Therapeutic gymnastics and massage at an early age. Therapeutic massage and gymnastics in early childhood
Gymnastics and general massage have a regulatory effect on the functions of the central nervous system, respiration, circulation, digestion, hematopoiesis. Under their influence, oxidative, trophic, heat-regulating processes are stimulated, metabolism improves.
Gymnastics and massage for the baby
Gymnastics and massage should be used in conjunction with all other educational activities (diet, sleep, wakefulness, etc.).
Massage and gymnastic exercises are the most beneficial and expedient way to educate a child in correct and accurate movements. In the absence of purposeful education, the development of movements in a child is delayed, and their quality deteriorates noticeably.
When choosing special exercises for the child, it is necessary to take into account not only age features but also the features of his individual development. At each age stage, the child exhibits two kinds of reactions:
1) prevailing, stronger, but tending to fade;
2) emerging, still very weak, but, nevertheless, tending to steadily increase.
For example, in the first 3 months of life in children, hypertension of the flexor muscles of the upper and lower extremities. Against this background, the balancing of the extensor muscles arises and gradually increases.
Since the hypertension of the flexor muscles continuously decreases during the normal development of the child, the first reaction is progressive. Facilitating this response (relaxing the flexor muscles) should be considered appropriate. The means to promote this include daily warm baths and light stroking massage, causing muscle relaxation; stimulation of the child's independent movements associated with extension, for which the main motor background of this age is used - congenital reflexes. In the first months of life, it is advisable to use only reflexes that are associated with extension in exercises in order to prevent strengthening of the already predominant flexors.
If balancing the flexors and extensors upper limbs occurs in a timely manner, then prerequisites are created for the development of hand skill, which will give the child the opportunity to reach for the object, take it, and then, holding on, pull themselves up, lifting the torso. Thus, with the timely development of small muscles, prerequisites are created for the development of large muscles, which provides the child with the ability to change position.
Physical exercise for everyone healthy child starting from 1.5-2 months of age. By this time, the child's body adapts to the conditions of extrauterine existence, a certain mode of life is established, thermoregulation is improved.
For infants, the exercises should be very simple and easy to do.
There are no contraindications to the appointment of gymnastic exercises and massage for a healthy child in accordance with his age and individual characteristics.
Gymnastics and massage are carried out in a room at a temperature of 20-22 ° C. In summer, exercises should be performed with an open window or in the air at the same temperature.
The lesson itself is held on a table covered with a four-fold flannelette blanket, on top of which an oilcloth and a clean sheet are laid.
Classes are carried out once a day 45 minutes before or 45 minutes after feeding.
The nurse's (or mother's) hands should be clean, dry and warm.
The child is undressed; his body must be warm.
During the lesson, the child must maintain a cheerful mood, talk with him, encourage him to be active, smile, use toys. During the performance of certain exercises, the nurse should carefully monitor the reaction of the child. If there is a negative reaction (mood deterioration, crying), the procedure should be interrupted and the child should be reassured.
The child should not be overtired. All movements must be done rhythmically, calmly and smoothly (without violence), repeating each 2-3 times.
Massage and gymnastic exercises under the supervision of a doctor and patronage nurse should be carried out by parents or other carers who are trained in massage and gymnastics techniques.
Basics general methodology massage and gymnastics in young children
The development of the motor activity of an infant proceeds in two directions - statics and motor skills. In accordance with this, groups of exercises for children of this age are also determined: they include exercises for the development of coordination, balance, as well as respiratory movements. For the development of respiratory activity in young children, passive and reflex exercises are used.
Passive exercise produced not by a child, but by a massage therapist (nurse, mother). They are designed to use the natural motor phase of the child's muscles: flexion during contraction of a certain muscle group and extension during their relaxation.
Passive exercises should not be used until 3 months of a child's life, since with the existing hypertension of the flexors, their implementation is associated with the danger of violence against the child! After 3 months of life, when the muscles of the flexors and extensors of the upper limbs are completely balanced, passive movements for the arms can be gradually introduced, starting with the most simple ones and moving on to more complex ones. The balancing of the muscles of the flexors and extensors of the lower extremities is achieved between 4-5 months of life, which makes it possible to introduce passive movements for the legs.
Reflex exercises. To strengthen the muscles of the neck and torso, you can use reflex exercises designed for movements that proceed according to the type of unconditioned motor reflexes. Congenital motor reflex reactions appear in response to irritation of receptors in the skin, muscles, and nervous apparatus. First, in the hanging position on the stomach, the child tilts his head back. Approximately a month later (by 4 months), in the same position, his whole body begins to bend, forming an arc open upwards. This movement is an energetic irritation and strengthening of the vestibular apparatus. From the age of 4 months, in the hanging position on the back, the child tilts his head forward, straining the muscles of the front surface of the body. By regularly giving the indicated positions (holding the child on the hang on the stomach, on the back), you can strengthen the muscles of the neck and torso. In the future, on the basis of these innate reflexes, conditioned connections can be created in response to such signal stimuli as stretching the legs, sound signals, grasping, etc.
Assisted Exercises - Passive-Active. This includes movements that are only partially performed by the child independently, for example, sitting down while pulling the child by the arms, by the hands; standing with support under the armpits, etc.
active exercise- arbitrary exercises that the child does independently.
Massage- one of the types of passive gymnastics. Its essence consists in mechanical irritations rhythmically and systematically applied to the child's body.
Massage is general and local. General massage has a significant and diverse effect on the child's body. There are five basic massage techniques:
1. Stroking.
2. Rubbing.
3. Kneading.
4. Tapping.
5. Vibration.
Stroking. When stroking the skin is released from the scales of the epidermis, which leads to the opening of the ducts of the sebaceous and sweat glands. This method improves respiration and nutrition of the skin (skin vessels expand, arterial and venous circulation improves), its firmness and elasticity increase.
Up to 3 months, children are massaged exclusively by stroking. After 3 months, other massage techniques are added: kneading, tapping. General stroking massage lasts up to 6 months. In the future, it is necessary, mainly in case of violation of turgor and muscle tone and also as a rest between exercises.
Massage begins with stroking. It alternates with other techniques and the massage ends with it. When stroking, one or both hands of the massage therapist fit snugly against the massaged surface, glide slowly, calmly, rhythmically. Stroking is always performed taking into account the venous and lymphatic outflow (along the way). Stroking types:
Coverage. Performed with two hands. With one hand, the masseur holds the limb by the hand or foot, with the second he covers the limb between the thumb and four other fingers.
Alternate stroking. It is performed with two hands in such a way that when one hand finishes the movement, the second one replaces it.
Cross stroking. It is performed with two hands, the fingers of which are intertwined.
Spiral stroking. Performed by the base of the palm, or terminal phalanx thumb, or with the other four fingers, or with the whole palm. With spiral stroking, while maintaining the main direction of movement, additional spiral movements are described.
Stroking with weights. Performed with two hands. One hand with the palm or back surface lies on the massaged area, the second is on top and exerts pressure, helps to perform stroking.
Trituration aims to affect mainly the musculoskeletal system of the child. With this technique, the nutrition of tendons, tendon sheaths, mucous bags improves; increase elasticity and contractility of muscles.
When rubbing, the skin is slightly stretched with fingers. Not only the skin is rubbed, but also the tissues lying under it. Rubbing is performed in different directions. Rubbing types:
Longitudinal grinding. It is performed with the thumbs of both hands. The fingers lie parallel and tightly on the massaged surface and rub it, moving in opposite directions.
Rubbing with fingertips. It is performed with one or two hands. The fingers are bent, the ends are directed to the skin of the massaged area. Movement in different directions.
Spiral rubbing. It is performed similarly to spiral stroking, but more vigorously with the displacement of the skin and rubbing it in different directions.
Rowing rub. Used for back massage. From the neck to the buttocks, rubbing is performed with the ends of the fingers of both hands, which slide along both. sides of the spine. From the buttocks to the neck, rubbing is performed with the back of the hands.
Sawing. Two hands work. The brushes are parallel to the costal surface and rub the area, moving in opposite directions.
kneading It is aimed at strengthening the blood supply and improving the nutrition of the massaged area. It is mainly used for deep muscle massage. Muscles or individual muscle bundles are captured by the massage therapist's fingers, slightly retracted and kneaded in different directions. Types of kneading:
Longitudinal stretch. Movements are performed along the muscle fibers.
Cross kneading. The muscle is kneaded in the transverse direction in relation to the muscle fibers.
Double ring. It is performed with both hands while massaging the muscles of the shoulder. The shoulder is covered between the thumb and four other fingers. The brushes, moving in opposite directions, seem to wrap around three- and biceps and thereby crush them.
tapping, as a special type of massage, helps to reduce the excitability of peripheral nerves, improve blood supply, and, consequently, muscle nutrition. Tapping also affects the deeper internal organs. This technique is performed by lightly tapping individual parts of the body (richer in muscles) with the ends of the fingers of both hands. In the youngest children, this technique in the form of rhythmic patting is performed palmar surface fingers of one or the other hand of individual parts of the body, most often the back, hips, less often rear surface shins. Tapping types:
Tapping with the ends of the fingers. Blows are applied with two hands, the fingers of which are half-bent.
Tapping with the palmar surface.
Pat. It is performed with two hands, the fingers of which are gathered into a “soft fist” and perform movements resembling kneading dough.
Chopping. Blows are applied with the costal surface of the hand.
Vibration consists in transmitting to the body rapidly following one after another uniform concussions. This reception in early age is used very rarely.
The following sets of exercises for different age groups are very conditional, schematic. Each subsequent age complex, gradually becoming more complex, involves the preservation of the exercises of all previous complexes.
A set of exercises for children aged 1.5 to 12 months
The complex consists of general massage techniques (stroking) and active movements based on innate unconditioned reflexes.
1. Massage-stroking of the arms, legs, back, abdomen (a, b, c, d).
A set of exercises for children aged 1.5 to 3 months
2. Active movements - exercises for the feet, reflex extension of the spine, reflex crawling (e, f, g).
Passive movements are gradually introduced into the complex for this age in connection with a decrease in muscle hypertension.
1. Back massage (kneading) (a).
2. Leading the arms to the sides and crossing them on the chest (b).
3. Turn on the stomach - reflex (c).
4. Deviation of the head back in the position on the stomach in weight (d).
5. Flexion and extension of the arms (d).
A set of exercises for children aged 3 to 4 months
6. "Sliding" steps (imitation cycling) (e).
In the period from 4 to 6 months, it is necessary to introduce simple active movements. Special attention it is necessary to give exercises in grasping, holding objects, waving, etc. For this, during gymnastics, exercises for the hands must be combined with the cultivation of the act of grasping. At first, the child himself must hold on to the finger of the nurse-educator; in the future (after 6 months), rings are used for the same purpose. At the same age, it is necessary to stimulate the child's first attempts to change the position of the body as preparation for crawling. Consequently, the system of exercises should anticipate the new that inevitably arises in the child.
A set of exercises for children aged 4 to 6 months
1. "Soaring" in the position on the stomach (a).
2. Raising the upper body from a position on the stomach with the support of the arms extended to the sides (b).
3. Crawling with help (exercises to stimulate crawling) (c).
4. Flexion and extension of the legs (alternately and together) (d).
The second half of a child's life is a period of mass emergence of conditioned connections that are developed on the basis of unconditioned and conditioned reflexes. Therefore, if earlier exercise were carried out according to the type of an innate reflex in response to an unconditioned stimulus, then in this period the exercises are carried out in response to conditioned stimuli. Such signals can be a slight pulling of the legs, visual signals (rings, a stick), and then speech signals (sit down, stomp, take the rings, etc.).
At the age of 10 to 12 months, standing without support and walking are formed. New elements of the technique appear - squatting. In this regard, appropriate exercises in squats are introduced. A variety of verbal instructions are introduced, which displace the signals of the first signaling system (such as stretching the legs, turning the pelvis, etc.).
A set of exercises for children aged 6 to 12 months
1. Sitting down by the arms extended to the sides (a).
2. Sitting down (arm flexor exercise) (b).
3. Torso tilt (c).
4. Straightening of the body (d).
5. Sitting down with the support of the hands (d).
6. Squat (e)
8. Walking on all fours (h).
Always take into account the mood of the baby during classes, his reactions. Remember: exercises should only cause positive emotions. If the child is naughty (especially crying), do not insist. Choose another time!
Zoom in physical activity gradually. In order not to overwork the baby, spend the lesson in 2-3 doses during the day. If he is calm, humming, not angry, he has pink skin, warm arms and legs, the load can be increased. It can also be adjusted - make classes shorter and longer, repeat exercises more or less times, diversify the pace, range of motion, alternate exercises and rest of different complexity.
Practice with your baby every day at the same time 30 minutes before feeding or 45-60 minutes after it. You don't have to exercise before bed.
Before starting classes, at the end and during the day, stroke and rub your baby's fingers and hands. It is very useful, when playing with a child, to put a small toy with an uneven surface into his palm and then, as it were, take it away.
Your hands during classes should be warm, dry, clean.
The room in which you practice should be well ventilated, the air temperature in it is + 20 ... 22 °.
While studying, focus all your attention on the child. Other people and noise are undesirable in the room. Speak quietly, calmly, kindly.
It's great if quiet melodic music will sound (Tchaikovsky, Mozart, Schubert, Vivaldi): all children, and especially those with disorders of the central nervous system, are very susceptible to music.
The colors that are in his environment have a significant impact on the psyche and mood of the baby. Restless, noisy, with increased motor activity children are soothed by light green, blue tones. For calm (especially phlegmatic and lethargic) bright, contrasting colors are good - the color of mother's clothes, toys, furniture.
In order for the baby to fall asleep better and faster, it is desirable to dim illumination of blue or blue light, it is turned on when preparing for bed.
Massage and gymnastics for the baby. Adapted Methods
As already mentioned, hypertonicity not eliminated in time will slow down the development of motor skills, and this is motor awkwardness, clumsiness, posture and gait disorders. Such a baby is unlikely to become a welcome participant in children's games, which means that he will begin to feel rejected, inferior; his psyche will suffer ... In addition, he will lag behind even more in motor development, because collective children's games are by no means swedish walls And you can't replace trainers!
Delay not eliminated by massage motor development will slow down the formation of intelligence: a baby who has not learned to sit by six months is forced to look at the square of the ceiling for hours, while sitting would consider many new wonderful things around. The inability to crawl and walk when the time has come deepens this "intellectual" hunger, delays the development of the child's world around.
The masseur himself?
"Massage? Yes, I can do it myself!” Moms prone to this point of view will have to be disappointed. To become a massage therapist (as well as a pianist!), you need an experienced "maestro" to "set" your hands. And without thorough medical training is often indispensable. Doctors-methodologists of exercise therapy, as well as those who have passed special training paramedical workers. It's better to invite them.
But if (it happens, unfortunately) the parents and the child are left to their own devices: in the clinic there is a six-month queue for a massage, and the family budget cannot handle a paid specialist, or there is simply no qualified massage therapist in your village or village, you will have to deal with the baby yourself. To help you - adapted methods of some exercises.
ADAPTED TECHNIQUES FOR SOME EXERCISES
Remember the rules
It is a difficult task for a newborn to adapt to the world in which he has entered. Therefore, in the first 4 weeks, doctors do not complicate the life of these crumbs with an additional burden. They begin in the second month, and after six months, the value of massage gradually fades into the background, and gymnastics begins to take more and more time.
Poor health of the child is an absolute contraindication to classes! Wait until he finally recovers.
Usually children like massage and gymnastics. They easily learn the exercises and, getting older, diligently "help" you. If the baby at first shows displeasure, do not be discouraged. Distract him with a toy, calm him down with a kind word, take him in your arms. You will have to be patient: the child will enter the rhythm of classes and get used to the procedures gradually. And “disliked” a particular exercise - do it last or reduce the number of repetitions. Do not be overzealous - unpleasant sensations, and even more so pain, the baby will remember for a long time. Redness of the skin, if it occurs under your hands, should be moderate and even. There should not be any red spots and, of course, bruises on the child's body!
Classes are good every day in the morning, one hour before feeding or two hours after it, at a temperature of 20-22 ° C, in a bright, well-ventilated room without drafts.
Do massage and gymnastics on the changing table, which can be freely approached from three sides.
Wash your hands thoroughly with soap before starting work. Remove watches, rings, bracelets - something that can scratch the baby. There should be no wounds or abrasions on your hands, and your nails should be cut short.
Do not use ointments and creams.
The child remains naked during the massage, the first part of the complex. But for gymnastics, equip him like a real athlete - in a shirt or T-shirt with short sleeves and panties or diapers.
Ball exercises
Exercise 1.
Starting position (ip) - the child lies with his stomach on an inflatable ball; legs are bent in the form of "frog legs" and pressed to the ball. Your assistant holds the baby's legs in this position, and you take the baby's hands in your hands and pull him towards you, after which you return to the starting position. Repeat 10 times. Don't forget to put a diaper on the ball!
Exercise 2.
I. p., as in exercise 1. Your assistant spreads the child's hands so that all fingers are straight, and presses them to the ball. You hold the baby by the shins and pull them towards you, then return him to and. n. Repeat 10 times.
Exercise 3
I. p., as in exercise 1. The baby’s palms are pressed to the ball by your assistant, who holds it, and your task is to take the child’s feet in your hands and, turning him down on the ball, put his feet on the horizontal surface of the table covered with a diaper. The baby's body remains on the ball, but you make sure that the support is on the entire foot: the pursed fingers need to be straightened. You can not put the baby on the inner or outer edges of the feet. The contact of the feet with the surface of the table is short: without stopping, move the ball to its original position. Repeat 10 times.
Exercise 4
I. p., as in exercise 1. Take the child's hands in yours and tilt the ball so that the baby touches the surface of the table with open palms. Make sure he doesn't hit his forehead! Repeat 10 times.
Exercise 5
The child lies with his back on the ball. You hold it by the sides and gently rock it from side to side and back and forth - 10 times in each direction. Exercise helps to relax the muscles.
If you notice that the baby is constantly arching to the right or left, lying on his stomach or on his back, that is, the muscle tone on one side is higher than on the other, do exercise 6.
Exercise 6
Place the child sideways on the ball: if it arches to the right, to the right side, if to the left, to the left. Gently rock the ball along the axis of the child's body. Repeat 10 times.
Exercises on the ball help the baby relax and facilitate further massage.
Back massage
Cover the table with a flannelette blanket folded several times and put a diaper on top of it. Roll up a roll from a thick diaper and place it under the baby's chest. Your assistant stretches the baby's arms forward, pressing them to the surface of the table with outstretched palms.
1. Stroking perform with the back of closed fingers from bottom to top along the back, starting with the buttocks, which are also massaged. Repeat 5-6 times.
2. Trituration perform with the back of closed fingers, their middle phalanges, in a circular motion up the back, starting from the buttocks. Repeat 4 times.
3. Stroking (see exercise 1).
4. kneading . With the knuckles of closed fingers, make spiral movements from the bottom up along the back. Repeat 3-4 times.
5. Finish the back massage stroking (see exercise 1).
Hand massage
Massage only the outer surface of the hands - first the shoulders (between the elbow and shoulder joints), then the forearms (between the wrist and elbow joints).
1. Stroking perform from the bottom up with the palmar surface of closed fingers. Repeat 5-6 times.
2. Trituration - in the same direction and order. Repeat 5-6 times.
3. Stroking (see exercise 1).
4. kneading , as with a back massage, do from the bottom up. Repeat 3-4 times.
5. Stroking (see exercise 1).
Breathing exercises
I. p. - on the back. Take the child by the hands and cross his arms on his chest, alternately placing the left and right on top. Repeat 4 times. Then simultaneously raise both hands of the baby up, put them behind the baby's head so that they lie on the surface of the table parallel to each other. Then lower your arms, stretch them along your hips. Repeat V ^>-----<_i 4 раза.
belly massage
With the palm of your right hand, do circular strokes of the abdomen clockwise 10-12 times.
Foot massage
The technique and sequence are the same as for hand massage. You need to massage only the anteroexternal surfaces of the thighs and legs.
Leg exercises
And p. - on the back.
1. Bend the baby's legs at the hip and knee joints, close them, bringing the shins together. Your thumb holds the knee, and four fingers on the side wrap around the baby's pelvis. Having thus placed your hands on the legs of the baby, rotate the pelvis to the sides. Repeat 10 times on each side.
2. The left arm and right leg of the baby alternately bend and unbend 10 times. Then do the same with his right arm and left leg.
3. Breeding the legs in the hip joints. Repeat 10 times. Your efforts to overcome the resistance of the child should be moderate. In children, this exercise is not a favorite.
Attention! Children with hip dysplasia should only do leg exercises with the permission of an orthopedic doctor.
Turns from back to stomach
I. p. - on the back. Your assistant lifts up the child's right arm and holds it in that position.
You take the baby's left hand in your left hand and hold the baby's right thigh with your right hand. The assistant presses the palm of the child's right outstretched hand to the table, spreading his fingers. You throw his left leg over his right, and the baby turns on his tummy. Make 10 turns to the right and left.
Crawling on your belly
I. p. - on the stomach. Your assistant takes the child by the arms, you by the legs. The assistant pulls the baby's right arm forward, spreading his fingers and pressing his palm to the surface of the table. You bend the baby's left leg and pull it towards the tummy. Then you do the same with the left arm and right leg of the baby, after which you return to the previous movement. So perform 10-20 "creeping" movements. If the baby does not hold the head well, you will need another assistant who will support it with the palms of the sides so that the baby's head is in the midline.
Starting from 4 months, the child should master the following movements: sitting down, holding on to a stick, standing on all fours, squats and bending over on a stick.
sitting down
I. p. - on the back. The baby's arms are extended along the body. Your assistant presses the palm of the child's right hand on the table a few centimeters from his body. You hold the baby’s legs with one hand so that they do not bend and come off the table, and with the other you lift him by the back and force him to sit down with support on the right handle. At the same time, the baby's torso deviates slightly to the right, the handle bends slightly at the elbow. This is how you teach your child to sit up. Having mastered the stereotype of this movement, he will perform the exercise more and more actively and by six months he will be able to do without your help. Do 10 squats with the support of the right handle and the same number with the support of the left.
Sitting down with a stick
I. p. - on the back. The fingers of both hands of the baby (big - from below, the rest - from above) cover the stick with a diameter of 2-3 cm. baby. Your assistant fixes the baby's legs, as in the previous exercise. At the same time, he must ensure that the child does not hit the back of his head on the surface of the table, lying on his back. Repeat 10 times.
Standing on all fours
I. p. - on the stomach. Bring your palm under the baby's chest, lifting him up, and with the other hand bend his legs at the knee and hip joints. At this time, the assistant presses the child's outstretched palms to the surface of the table shoulder-width apart. Let him stay in this position for about a minute. At first, when the balance reactions have not yet been developed, it will be difficult for the baby to maintain the position on all fours, but over time, stability comes.
Squat on stick
Put the stick on the table, cover it several times with a folded diaper. Take the child under the armpits. Have your assistant set the baby's legs shoulder-width apart so that the wand is located exactly in the middle between his socks and heels. During squats, the feet should not move. Repeat 10 times.
Tilts on a stick
The baby's feet are fixed, as in the previous exercise. Hold the child's legs in front with your left hand so that they do not bend at the knees, and bring your right hand under the chest and stomach. Tilt your child's body. Repeat 10 times.
Crawling on all fours
Performed from the age of six months. If at six months the child himself is not yet on all fours, you need to wait to do the exercises until the moment when he learns this. The technique of crawling on all fours is the same as crawling on your stomach.
Rotation
It has a beneficial effect on the vestibular apparatus and the autonomic nervous system. Take the “Health” or “Grace” disc, put a folded diaper on it several times, put a basin on top - preferably a metal one, of medium size. Line the basin from the inside with a blanket and diapers so that the baby can sit in it reclining, like an astronaut in his chair. Smoothly, without jerks, rotate the basin clockwise for 30 seconds. Having stopped, look into the eyes of the child: his eyeballs oscillate in the horizontal direction. Do not be alarmed - this is nystagmus, a normal physiological phenomenon that occurs in anyone who looks out of a moving cabin at a stationary surroundings. Wait for the nystagmus to disappear and rotate the basin in the opposite direction for another half a minute. In the future, gradually increase the rotation time to 5 minutes.
AGE PURPOSE OF GYMNASTIC EXERCISES AND MASSAGE FOR CHILDREN from 1.5 months to 3 years (according to K. D. Hubert and M. G. Ryss)
| № | Purpose | Age | Indications, physiological justifications and targets | Contraindications |
| 1. | Hand massage | 1.5-4 months | In connection with limb hypertension to promote timely balancing of antagonists | Inflammation and irritation of the skin. |
| 2. | Foot massage | 1.5-6 months | Same | Same |
| 3. | Laying out on the stomach | 1.5-4 months | For the development of back muscles | Lack of a protective reflex. |
| 4. | Back massage | 1.5 - 14 months | To strengthen and prepare the back muscles for exercise | |
| 5. | belly massage | Same | To strengthen the abdominal muscles and release the intestines from gases | Same |
| 6. | Foot massage | 1.5 months -6 months | To strengthen the muscles and ligaments of the foot and to develop the support function | Same |
| 7. | Foot exercises (reflex movements) | Same | To stimulate active movement of the foot using the plantar reflex | Same |
| 8. | Extension of the spine in the position on the side (reflex) | 1.5-3 months | To strengthen the back muscles using Talent's spinal reflex | Same |
| 9. | Reflex crawling | 1.5-3 months | To strengthen the extensors of the lower extremities in order to balance the antagonists. Using the phenomenon of Bauer crawl | The disappearance of the Bauer phenomenon |
| 10. | Enveloping movement | 3-10 months | In the absence of hypertension of the muscles of the upper limbs, to strengthen the muscles of the shoulder girdle | Hypertension of the flexor muscles of the upper extremities |
| 11. | Turn from back to stomach with support by the hand | 3-6 months | Cultivation of skill in changing the position of the body, using the reflex of the location of body parts | Passivity of the child, tilting the head |
| 12. | Deviation of the head back in the position on the stomach on the hang | 3-4 months | To strengthen the muscles of the back in the education of the balance reflex, using the position reflex | Passivity of the child, drooping head |
| 13. | Vibrating chest massage | 3-10 months | To encourage deep breathing | Skin inflammation and irritation |
| 14. | Flexion and extension of the arms | Same | In the absence of hypertension of the muscles of the upper limbs, to strengthen the muscles of the arms and shoulder girdle | Hypertension of the flexor muscles of the upper extremities |
| 15. | "Sliding Steps" | 4-14 months | In the absence of hypertension of the muscles of the lower extremities for the education of the support function | |
| 16. | "Soaring" in the position on the stomach | 4-6 months | To educate the balance reflex instead of exercise No. 1 1 (as more calm) | Passivity of the child |
| 17. | Lifting the upper parts of the body from a position on the back by the arms extended to the sides | Same | Cultivating a skill in changing the position of the body, using the occurrence of the child's movement in this direction | |
| 18. | Flexion and extension of the legs together and alternately | 4-10 months | In the absence of hypertension in the muscles of the lower extremities to strengthen the muscles of the legs and develop walking skills | Lower limb flexor hypertension |
| 19. | "Soaring" in the supine position | 4-6 months | To strengthen the abdominal muscles and develop the balance reflex using the position reflex | |
| 20. | Turn from back to stomach while holding the legs | 6 -10 months | Instead of exercise number 1 1 (as more difficult) | Passivity of the child, tilting the head |
| 21. | Crawling exercise | 6 months - before mastering crawling | In the absence of hypertension in the muscles of the lower extremities to develop skills in moving the body | Violation of the muscle tone of the lower extremities (hypertonicity) |
| 22. | Sitting down with support for both arms extended to the sides | 6 -10 months | Instead of exercise No. 17 after preliminary strengthening of the cervical muscles and abdominals with other exercises (No. 11 and 19) | Passivity of the child, tilting the head back |
| 23. | Circular hand movements | 6-14 months | In the absence of hypertension of the muscles of the upper limbs and the development of exercises No. 10 and 14 to strengthen the muscles of the shoulder girdle | Upper limb flexor hypertension |
| 24. | Straight leg raise | 6 -10 months | In the absence of hypertension of the muscles of the lower extremities to strengthen the abdominal press | Lower limb flexor hypertension |
| 25. | Tense arching | Same | With normal muscle tone for the development of coordination in the work of the flexors and extensors of the spine | Violation of muscle tone, as well as the passivity of the child, tilting the head back |
| 26. | Raising the torso from a position on the stomach with the support of the child by the hands | Same | To strengthen the muscles of the back and develop skills in changing the position of the body from horizontal to vertical | Passivity of the child, if the head lags behind the movement of the hands |
| 27. | Sitting (arm flexor exercise) | 6-14 months | With the active participation of the child (presence of flexion in the elbow joint) | Passivity of the child, when, when pulling up, the arms remain straightened |
| 28. | Flexion and extension sitting or standing, with rings | 10-14 months | Instead of #14 after mastering sitting or standing without support | Lack of ability to sit or stand for a long time without support |
| 29. | Raising the body from a position on the stomach to a vertical position with the support of the child by the hands (or with rings) | Same | If the child gets up on his own, clinging to objects, instead of exercise No. 26 | Lack of ability to get up, clinging to an immovable object |
| 30. | Trunk tilt and extension | 10 -18 months | With the ability to stand without support, to strengthen the muscles of the back | Lack of ability to stand without support |
| 31. | Raising straightened legs to a stick (by verbal instruction) | Same | Instead of passive exercise No. 24 | Same |
| 32. | Squat while holding the child by the hands (with rings) | 10-14 months | If you have the ability to stand without support, to strengthen the muscles of the lower extremities | Same |
| 33. | Sit down with support by one hand or independently with fixation of the lower extremities and return to the starting position | 10-18 months | Instead of exercise number 22 as a further complication * | Passivity of the child |
| 34. | Tense arching from a sitting position on the mother's lap | 10 months -3 years | Instead of exercise number 25, because the child is too heavy | |
| 35. | Flexion and extension of the arms while standing, in pairs | 14-18 months | Instead of exercise No. 28, to develop the ability to coordinate your movements with the movements of a friend | |
| 36. | Tense bending of the spine from a position on the stomach (with a stick) | 14 months -3 years | To strengthen the shoulder girdle and interscapular muscles and improve posture |
Motor activity in young children is a powerful factor contributing to the proper development of the child. The creation of physiologically based methods of gymnastics and massage at an early age is based on knowledge of the state and development of skeletal muscles in children.
In the first 3 months of life, there is a sharp hypertonicity of the flexors of the upper and lower extremities, but their balancing with antagonist muscles gradually increases. Gymnastics and massage contribute to the development of extensors and muscle relaxation. It is necessary to stimulate the independent movements of the child associated with extension. This is possible when using innate reflexes in children. These reflexes include a number of food (sucking, swallowing, salivation); protective-defensive, such as, for example, turning or raising the head from a position on the stomach in a child in the first weeks of life; vascular; a number of position reflexes (postures) and the location of parts or balance reflexes (labyrinthine, cervical). Children up to 2.5-3 months have a foot reflex (crawling phenomenon). It refers to skin reflexes. In these reflexes, the stimulus is a touch on the skin, and the response is expressed by contraction of the corresponding muscles. In the first case (the phenomenon of crawling) - the extensor muscles, with the Galant spinal reflex - the extensors of the spine. In the first months of life, it is advisable to use only reflexes associated with extension, in order to avoid strengthening the flexors, the tone of which already predominates.
At the age of 5-6 months, babies can sit without support. By the 7th month, the spine straightens, and the child, sitting, freely manipulates his hands, holding the position of the body well. At the age of 8-10 months, the child is still unstable, especially when pushing from side to side.
General physiological prerequisites. Since children of this age have pronounced hypertonicity of the limb flexors, the masseur's efforts should be aimed at relaxing these muscles.
Active movements are carried out taking into account innate reflexes, mainly musculocutaneous and protective.
Of the innate reflexes, it is necessary to pay attention to extension, avoiding movements of the flexor muscles.
In children of this age, attention should be paid to relaxing the flexors using stroking.
The sequence of the procedure: 1) hand massage (stroking); 2) foot massage (stroking); 3) laying out on the stomach; 4) back massage (stroking);
5) massage of the abdomen (stroking); 6) foot massage (rubbing); 7) exercises for the feet (reflex movements);
8) extension of the spine (reflex) in the position on the side, then on the right, then on the left; 9) laying out on the stomach; 10) reflex crawling.
The child lies on his back during the procedure.
Methodical instructions. The child should take a warm bath every day, you need to evoke positive emotions in him during the procedure, communication.
With normal development in a child of this age, the physiological hypertonicity of the arm flexors disappears, but the phenomena of hypertonicity of the leg muscles may still remain.
At this age, you can begin to carry out passive movements for the hands.
At the age of 3-4 months, in connection with the strengthening of the cervical muscles, congenital position reflexes appear.
On the lower extremities, stroking is used to relax the flexors, where there is hypertonicity.
If the child has the first attempts to change the position of the body - to roll over from his back to his stomach - then he should be helped.
By 3 months, the crawling phenomenon disappears, and exercises for the lower extremities can be applied.
The procedure is carried out in the following sequence: 1) hand massage; 2) grasping movements with hands (passive exercise); 3) foot massage (stroking, rubbing, kneading); 4) turn on the stomach to the right (reflex movement); 5) back massage (stroking, rubbing, kneading); 6) reflex movement of the head back in the position on the stomach; 7) massage of the abdomen (stroking); 8) foot massage (rubbing, patting); 9) exercises for the feet (reflex); 10) vibration massage of the entire chest; 11) passive exercise for arms and legs for flexion and extension; 12) turn on the stomach to the left.
The position of the child for all receptions - lying down. Methodical instructions. Promote full balance of the flexors and extensors of the limbs, the first skills to change the position of the body; to provide conditions for the development of manual skills by hanging various toys and objects to grab them at the height of outstretched arms.
At the age of 4 to 6 months, the child is balancing the flexors and extensors of the lower extremities, so it is necessary to introduce passive movements for the lower extremities.
Strengthening of the anterior cervical muscles by 4 months is due to exercises based on the food reflex with turns and raising the head of the child. In this age period, you can introduce active exercises to change the position of the body (from a lying position to a sitting position) with support for the hands.
Performing exercises, it is necessary to maintain the rhythm of movements under the count - aloud (one, two, three, four).
Mandatory event - massage of the lower extremities, back, abdomen and feet, massage of the upper extremities if there is time (Fig. 163, 164).
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| Rice. 163. Taking the arms to the sides and crossing them on the chest | Rice. 164. Circular movements of the hands |
The sequence of the procedure:
1) clasping movements with hands, passive surrounding movements in front of the chest;
2) foot massage;
3) imitation of cycling movements, "sliding steps" on the surface of the table;
4) turn from back to stomach to the right, back massage (all techniques);
5) "floating" in the position on the stomach (reflex movement);
6) massage of the abdomen (stroking clockwise, along the oblique muscles of the abdomen;
7) lifting the upper body of the child from a supine position with support for both arms extended to the sides;
8) foot massage (reflex movements);
9) flexion and extension of the arms ("boxing");
10) flexion and extension of the legs together and in turn;
11) reflex exercise on the back, "floating";
12) chest massage (emphasis on intercostal spaces);
13) turn from back to stomach to the left (Fig. 165-167).
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Rice. 165. Flexion and extension of the arms alternately |
| Rice. 166. Flexion and extension of legs together | |
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Rice. 167. Flexion and extension of the legs alternately |
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Rice. 168. Reflex exercise for the feet |
Methodical instructions. The child lies. The main task is the further education of manual skill, changing the position of the body with its turns; preparation for crawling; when laying on the stomach, rhythmic sound signals should be given for auditory development; movement along the midline of the foot from the yung-quan point to the heel, between the II-III toes along the sole (Fig. 168). Apply patting movements II-III with fingers over the entire surface of the foot; on the back of the foot, press on the pu-shen point.
In this period, it is possible to introduce exercises both for the small muscles of the hand and for the large muscles of the limbs, which are much more difficult in terms of coordination of movement. The child is able to hold the body in certain positions for a longer time, to sit without support, to stand with support, to crawl. During this period, the child develops understanding of speech, which must be promoted.
Conditional signals should be widely used, verbal instructions (sit down, give, take, give, hold tight), all signals should be carried out on the basis of unconditioned reflexes.
The sequence of the procedures; 1) grasping movements with hands, with rings, speech; 2) flexion and extension of arms and legs with verbal instruction, stroking and rubbing (Fig. 169-173); 3) turn from back to stomach to the right (behind the legs) with verbal instruction.
4) back massage (all manipulations, Fig. 174-177); 5) with the support of both hands, sitting down with a verbal instruction; 6) circular movements with hands; 7) raising straight legs with verbal instruction; 8) reflex movement along the lines along the spine with deflection; 9) turn from back to stomach to the left with verbal instruction; 10) from a position lying on the stomach with the support of the hands, lifting with a speech instruction; 11) exercise for arm flexors for sitting down with verbal instruction; 12) massage of the chest and abdomen (all techniques with vibration (Fig. 178, a); 13) breathing exercises, squeezing on exhalation from the sides (Fig. 178, b).
Methodical instructions. The position of the child is lying and with some. exercises - sitting. Encourage the baby to crawl. Strive to strengthen the muscles for sitting and standing, to cultivate conditioned motor reflexes with understanding of speech and coordination of movements. Observe the rhythm in the performance of movements. Massage should precede exercise.
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Rice. 169. Hand massage (stroking) |
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Rice. 170. Foot massage (stroking) |
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Rice. 171. Foot massage (rubbing) |
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Rice. 172. Massage of legs (rubbing) |
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Rice. 173. Reflex crawl |
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Rice. 174. Reflex extension of the spine |
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Rice. 175. Back massage (stroking) |
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Rice. 176. Back massage (kneading) |
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Massage is a mechanical impact with special techniques (stroking, tapping, rubbing, kneading, etc.) on the skin with a certain force and in a certain sequence. It has a variety of effects on the child's body. Massage is prescribed depending on the physiological characteristics of the child.
General massage prevails in classes with children under 6 months old, after 6 months they begin to massage the back, abdomen and feet, that is, the muscle groups most in need of this. Gradually, after 6 months of a child's life, massage is replaced by gymnastic exercises.
Massage has a positive effect on the development of the child. Its action is manifested in improving the blood supply and protective properties of the skin, increasing its firmness and elasticity, and improving muscle contractility. Systematic massage helps to improve the function of receptors, pathways, strengthen the reflex connections of the cerebral cortex with muscles, blood vessels, internal organs, which contributes to a more coordinated activity of all body systems. This is one of the types of passive gymnastics and is of great importance for the subsequent development of static and motor functions - the ability to maintain body position in space, for example, the ability to sit, stand, and also coordinate movements when crawling, walking, grasping, standing up, etc.
In an adult conducting a massage, the hands should be clean, warm, the skin on the hands is healthy, soft; it is not recommended to use any ointments, talc or other emollients in this case in order to avoid irritation of the baby's skin.
The table is covered with a fourfold folded flannel blanket, oilcloth and a sheet. The child is undressed and placed on his back. Taking into account that in children up to 3 months of age, the predominance of the flexor muscle tone over the extensor muscle tone of the upper and lower extremities remains (the child keeps his arms bent at the elbows and his legs bent at the hip and knee joints), this situation should not be forcibly corrected, they use only stroking massage, as it helps to relax the muscles. Other types of massage (rubbing, kneading, light tapping) are not indicated at this age, as they increase the physiological hypertension of the muscles. For the same reason, children under 3 months of age do not use passive exercises, but use only reflex movements. The entire complex lasts at the beginning of 4-5 minutes, and after 2 months 5-6 minutes. During the massage, the child receives a general air bath. At the end of the exercises, he is dressed.
An approximate set of exercises and massage for children from 1.5 to 3 months.
- 1. Hand massage - stroking. The palm of the hand is carried out in the direction from the hand to the shoulder along the inner surface of the forearm and shoulder of the child. The movement is repeated 4-5 times for each hand.
- 2. Massage of the abdomen - stroking. With the palm of the hand, circular stroking of the abdomen is performed in a clockwise direction, bypassing the region of the right hypochondrium (the location of the liver). The circular motion is repeated 6-8 times.
- 3. Foot massage - stroking. Holding the child's foot by the foot with one hand, with the palm of the other hand, stroke it along the outer and back side of the lower leg and thigh (without touching its inner side) in the direction from the foot to the hip joint. The movement is repeated 4-6 times for each leg (Fig. 9).
- 4. Reflex extension of the spine. This exercise strengthens the back muscles. The child is turned on its side and, touching the skin of the back on both sides of the spine with two fingers, they move in the direction from the buttocks to the shoulder girdle. Tactile irritation of the skin of the back causes a reflex extension of the spine. The exercise is performed once in the position of the child on the right and left side.
Starting from the age of 2 months, the complex of massage and gymnastics is supplemented by the following exercises that help strengthen the muscles of the back, neck, and foot.
- 5. Laying on the stomach. The child is placed on his stomach, and his arms bent at the elbows are placed under his chest.
- 6. Reflex crawling on the abdomen. The child, lying on his stomach with support on arms bent at the elbows, is slightly propped up with the palm of his foot. This causes a reflex extension of the child's legs, as a result of which he moves forward and bends his legs again. The exercise is repeated 2-3 times.
- 7. Back massage. The child is placed on his stomach and his back is stroked in the direction from the buttocks to the neck with the back surface of both hands and back from the neck to the buttocks - with the palms. The movement is repeated 4-6 times.
- 8. Reflex extension of the back and legs (imitation of the swimmer's position). The child lying on his stomach is lifted on the right palm, at the same time, with the left hand, he is held by the feet and the lower parts of both legs. In this case, there is a reflex deviation of the head back, extension of the spine and legs in the hip joints. The exercise is carried out 1-2 times.
In addition to the above special exercises that strengthen the muscles of the back, it is recommended, starting from 2 months, to put the child on his stomach for 1-2 minutes in all periods of wakefulness.
- 9. Foot massage. The child lies on his back.
- a) Stroking. The leg rests with the Achilles tendon on the index fingers of both hands of an adult. With his thumbs, he strokes the back surface of the child's foot from the fingers to the ankle joint and around it. The movement is repeated 4-6 times.
- b) Rubbing the toes. The adult conducting the massage places the child's foot between the palms of his hands and makes 4-6 light rubbing movements alternately for each leg.
- 10. Reflex flexion and extension of the toes (plantar reflex). The child lies on his back. With one hand, slightly raise the child's leg, holding the lower leg in the palm of your hand. With the index finger of the other hand, lightly press on the skin of the plantar surface of the child's foot at the base of the fingers, thereby causing reflex flexion of the toes. Then they pass a finger along the outer edge of the foot to the heel and again lightly press - a reflex of fan-shaped extension of the toes appears. The exercise is repeated 3-4 times for each leg.
- 11. Dancing (foot reflex). The child is held with both hands under the armpits and, having given him a vertical position, for a moment touch his feet on the table. From touching a dense surface, the half-bent legs of the child reflexively straighten in the knee and hip joints. The exercise is repeated 4-6 times.
Gymnastic exercises are divided into active, reflex and passive. Active exercises are voluntary exercises that the child does independently. Reflex arise directly in response to irritation of the musculocutaneous apparatus. Passive exercises are performed by a nurse. These are movements in which the active participation of the child himself is not necessary (for example, crossing movements of the arms or flexion and extension of the legs).
Motor activity in young children is a powerful factor contributing to the proper development of the child. The creation of physiologically based methods of gymnastics and massage at an early age is based on knowledge of the state and development of skeletal muscles in children.
In the first 3 months of life, there is a sharp hypertonicity of the flexors of the upper and lower extremities, but their balancing with antagonist muscles gradually increases. Gymnastics and contribute to the development of extensors and muscle relaxation.
It is necessary to stimulate the independent movements of the child associated with extension. This is possible when using innate reflexes in children. These reflexes include a number of food (sucking, swallowing, salivation); protective-defensive, such as, for example, turning or raising the head from a position on the stomach in a child in the first weeks of life; vascular; a number of position reflexes (postures) and the location of parts or balance reflexes (labyrinthine, cervical). Children up to 2 "/ 2-3 months have a foot reflex (crawling phenomenon), It refers to skin reflexes. In these reflexes, the stimulus is touching the skin, and the response is expressed by contraction of the corresponding muscles. In the first case (crawling phenomenon) - extensors muscles, with the spinal reflex of Talent - the extensors of the spine.In the first months of life, it is advisable to use only reflexes associated with extension in order to avoid strengthening the flexors, the tone of which already predominates.
At the age of 5 months, children can sit without support. By the 7th month, the spine straightens, and the child, sitting, freely manipulates his hands, holding the position of the body well. At the age of 8-10 months, the child is still not stable, especially when pushing from side to side.
Methods of therapeutic massage and gymnastics at the age of 1 "/2 to 3 months
General physiological background. Since children of this age have pronounced hypertonicity of the limb flexors, the masseur's efforts should be aimed at relaxing these muscles.
Active movements are carried out taking into account innate reflexes, mainly musculocutaneous and protective.
Of the innate reflexes, it is necessary to pay attention to extension, avoiding movements of the flexor muscles.
In children of this age, attention should be paid to relaxing the flexors using stroking.
The sequence of the procedure: 1) hand massage (stroking); 2) foot massage (stroking); 3) laying out on the stomach; 4) back massage (stroking); 5) massage of the abdomen (stroking); 6) foot massage (rubbing); 7) exercises for the feet (reflex movements)) 8) extension of the spine (reflex) in the position on the side, then on the right, then on the left; 9) laying out on the stomach; 10) reflex crawling.
The child lies on his back during the procedure.
Methodical instructions: the child should take a warm bath every day, he needs to constantly evoke positive emotions during the procedure, communication.
Therapeutic massage and gymnastics at the age of 3 to 4 months
With normal development in a child of this age, the physiological hypertonicity of the arm flexors disappears, but the phenomena of hypertonicity of the leg muscles may still remain.
At this age, you can begin to carry out passive movements for the hands.
At the age of 3-4 months, in connection with the strengthening of the cervical muscles, congenital position reflexes appear.
On the lower extremities, stroking is used to relax the flexors, where there is hypertonicity.
If the child has the first attempts to change the position of the body - to roll over from the back to the stomach, then he should be helped.
By 3 months, the phenomenon of crawling disappears and exercises for the lower extremities can be applied.
The procedure is carried out in the following sequence: 1) hand massage; 2) covering movements with hands (passive exercise); 3) foot massage (stroking, rubbing, kneading); 4) turn on the stomach to the right (reflex movement); 5) back massage (stroking, rubbing, kneading); 6) reflex movement of the head back in * position on the stomach; 7) massage of the abdomen (stroking); 8) foot massage (rubbing, patting); 9) exercises for the feet (reflex); 10) vibration massage of the entire chest; 11) passive exercise for arms and legs for flexion and extension; 12) turn on the stomach to the left.
The position of the child for all receptions - lying down.
Methodical instructions: to promote the full balance of the flexors and extensors of the limbs, the first skills to change the position of the body; to provide conditions for the development of manual skills by hanging various toys and objects to grab them at the height of outstretched arms.
Therapeutic massage and gymnastics at the age of 4-6 months
At the age of 4 to 5 months, the child is balancing the flexors and extensors of the lower extremities, so it is necessary to introduce passive movements for the lower extremities.
Strengthening of the anterior cervical muscles by 4 months occurs due to exercises based on the food reflex with turns and raising the child's head. In this age period, you can introduce active exercises to change the position of the body (from a lying position to a sitting position) with support for the hands.
Performing exercises, it is necessary to maintain the rhythm of movements under the count - aloud (one, two, three, four).
Mandatory event - massage of the lower extremities, back, abdomen and feet, massage of the upper extremities if there is time (Fig. 159, 160).
Rice. 159. Leading the arms to the sides and crossing them on the chest.
Rice. 160. Circular movements of the hands.
The sequence of the procedure: 1) grasping movements with hands, passive cross movements in front of the chest; 2) foot massage; 3) imitation of cycling movements, "sliding steps" on the surface of the table; 4) turn from back to stomach to the right, back massage (all techniques); 5) "floating" in the position on the stomach (reflex movement); 6) massage of the abdomen (stroking clockwise, along the oblique muscles of the abdomen); 7) lifting the upper body of the child from a supine position with support for both arms extended to the sides; 8) foot massage (reflex movements); 9) flexion and extension of the arms ("boxing"); 10) flexion and extension of the legs together and in turn; 11) reflex exercise on the back, "hovering"; 12) chest massage (emphasis on intercostal spaces); 13) turn from back to stomach to the left (Fig. 161-163).
Rice. 161. Flexion and extension of the arms alternately.
Rice. 162. Flexion and extension of the legs together
Rice. 163. Flexion and extension of the legs alternately
Rice. 164. Reflex exercise for the feet.
Methodical instructions. The child lies. The main task is the further education of manual skill, changing the position of the body with its turns; preparation for crawling when laying out on the stomach, rhythmic sound signals should be given for the development of auditory; movement along the midline of the foot from the yung-quan point to the heel, between the II-III toes along the sole (Fig. 164). Apply patting movements II-III with fingers over the entire surface of the foot; on the back side, press on the pu-shen point, on the outer side of the foot.
METHOD OF MASSAGE AND GYMNASTICS AT THE AGE OF 6-10 MONTHS.
In this period, it is possible to introduce exercises both for the small muscles of the hand and for the large muscles of the limbs, which are more complex in terms of movement coordination. The child is able to hold the body in certain positions for a longer time, to sit without support, to stand with support, to crawl. During this period, the child develops understanding of speech, which must be promoted.
Conditional signals should be widely used, verbal instructions (sit down, give, take, give, hold tight), all signals should be carried out on the basis of unconditioned reflexes.
The sequence of procedures: 1) grasping movements with hands, with rings, speech; 2) flexion and extension of arms and legs with verbal instruction, stroking and rubbing (Fig. 165-169);
Rice. 165. Hand massage (stroking).
Rice. 166. Foot massage (stroking).
Rice. 167. Foot massage (rubbing).
Rice. 168. Massage of the legs (rubbing).
Rice. 169. Reflex crawling.
3) turn from back to stomach to the right (behind the legs) with verbal instruction; 4) back massage (all manipulations, Fig. 170-173);
Rice. 170. Reflex extension of the spine
Rice. 171. Back massage (stroking).
Rice. 172. Back massage (kneading).
Rice. 173. Back massage (vibration).
5) with the support of both hands, sitting down with a verbal instruction; 6) circular movements with hands; 7) raising straight legs with verbal instruction; 8) reflex movement along the lines along the spine with deflection; 9) turn from back to stomach to the left with verbal instruction; 10) from a position lying on the stomach with the support of the hands, lifting with a speech instruction; 11) exercise for arm flexors for sitting down with verbal instruction; 12) massage of the chest and abdomen (all techniques with vibration, Fig. 174, a); 13) breathing exercises, compression on exhalation from the sides (Fig. 174.6).
Rice. 174. Massage of the abdomen.
a - stroking; b - squeezing on exhalation from the sides.
Methodical instructions. The position of the child - lying down and with some exercises - sitting. Encourage the baby to crawl. Strive to strengthen the muscles for sitting and standing, to cultivate conditioned motor reflexes with understanding of speech and coordination of movements. Observe the rhythm in the performance of movements. Massage should precede exercise.
MASSAGE AND GYMNASTICS METHOD AT THE AGE OF 10 MONTHS - 1 YEAR
In this period, standing without support is formed and walking develops. The child develops new elements of motor skills (for example, squatting), so more squatting exercises are recommended. The child in this period has a connection with actions and objects, their names, which are related to gymnastics. More verbal instructions should be entered.
The sequence of the procedure: 1) flexion and extension of the arms in a sitting position, standing with objects; 2) "bicycle" movement with verbal instruction; 3) turn from back to stomach according to verbal instructions; 4) back massage (all techniques); 5) from a prone position, lifting to a vertical position with the support of the hands or objects (rings); 6) tilt forward (the methodologist presses the knee joints of the child to his back); 7) massage of the abdomen (all techniques); 8) raising straightened legs to a landmark (sticks, toys) with verbal instruction and approval); 9) exercise for arm flexors (sitting down); 10) intense arching with holding the child by the legs, getting an object from the floor with a verbal instruction; 11) squatting with support for the hands, use objects; 12) sitting down with the support of one or the other hand or independently with a return to the starting position; 13) circular movements of hands with objects.
Methodical instructions. The main task is to stimulate exercises according to speech instructions. Apply various items - rings, sticks, toys. Give the child the opportunity to practice the skills of climbing, walking, but, taking into account the individual capabilities of the child, start new movements from a prone position, and then (complicating) - sitting, standing. Massage is a rest after gymnastic exercises, so it should be carried out immediately after them.
The organism of a child develops all the time and differs from the organism of an adult in the nature of its responses to various external influences.
The rates of development of individual organs, systems and the whole organism are not the same in different periods of development (see Scheme of development of static and motor functions in an infant). This determines the features of age-related reactivity.
Knowing the patterns of development of certain functions of a growing child's body, its anatomical and physiological features, it is possible to exert a directed influence on the growth, development and health of the child.
The protective function of the skin in children is less pronounced than in adults, it is often infected and easily vulnerable.
The bone tissue of an infant is soft, malleable and requires careful handling.
If the child is not carried correctly in her arms, if the rules of swaddling are violated, various curvature of the spine.
Muscular system in infants, it is relatively poorly developed and accounts for only 23–25% of body weight, while in an adult it is about 42%.
The muscles of the extremities are especially poorly developed in newborns. The skeletal system and the musculoskeletal apparatus in infants are characterized by "physiological weakness", the skin and subcutaneous fat layer are tender and therefore easily vulnerable. These features must be taken into account when conducting a massage.
Massage of young children (up to a year) is carried out with a preventive, hygienic purpose, as well as in case of any deviations in the state of health or physical development, a violation of the normal function of the spine, a pronounced weakness of the muscles and ligamentous apparatus, a violation of the gastrointestinal tract and transmission of various diseases.
massage renders comprehensive impact on the body of the child. The reaction of the body to massage is different and depends on the techniques used, the duration of exposure. For example, stroking, rubbing - relax the muscles, and tapping, patting - cause an increase in muscle tone.
Influenced by massage blood and lymph flow, metabolic processes, excretion of metabolic products are accelerated.
When exposed to massage techniques on the skin, muscles, ligaments, there are responses from various organs and systems.
There is a close functional relationship between the muscular system and the function of internal organs, smooth muscle tone.
Therefore, massage causes a positive reaction from the digestive tract, this is especially important for constipation (flatulence), after the massage, gases are well removed.
Massage stimulates the growth and development of muscle mass, helps to maintain optimal tone, is a kind of irritant to the receptors of the skin and deeper tissues.
Despite the small mass of the child, the surface of the skin is relatively larger than that of adults.
This partly explains the significantly greater sensitivity of the child to the action of massage. The baby's skin is soft and smooth. The capillary network of the skin is highly developed and hyperemia quickly occurs after the massage.
Given the increased excitability of the nervous system, the presence of a large number of receptors in the skin, it is possible to explain the increased sensitivity of the child to the effects of massage.
When performing a massage, the following rules should be observed
1. Massage movements are carried out along the vessels - from the periphery to the center.
2. The room should be warm to avoid excessive heat dissipation after the massage.
3. Massage is carried out in a lying position on a table or sofa. Direct rays of light should not fall into the eyes of the child.
4. During the massage, hand movements should be soft, gentle, without jerks (especially in the area of the liver, kidneys, patella and spine).
5. When massaging the abdomen, the liver area should be spared; the genitals should not be massaged.
6. When performing a back massage, patting, effleurage of the kidney area is excluded.
Contraindications for a massage in young children:
1. Acute infectious diseases.
2. Rickets at the height of the disease with symptoms of hyperesthesia.
3. Various forms of hemorrhagic diathesis.
4. Inguinal, umbilical, femoral hernias with a tendency to infringement.
5. Congenital heart defects with severe cyanosis and compensation disorder.
6. Pustular, acute inflammatory diseases of the skin.
Hygienic basics of massage for young children
The temperature in the room should be at least 22-24 ° C, with good lighting.
Masseur's hands must be warm, with short-cut nails, dry, without rings and other decorations.
The table on which the massage is performed should be covered with a blanket and a clean diaper.
Massage in progress without any additives or lubricants.
After the massage, the child should be dressed in warm, dry underwear to keep warm.
Massage is carried out after feeding, but not earlier than 1–1.5 hours later, or before feeding.
Before going to bed, the child should not be massaged, as this excites him.
After the massage, the child should rest.
Massage duration 5–7 min.
Attention. Parents who do not know massage techniques should first practice on a doll.
Incorrect, uncertain performance of massage techniques can cause discomfort in a child and, instead of benefit, bring harm..
Massage technique for children at an early age
Massage technique.
Massage can be started with 2-3 weeks of age.
position of the child lying down, legs towards the masseuse, while massaging the back - on the stomach (see Fig.).
Massage begins with stroking.
After the disappearance of the physiological hypertonicity of the muscles of the hands, rubbing of the muscles of the flexors and extensors is added, alternating it with stroking.
With the disappearance of physiological hypertonicity of the muscles of the lower extremities, add ring rubbing.
Stroking the feet of children at an early age
Stroking the feet of young children
The left leg of the child is placed on the palm of the masseuse's left hand, and the right hand strokes the outer and back surfaces of the lower leg and thigh in the direction from the foot to the thigh, bypassing the patella from the outside, avoiding shocks in the knee joint area.
When massaging the left leg, it is held with the left hand, and massaged with the right (see Fig. Massage of children at an early age).
The movements are repeated 5-8 times.
Foot massage for young children
With foot massage the child's foot is placed between the thumb and forefinger masseuse's fingers.
Stroking and rubbing is carried out with the index and middle fingers of the right hand from the heel to the fingers and circular movements.
After three months, patting is turned on, which is performed with the back of half-bent fingers (index and middle) of the right hand on the child's foot (see Fig. Massage of children at an early age).
The movements are repeated 3-7 times.
Stroking the hands of children at an early age
stroking hands is carried out in the position of the child on the back, legs to the masseuse.
Wherein masseuse puts the thumb of the left hand into the right hand of the child and slightly raises it, and with the right hand strokes the inner and outer surfaces of the forearm and shoulder in the direction from the fingers to the shoulder.
When massaging the left hand of a child, the position of the hands of the masseuse changes (see Fig. Massage of children at an early age).
The movements are repeated 6-8 times.
Stroking the belly of young children
Stroking the belly carried out in the supine position.
First, the abdomen is stroked clockwise with the palmar and back surfaces of the hand, without pressing on the liver area and without touching the genitals.
Then stroking and rubbing with the pads of the II-IV fingers of the right hand along the large intestine is performed.
After that, carry out rubbing the oblique abdominal muscles, while the thumbs are placed at the xiphoid process of the sternum and go to the spine and back with sliding movements (see Fig. Massage of children at an early age).
The movements are repeated 3-5 times.
Stroking the back of children at an early age
For back massage the child is turned on the stomach, with legs towards the masseuse and stroking along the spine, the spine is not massaged.
Stroking perform from the buttocks to the neck with one and two hands with the palmar and back surfaces of the hand (see Fig. Massage of children at an early age).
If the child cannot lie comfortably on his stomach, then stroking perform with one hand, and with the other - hold the legs of the child.
After three months, techniques are included: rubbing, kneading and patting the muscles of the back, arms and legs.
Rubbing children at an early age
Trituration perform in the same way as stroking, but more vigorously.
Can be produced ring rubbing, clasping the ankle joint with your thumb (on one side) and the rest (on the other).
Circular movements produce up to the inguinal region.
By doing rubbing the legs with one hand they support it, and with the other they massage it (see Fig. Massage of children at an early age).
They also perform circular (ring) rubbing of the hand.
Rubbing on the back, abdomen, thighs, chest can be performed with the pads of the II-IV fingers or with the pad of the thumb.
Warming up children at an early age
kneading perform with one or two hands, while the muscles (muscle) are captured with the thumb (on the one hand) and the rest (on the other) gently squeeze and move the fingers along the muscles.
When doing leg stretches it is placed on the left hand, and the right hand is massaged.
Can be done on limbs kneading "tongs", while the muscles are massaged on one side with the thumb, and on the other - with II-IV fingers and produce forceps-like massage movements from the bottom up, i.e. from the wrist to the shoulder and from the ankle to the hip.
Mash it is possible with the tips of II-IV fingers in a circle, in a zigzag manner.
On the limbs, especially the lower ones, you can knead the muscles with both hands (see Fig. Massage of children at an early age).
Patting children at an early age
Patting like a massage can be performed on the back, thighs, feet with the back of the hand or fingertips.
Patting is especially indicated for malnutrition (see Fig. Massage of children at an early age).
Vibration of children at an early age
Vibration is performed on the chest with the index and middle fingers moving from the xiphoid process to the shoulders alternately.
Movements should be soft, without pressure.
In addition, vibration on the back can be carried out with the thumb and forefinger, or make a fork from the index and middle fingers.
The movements go from bottom to top to the neck and back, while the spinous processes are located between the fingers (see Fig. Massage of children at an early age).
Repeat 3-5 times.
Finish the massage with stroking.
English
baby massage– infant massage
baby massage
massage technique for children - performance technique of massage for children
