing to an additional field player. As soon as the offending team has possession of the puck (sometimes even a touch is counted), the whistle sounds and the offender is sent off. In case of implementation of a delayed penalty, there is no removal, penalty minutes are not recorded in the score sheet. Removing a goaltender during a delayed penalty sometimes results in a conceded puck when one of the players on the offending team accidentally kicks the puck into their own net.
Types of violations
Offenses against players
- Pushing an opponent on board
- The player performs a power hold, as a result of which the opponent hits the board with force Punishment
- A player injures a player as a result of being pushed on board Punishment
- Stabbing an opponent with a stick
- A player tries to hit an opponent with the end of the stick Punishment: double minor fine + disciplinary fine
- A player hits an opponent with the end of the club Punishment: major penalty + game misconduct or match penalty
- A player injures an opponent as a result of being hit with the end of a stick Punishment: match penalty
- Opponent's wrong attack
- The player swoops down, jumps on or incorrectly attacks an opponent Punishment or match penalty
- A player injures a player as a result of an illegal attack Punishment: major penalty + game misconduct or match penalty
- Opponent attack from behind
- The player swoops, jumps, physically impacts or hits an opponent from behind Punishment: minor penalty or major penalty + game misconduct or match penalty
- A player injures a player as a result of an attack from behind Punishment: match penalty
- Step
- The player delivers a power hold in a cut-off manner or at or below the level of the opponent's knees Punishment: minor penalty or major penalty + game misconduct or match penalty
- A player injures a player as a result of tripping Punishment: major penalty + game misconduct or match penalty
- Pushing an opponent with a stick
- A player pushes an opponent with a stick Punishment: minor penalty or major penalty + game misconduct or match penalty
- A player injures a player as a result of being pushed with a stick Punishment: major penalty + game misconduct or match penalty
- Elbow strike
- The player uses the elbow to hit the opponent Punishment: minor penalty or major penalty + game misconduct or match penalty
- A player injures a player as a result of an elbow strike Punishment: major penalty + game misconduct or match penalty
- Exceptional rudeness
- A player commits an action that is not permitted by the rules, which results or may result in injury to an opponent, team official or referee Punishment: match penalty
- Fights or rudeness
- A player deliberately takes off his glove (or gloves) in a fight or skirmish Punishment: disciplinary fine
- The player starts a fight Punishment: match penalty
- The player who has been hit strikes or attempts to strike back Punishment: small fine
- The player is the first to enter an already ongoing conflict Punishment
- A player who, in response to an order by the Chief Judge to cease activities related to his participation, continues to participate in an altercation, attempts to continue it, or attempts to interfere with the linesman in the performance of his duties Punishment: double minor penalty or major penalty + game misconduct or match penalty
- A player or official who is involved in a conflict with a player or official off the playing surface Punishment: misconduct penalty or game misconduct penalty or match penalty
- The player is guilty of excessive rudeness Punishment: minor penalty or double minor penalty or major penalty + game misconduct
- A player grabs or holds a face mask or helmet, or pulls an opponent's hair Punishment: minor penalty or major penalty + game misconduct
- Headbutt
- Player tries to hit or deliberately headbutts an opponent Punishment: match penalty
- Dangerous high stick play
- A player plays dangerously with a high stick towards an opponent Punishment: minor penalty or major penalty + game misconduct or match penalty
- Player intentionally injures with a high stick Punishment: major penalty + game misconduct or match penalty
- Player accidentally injures with a high stick Punishment: double small penalty
- Delaying an opponent with hands
- The player delays the opponent with his hands or stick Punishment: small fine
- Retaining the opponent's stick
- Player holds hands or otherwise holds an opponent's stick Punishment: small fine
- Club hold
- A player impedes or attempts to impede the progress of an opponent by holding him back with his stick Punishment: minor penalty or major penalty + game misconduct or match penalty
- A player injures an opponent as a result of stick holding Punishment: major penalty + game misconduct or match penalty
- A player makes a stick hold on an opponent who has gone one-on-one with the goalkeeper Punishment: free throw
- A player makes a stick hold on an opponent who has gone one-on-one with an empty net Punishment: goal
- Attacking a player not in possession of the puck (blocking)
- A player attacks or obstructs an opponent not in possession of the puck Punishment: small fine
- A player from the players' bench or the penalty bench, using his stick or his body, prevents the advance of the puck by an opponent who is on the ice and takes part in the game Punishment: small fine
- A player, using a stick or his body, obstructs or attempts to obstruct the movement of the goalkeeper when he is in his goal area Punishment: small fine
- A player or official who is illegally on the ice while his team's goaltender is off the ice uses his stick or his body to prevent an opponent from advancing the puck Punishment: goal
- Kick
- A player who kicks or attempts to kick another player Punishment: match penalty
- Knee to opponent
- The player uses the knee to attack the opponent Punishment: minor penalty or major penalty + game misconduct or match penalty
- A player injures a player as a result of knee action Punishment: major penalty + game misconduct or match penalty
- Club hit
- The player impedes or attempts to impede the progress of an opponent by hitting him with his stick Punishment: minor penalty or major penalty + game misconduct
- A player injures an opponent with a clubbing Punishment: major penalty + game misconduct or match penalty
- A player swings his stick at another player during a conflict Punishment: major penalty + game misconduct or match penalty
- Attack on the head and neck
- The player makes a blow to the opponent's head and neck area or visor or directs the opponent's head with force into the protective glass Punishment: minor penalty + misconduct penalty or major penalty + game misconduct or match penalty
- A player injures an opponent as a result of an attack to the head and neck area Punishment: match penalty
- Power moves in women's hockey
- In women's hockey, a player makes a direct power reception Punishment: minor penalty or major penalty + game misconduct
Other violations of the rules
- Delaying the puck heading into the net
- The player, having caught the puck flying into the goal, holds it in his hand, or in any other piece of equipment (sweater, helmet) for more than 1 second:
Punishment: small fine
- Incorrect possession of the puck (goaltender)
- (In the NHL) Goaltender behind the net is out of bounds and in possession of the puck causing a delay of play
Punishment: minor penalty (one of the field players serves the penalty instead of the goalkeeper)
- Unsportsmanlike behavior on the part of the players
- Off-ice player uses offensive language or gestures or interfering with judges or the penalized player does not go to the penalty box or the dressing room Punishment: minor penalty, minor misconduct penalty or match penalty
- The player disputes the referee's decision or deliberately kicks the puck away from the referee when he tries to pick it up or enters the judging area when the head umpire is talking to another umpire Punishment: disciplinary fine
- On-ice player uses offensive language or gestures or hits the board with a club or other object or refuses to go to the penalty bench after a fight or picks up his equipment or continues actions aimed at the response of the opponent or deliberately throws any equipment outside the arena Punishment: disciplinary fine
- Player expresses or makes remarks regarding race or ethnicity Punishment: game misconduct penalty
- The player deliberately physically influences the referee (push, trip, power hold) or spitting at someone or his behavior interferes with the game Punishment: match penalty
- An off-ice player throws a stick or other object and the player has been identified Punishment: minor penalty + game misconduct penalty
- An off-ice player throws a stick or other object onto the ice Punishment: small bench penalty
- Unsportsmanlike behavior on the part of team representatives
- Team representative uses offensive language or gestures or interferes with the actions of the judge or hits the board with a club or other object Punishment: small bench penalty
- Team representative continues unsportsmanlike conduct Punishment: game misconduct penalty
- Team representative expresses relative to race or ethnicity Punishment: game misconduct penalty
- The representative of the team grabs or hits the referee or hinders the game or spitting at the judge or makes an insulting gesture towards the judge Punishment: match penalty
- A team representative throws a stick or other object on the ice and this team representative was identified Punishment: bench minor penalty + game misconduct penalty
- A team representative throws a stick or other object onto the ice and the team representative could not be identified Punishment: small bench penalty
- game delay
- An out-of-bounds player passes or puts the puck into his defending box to delay play (exception: shorthanded team) and his team has already been cautioned for that infraction in the current period Punishment: small fine
- A player or goaltender not being attacked by an opponent holds, pins or advances the puck on the boards to stop play Punishment: small fine
- A player or goalkeeper deliberately moves the goal Punishment: small fine
- A player or goalkeeper deliberately moves the goal in his defensive zone in the last 2 minutes of the third period or during overtime Punishment: free throw
- A player or goalkeeper deliberately moves the goal at the moment when the opponent went “one on one” with the goalkeeper Punishment: free throw
- A player or goalkeeper intentionally moves the goal at the moment when the opponent went “one on one” with an empty goal Punishment: goal
- A player deliberately shoots the puck out of bounds Punishment: small fine
- A player or goalkeeper delays the game to get his equipment in order Punishment: small fine
- Injured player refuses to leave the ice Punishment: small fine
- A team after a goal is scored has more players on the ice than is necessary to continue play Punishment: minor team penalty
- The player is in no hurry to get into place for the face-off Punishment: minor team penalty
- A player re-enters the face-off circle during one face-off Punishment: minor team penalty
- The team does not put enough players on the ice after the break to continue the game Punishment: minor team penalty
- Violation of the strength
- The number of players on the court at the same time exceeds the number provided for by the current situation (more than 5 field players when playing in full squads or more than the nominal number of players provided for by the current penalties imposed on the team)
- Violation of equipment rules
- A player or goaltender who has lost a piece of equipment (other than a stick) or who has intentionally or unintentionally violated the state of his equipment (a broken stick, a broken helmet or other protective clothing) continues to take an active part in the game (in the NHL, it is only forbidden to continue playing with parts of a broken stick in hands , in other cases the rule does not apply)
Rule violations not punishable by a bench or disciplinary penalty
- High stick game
- The player tries to hit or hit the puck while raising the bottom of the stick above his shoulder or above the level of the crossbar without risk of hitting an opponent with the stick Result
- Hand pass
- A player who is outside his defensive zone passes the puck to a partner by throwing or hitting it with his hand. Result: stoppage of the game, throw-in in the neutral zone if the rules are violated by the attacking team or in the defense zone if the defending team.
- Puck delay
- The player, having caught the puck, holds it in his hand, or in any other piece of equipment (sweater, helmet) for more than 1 second Result: stoppage of the game, throw-in in the neutral zone if the rules are violated by the attacking team or in the defense zone if the defending team.
Statistics
Coaching staff
- Head coach
- Senior coach
- Assistant coach
A game
game tactics
The tactics of the game, despite the fact that it contains many options, tricks and methods, can be of two types - defense tactics and attack tactics. The choice of the type of tactics that the team or player will use depends on the situation on the field, namely, in what position they are - attack or defense.
A defensive tactic is used when the team is not in possession of the puck being dribbled by the opposition to score a goal. The main task of the team and players is to neutralize the enemy and take the puck away from him. Defense can be personal (when the fight for the puck is between two players of opposing teams), zone (when a player defends his part ice rink, which are divided depending on the functions of the players) and mixed (when the first two options are combined). One of the most popular defensive techniques that prevents the opposing team from conducting an organized attack is pressing on the entire playing court.
The tactics of attack (or attack) is chosen by the team when winning the opponent's goal. Attack (as well as defense) can be individual, group and team. An individual attack depends on the personal skill of a hockey player, his possession of a stick, puck, ability to “drift” the puck, etc. The success of a group and team attack (when two or more players are involved in attacking actions) depends on the well-coordinated work of the team as a whole and their interaction together.
In terms of speed, the attack is divided into instant (high-speed, when the number of passes is clearly distributed both in time and in the number of players) and positional (based on a long draw of the puck in part of the opponent's field). There is also an attack on the move (that is, a high-speed attack limited in time and the number of transfers of partners to each other) and a positional attack - with a long dribble and throwing the puck in the opponent's zone. An attack on the move most often appears at a time when the enemy has made a miscalculation and has not yet had time to move from attacking to defensive actions, which makes it possible to take advantage of someone else's mistake and score a goal. A long attack has the disadvantage that the enemy has already managed to coordinate his actions and is ready to defend his goal. In this situation, feints help, various actions and combinations that help confuse the enemy with non-standard attack behavior and the surprise effect.
Notes
Sources
- Encyclopedia for children. T. 20. Sport / Chapter. ed. V. A. VOLODIN - M.: Avanta+, 2001. - 624 p.: ill. ISBN 5-94623-006-9
see also
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