A message on the topic of football players. What is football

Essay

In physical education

From a group student

PK23-16

Lakeeva V.A.

Introduction.

Football is one of the most popular team games in the world, where you need to quickly fight for a small number of points. Football (English football, from foot - leg and ball - ball) is a sports team game in which athletes, using individual dribbling and passing the ball to partners with their feet or any other part of the body except their hands, try to score it into the opponent's goal as much as possible. number of times at a specified time. There are 11 people on the team, including the goalkeeper. A playing, specially marked rectangular area - a field (110-100 m; 75-69 m - for official matches) usually has a grass cover. Game time is 90 minutes (2 periods of 45 minutes each with a 10-15 minute break).

Generally speaking, football is a passionate confrontation between two teams, in which speed, strength, agility, and speed of reaction are manifested. As I noticed best football player modern Brazilian Pele, “football is a difficult game, because you play it with your feet, but you have to think with your head.” Football is an art; perhaps no other sport can compare with it in popularity.

History of the emergence and development of football.

In fact, the history of football goes back many centuries and has affected many countries.

Ancient game into the ball.
In the chronicles of the Han Dynasty, which are already 2000 years old, there is the first mention in history of a game similar to football. So, we can say that the ancestor of football was Ancient China. When Japan applied to host the World Cup in 2002, among its arguments was the curious fact that fourteen centuries ago in this country they played “kennat” - a ball game somewhat similar to modern football. Of course, over several centuries the rules of the game have changed a lot, but the fact remains: varieties of the game that we now call football have existed among many peoples for centuries, and these games have remained one of the favorite entertainments.

Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome were no exception. Here is how Pollux describes the Roman game “harpastum”: “The players are divided into two teams. The ball is placed on a line in the center of the court. At both ends of the court, behind the backs of the players, each of whom stands in his assigned place, another line is drawn (these lines can probably be correlated with the goal lines). You are supposed to bring the ball behind these lines, and to accomplish this feat handily, only pushing aside the players of the opposing team.” Based on this description, we can conclude that "harpastum" was the predecessor of both rugby and football.

In Britain, the game of ball began as entertainment at the annual festivals during Shrovetide. Usually the competition began in the market square. Two teams with an unlimited number of players tried to throw the ball into the goal of the opposing team, and the “goal”, as a rule, was some pre-agreed location near the city center.

The game was tough, rough and often dangerous to the lives of the players. When a crowd of heated men rushed through the streets of the city, destroying everything in its path, the owners of shops and houses had to cover the windows of the lower floor with shutters or boards. The winner was the lucky one who eventually managed to “put” the ball into the goal. Moreover, it wasn’t even necessarily a ball. For example, followers of the rebel Jack Cad, the leader of the popular uprising, drove an inflated pig bladder through the streets of London. And in Chester they kicked a “terrible thing.” Here this fun came from games in honor of the victory over the Danes, so instead of a ball, the head of one of the vanquished was used.

True, later, at the festivities on Shrove Tuesday, the bloodthirsty Chesterians were quite content with an ordinary leather ball.

There is written evidence that in 1175 London boys played a fairly organized game of football during Shrovetide week before Lent. Naturally, they played right in the streets. Moreover, during the reign of Edward the Second, football acquired such wild popularity that London merchants, fearing that this “violent” game would damage trade, turned to the king with a request to ban it. And so, on April 13, 1314, Edward the Second issued a royal decree prohibiting football as a pastime that was contrary to public peace and leading to discord and anger: “Because of the crush and jostling, from the running after big balls that occur, there is noise and anxiety in the city , from which much evil comes, displeasing to the Lord, by the highest decree I command to henceforth prohibit this ungodly game within the city walls under penalty of imprisonmentconclusions».

This was one of many attempts to abolish football, the most popular game among the people. In 1349, King Edward III tried to ban football because he was concerned that young people were devoting too much time and energy to this wild sport, instead of practicing the arts of archery and javelin throwing. He ordered all sheriffs of London to prohibit “this idle pastime.” Richard the Second, Henry the Fourth and James the Third also tried to ban football, all to no avail. One royal decree, issued in 1491, prohibited subjects from playing football and golf in the kingdom and made it a crime to participate in “football games, golf, or other indecent activities.”

However, in the era of the Tudors and Stuarts, football, despite its reputation as “an ungodly and obscene game,” flourished and gained popularity. Subsequently, Cromwell managed to almost completely eradicate this game, so that football was revived only during the Restoration era. A century after this momentous event, Samuel Pepi describes how, even in the bitter cold of January 1565, “the streets were literally crowded with townspeople playing football.” At that time, there were no specific rules, and the game was perceived as fun for the unbridled mob. Sir Thomas Eliot, in his famous book The Ruler, published in 1564, branded football as a game that arouses in people "bestial rage and passion for destruction" and which is "worthy only to be forgotten forever." However, the hot English guys were not going to give up their fun. Under Elizabeth the First, football became widespread, and in the complete absence of rules and organized refereeing, “matches” often ended in injury to players and sometimes in death.

During the 17th century, football came to have several different names. In Cornwall it was called the word now used for Irish grass hockey, and in Norfolk and parts of Suffolk it was called the word which in modern parlance means "nature recreation".

In The Study of Cornwall, Carew argues that the Cornish people were the first to adopt strictly defined rules. He writes that players were not allowed to “kick or grab under the belt.” This probably means that during the game it was forbidden to press on the opponent, trip him or hit him in the legs and below the belt. Carew also writes that football players did not have the right to “throw the ball in front”, that is, in modern parlance, to make a pass forward. A similar rule now exists in rugby.

However, the rules did not exist everywhere. Here is how Strutt describes football in the book “Sports and Other Pastimes”: “When football is started, the players are divided into two groups, so that each has the same number of players. The game is played on a field where two goals are placed at a distance of eighty or one hundred yards from each other. Typically the gate is two sticks driven into the ground two or three feet apart. The ball, an inflated bubble covered with leather, is placed in the middle of the field. The goal of the game is to score the ball into the opponent's goal. The first team to score a goal wins. The skill of the players is manifested in attacks on other people's gates and in defending their own gates. It often happens that, being overly carried away by the game, opponents unceremoniously kick and often simply knock each other down, so that the result is a heap of small things.”

It seems that in those days, power struggles on the football field were an integral part of the game, as, indeed, in the mid-19th century, when a kind of football renaissance took place and modern football was born.

Worldwide spread of football.

Modern organized football originated in Great Britain. With the development of communications and international travel, British sailors, soldiers, traders, technicians, teachers and students spread their favorite sports of cricket and football around the world.

The local population gradually gained a taste for it, and football gained popularity all over the world. By the end of the 19th century, football literally invaded Austria. There was a large British colony in Vienna at that time. Moreover, its influence was so strong that the two oldest Austrian clubs bore the English names “First Vienna Football Club” and “Vienna Football and Cricket Club”. From these clubs the famous “Austria” was later formed.

Hugo Meisl played for Vienna Cricket, who later took over as secretary of the Austrian Football Association. He recalled that the first game in Austria according to real football rules took place on November 15, 1894. It was a match between the Cricketers and Vienna, which ended in a convincing victory for the Cricketers. In 1897 M. D. Nicholson was appointed to a position in the Vienna office of Thomas Cook and Sons. He proved himself to be the brightest and most famous English player in the history of Austrian football and became the first secretary of the Austrian Football Association.

Football became widespread in continental Europe thanks to the efforts of Hugo Meisl. It was he who was the main initiator of the Mitropa Cup (the predecessor of the modern Eurocubes) and various national championships that contributed to the popularization of football in Central Europe.

Hungary was one of the first European countries to learn and immediately love football. It was brought by a young student who returned home from England in the 1890s. The first Hungarian team featured two Englishmen, Arthur Yolland and Ashton. Even before the outbreak of the First World War, some English clubs visited Hungary.
Some argue that football appeared in Germany back in 1865. At that time it was a poorly organized type of game that English boys who studied in German schools, showed it to their classmates. But "adult" german football developed largely thanks to the enthusiasm of the two Schriker brothers, who even borrowed a large sum of money from their mother in order to contribute to the financing of the Football Association's first overseas tour in 1899.
Jimmy Hogan made an invaluable contribution to the development of Dutch football. In 1908, Holland already had 96 clubs and a fairly strong national team, led by Edgar Chadwig, a former player of the England national team.

Football appeared in Russia in 1887 thanks to the English Charnock brothers, who owned a mill in the village of Orekhovo near Moscow. They bought equipment in England, but they didn’t have enough money for boots. Clement Charnock solved this problem by adapting some of the mill's equipment into a kind of darner, with which the spikes were attached to the soles of the players' regular shoes. In Russia they enthusiastically accepted new game and in the 1890s. Moscow has already formed in the capital football league. For the first five years, the winners of all its championships were the Charnoks' team - "Morozovtsy".

One of the first countries in continental Europe to truly form strong teams, was Denmark. The Danes were trained by English professionals, and at the beginning of the 20th century the Danish team was one of the strongest in Europe. On Olympic Games in 1908 the Danes reached the final but lost to Great Britain.

Football has conquered not only Europe, but the whole world. It was brought to Brazil by English sailors in 1874. However, the true missionary of football in Brazil is considered to be Charles Miller, a native of Sao Paulo, the son of English immigrants. He studied in England for a long time and played there for the Southampton club, and when he returned home 10 years later, he brought with him quite full set uniforms and two soccer balls. Miller encouraged workers and employees of the Gas Company, the London Bank and the Sao Paulo Railway Authority to organize their own football teams. He also involved the founders of the Athletic Club of São Paulo, which at that time was exclusively involved in cricket. The first "real" football match took place in April 1894. The railroad workers defeated the Gas Company team.

The first club, consisting mainly of Brazilians only (Mackenzie College Sports Academy), was founded in São Paulo in 1898. So South American football developed simultaneously with European football.

Football appeared in Argentina largely thanks to representatives of the British diaspora in Buenos Aires. However, local residents were not very interested in this game at first. Even in 1911, many Englishmen played on the Argentine national team. But it was not the British, but Italian immigrants who contributed to the popularization of football in Argentina and some other Latin American countries.

Football came to Africa thanks to English and French colonists. Germany and Portugal made their modest but no less significant contribution to the development of football on the African continent.

The regulations and order of this once unorganized “wild” game were determined in the rooms of private schools and universities in Oxford and Cambridge.

Almost every school and every football club had its own set of rules. Some rules allowed dribbling and passing the ball with hands, others were categorically rejected; In some places the number of players on each team was limited, in others it was not. In some teams it was allowed to push, sweep and hit an opponent in the legs, in others this was strictly prohibited.

In other words, English football was in a chaotic state. And in 1846, the first serious attempt was made to unify the set of football rules. H. de Wheaton and J. S. Thring of the University of Cambridge met with representatives of private schools with the aim of formulating and adopting a set of uniform rules.

The discussion lasted 7 hours and 55 minutes and resulted in a document published under the title “Cambridge Rules”. They were approved by most schools and clubs and were later (with only minor changes) adopted as the basis of FA rules. Unfortunately, no copies of the original set of Cambridge Rules have survived. The earliest existing document to which the modern rules of the Football Association can be traced is the set of rules published by Mr Thring in 1862. These were the rules of the game, which Mr. Thring himself defined as “the most simple game" They had a great influence on the development of football as we know it now.

Formation of a football association.

The English Football Association was founded in October 1863. Its foundation was preceded by a meeting of representatives of all leading English football clubs at the London Freemasons Tavern on Great Queen Street. The purpose of the meeting was defined as “the establishment of a unified organization and the establishment of a specific set of rules.”

This meeting was chaired by A. Pember, and Mr. E.S. Morley was appointed honorary secretary. Mr. Morley was asked to compose and send out appeals to the management of the oldest prestigious private schools with an appeal to join the movement for organized football. The second meeting took place a few days later. Some teams have already responded: representatives from Harrow, Charterhouse and Westminster schools have all written that they prefer to stick to their own rules.

At the third meeting of the Football Association, a letter was read to those present from Mr. Thring of Uppingham School, in which he agreed to accept the rules of the Association. At the same time, the laws and rules of the game were finally formulated, published on December 1, 1863. At the sixth meeting, the first committee of the association was appointed.

It included: Mr. J.F. Alcock (Forest Club), older brother of K.W. Alcock, who came into the Association later, Mr Warren (War Office), Mr Turner (Crystal Palace), Mr Steward (Crusaders - Crusaders) and Mr Campbell (Blackheath) as Treasurer, and Pember and Morley.
At this meeting a split occurred between the Rugby Union (as it is now called) and the Football Association. Blackheath Club withdrew from the Association, although Campbell agreed to remain on the committee as treasurer.

Gradually, the Football Association and the game according to uniform rules gained wide public recognition. The Football Association Cup (FA Cup) was established and international matches began to be played. But in 1880, another crisis emerged, and the peaceful period of gradual development of football gave way to a decade of radical reforms.

By then the number of rules had increased from 10 to 15. Scotland still refused to include a throw-in in their rules and did not agree with the English definition of offside. Apart from these minor differences, relations between the English and Scottish Football Associations have been quite friendly.

But another crisis was brewing, which had a tremendous impact on the development of modern football. We are talking about the emergence of hired players playing for money - the first professionals.

By this time the total number of FA members, including clubs and affiliated associations, had risen to 128. Of these, 80 were from Southern England, 41 from Northern England, 6 from Scotland and 1 from Australia.

There were rumors that many parts of the north of England were paying players to play for their teams. In this regard, in 1882, another rule was added to the FA rules (No. 16): “Every player of a club who receives from the club any form of remuneration or monetary compensation in excess of his personal expenses or the funds that he lost by leaving for a particular game is automatically disqualified from participating in cup competitions, any FA competitions and international competitions. The club that hired such a player is automatically expelled from the Association.”

Some clubs have abused this small liberty in the rules regarding “reimbursement of actual expenses”. This discrepancy with the amateur status of the players was considered by southern clubs to be a consequence of unsportsmanlike spirit among clubs in the northern and central counties of England.

Scottish teams were considered the strongest in the UK, and it is not at all surprising that English clubs began to look north and attract Scots to strengthen their teams.

At first, the FA turned a blind eye to this, but in the end the leadership of the Association still had to take action, since three football associations - Sheffield, Lancashire and Birmingham - were accused of encouraging professionalism. In January 1883, a special inspection commission was appointed, which could not prove anything. However, discontent among leading amateur clubs grew, and some of them threatened to boycott the FA Cup just before the opening of the 1883/84 season.

Thunder struck early in 1884 when Upton Park club made a formal charge of encouraging professionalism against Preston. This case attracted the attention of the general public. William Sadell, Preston's chairman and manager, has publicly admitted that his club pays its players, but he has said that he can prove that similar practices exist at almost all the top clubs in Lancashire and the Midlands.

Preston were suspended for the season and banned from the FA Cup, but Sadell's outspoken statements forced the Association management to admit that reality dictates its terms. At the next committee meeting, K.U. Alcock said "the time has come to legalize professional football." Dr. Morley supported him, but not all committee members agreed with this. Passions raged for almost a year and a half, but in July 1885, professional football was nevertheless legalized.

However, the amateur and professional status of football continued to be discussed for several more years (and not only in England, but also in other countries). At the end of the 1920s. in Argentina there were two official leagues - amateur and professional, which competed with each other. But gradually professionalism gained strength. And it was the development of professional football that contributed to the establishment of the World Cup.

The British associations strongly disagreed with FIFA's regulation of so-called lay-up fees: the practice of compensating an amateur player for time he played football and was unable to earn money from his day job. As a result of the conflict, all four Associations (England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland) left FIFA. This gesture cost them the right to participate in the first three World Cups leading up to the Second World War.

Municipal educational institution Cadet school

Essay

on the topic: History of the development of football

Chistopol 2011

Introduction

Every person has heard the word “football” more than once. In my essay I want to talk about the history of the development of football, their tactics in the game. Football (English football, “football”) is a team sport in which the goal is to kick the ball into the opponent’s goal with your feet or other parts of the body (except hands) more times than the opposing team. Currently the most popular and widespread sport in the world. Football is played on a field with a special covering made of grass or synthetic material. The two teams participating in the game have up to eleven people, each of whom has a specific role in the game and a special location in their half of the field. The goalkeeper protects the goal from being hit by the ball, in addition, only he from the entire team is allowed to play with his hands, but only in his own penalty area near the goal. Defenders interfere with the opposing team's players, preventing them from approaching the goal with the ball and scoring a goal. Forwards participate in the game most actively, their role is reduced to scoring goals for opponents, coming up with the necessary actions and game techniques. Midfielders are located in the center of the field and, depending on the situation, help either defenders or attackers. As many people know, the main goal of the game is to hit the ball into the opponent's goal, and the use of hands is not allowed. Each team has its own uniform, club (country) badge, stadium, sponsor. Best Tournament Football is the World Cup, which is held every four years. Many countries around the world take part in the championship.

1. Various football names

Complete English name(English associationfootball) was invented to distinguish this game from other varieties of "football", especially rugby (English rugbyfootball). In the 1880s, the abbreviated name “soccer” appeared, which today has become widespread in a number of English-speaking countries (excluding England, where fans consider it disparaging).

In other languages ​​the name of the game is:

or by borrowing the English word football, as in Russia - football, in Portugal - port. futebol.

or by translating the word football, such as in German. Fußball, Greek - Greek, ποδόσφαιρο, Finnish - Finn. jalkapallo, Hebrew - Hebrew. כדורגל‎ and Karelian - Karelsk. jalgamiäččy.

or derived from the words “kick”, “leg”, etc., as in Italian. calcio, Croatian - Croatian. nogomet.

"Football" is the official international name of the game used by FIFA and the IOC.

2. Football history

Football is the most popular team game in the world, where you have to fight for a small number of points. The history of the “football” goes back many centuries. Various ball games similar to football were played in the countries of the Ancient East (Egypt, China), in the ancient world (Greece, Rome), in France (“pas soup”), in Italy (“calcio”) and in England. Immediate predecessor European football was, in all likelihood, the Roman "harpastum". In this game, which was one of the types of military training for legionnaires, the ball had to be passed between two posts. In Ancient Egypt, a game similar to football was known in 1900 BC. e. In Ancient Greece, the game of ball was popular in various forms in the 4th century. BC BC, as evidenced by the image of a young man juggling a ball on an ancient Greek amphora kept in a museum in Athens. Among the warriors of Sparta, the ball game “episkyros” was popular, which was played with both hands and feet. The Romans called this game “harpastum” (“hand ball”) and slightly modified the rules. Their game was brutal. It was thanks to the Roman conquerors of games and ball in the 1st century. n. e. became well known in the British Isles, quickly gaining recognition among the native Britons and Celts. The Britons turned out to be worthy students - in 217 AD. e. in Derby they defeated the team of Roman legionnaires for the first time.

Around the 5th century. this game disappeared along with the Roman Empire, but the memory of it remained among Europeans, and especially in Italy. Even the great Leonardo da Vinci, whom his contemporaries characterized as a reserved man, restrained in expressing emotions, did not remain indifferent to her. In his “biographies of the most famous painters, sculptors and architects” we read: “if he wanted to distinguish himself, he found himself not exclusively in painting or sculpture, but competed in the game of football, beloved by Florentine youths.” When in the 17th century. supporters of the executed English king Charles I fled to Italy, they became acquainted with this game there, and after Charles II ascended the throne in 1660, they brought it to England, where it became a court game. Medieval football in England was extremely passionate and rough, and the game itself was, in essence, a wild fight in the streets. The English and Scots played for life and death. It is not surprising that the authorities waged a stubborn war on football; Even royal orders were issued banning the game. On April 13, 1314, the royal decree of Edward II was read to the residents of London, prohibiting the game in the city on pain of imprisonment... In 1365 it was the turn of Edward III to ban football, due to the fact that the troops preferred this game to improving their archery skills. Richard II, in his ban in 1389, mentioned football, dice, and tennis. The T-shirt was liked and eaten by poor English monarchs - from Henry IV to James P.

But the popularity of football in England was so great that even royal decrees could not prevent it. It was in England that this game was called “football,” although this did not happen when the game was officially recognized, but when it was banned. At the beginning of the 19th century In Great Britain there was a transition from “crowd football” to organized football, the first rules of which were developed in 1846 at Rugby School and two years later refined in Cambridge. And in 1857, the world's first football club was organized in Sheffield. Six years later, representatives of 7 clubs gathered in London to develop common rules of the game and organize the National Football Association.

It was formed in 1863, and the world's first official rules of the game were developed, which received universal recognition several decades later. Three of the thirteen paragraphs of these rules indicated the prohibition of playing with hands in various situations. It was not until 1871 that a goalkeeper was allowed to play with his hands. The rules strictly defined the size of the field (200x100 yards, or 180x90 m) and the yard (8 yards, or 7 m32 cm, remained unchanged). Until the end of the 19th century. The English Football Association introduced a number of other changes: the size of the ball was determined (1871); corner kick was introduced (1872); from 1878 the judge began to use a whistle; Since 1891, a net appeared on the goal and an 11-meter free kick (penalty) began to be taken. In 1875, the rope connecting the poles was replaced by a crossbar at a height of 2.44 m from the ground. And goal nets were used and patented by the Englishman Brodie from Liverpool in 1890. A referee on a football field first appeared in 1880-1881. Since 1891, referees began to enter the field with two assistants. Changes and improvements in the rules certainly influenced the tactics and technique of the game. The history of international football meetings dates back to 1873. It began with a match between the national teams of England and Scotland, which ended in a draw with a score of 0:0. Since 1884, the first official international tournaments with the participation of football players from England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland began to take place in the British Isles (such tournaments are still held annually).

At the end of the 19th century. Football began to quickly gain popularity in Europe and Latin America.

In 1904, on the initiative of Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands and Switzerland, the International Federation of Football Associations (FIFA) was created.

3. Rules of playing football

Separate football game is called a match, which in turn consists of two halves of 45 minutes. The pause between the first and second halves is 15 minutes, during which the teams rest, and at the end of it they change goals.

Football is played on a field with grass or synthetic surface. The game involves two teams: each from 7 to 11 people. One person on the team (the goalkeeper) can play with his hands in the penalty area near his goal; his main task is to protect the goal. The rest of the players also have their own tasks and positions on the field. The defenders are located mainly in their own half of the field, their task is to counteract the attacking players of the opposing team. Midfielders operate in the middle of the field, their role is to help defenders or attackers depending on the game situation. The attackers are located mainly in the opponent's half of the field, the main task is to score goals.

The goal of the game is to score the ball into the opponent's goal, do this as many times as possible and try to prevent a goal from being scored into your own goal. The match is won by the team that scores the most goals.

If the teams score the same number of goals during two halves, then either a draw is recorded or the winner is determined in accordance with the established regulations of the match. In this case, additional time may be assigned - two more halves of 15 minutes each. As a rule, teams are given a break between the main and extra time of the match. Between extra periods, teams are given only time to change sides. At one time in football there was a rule according to which the winner was the team that scored a goal first (the “golden goal” rule) or won at the end of any of the extra periods (the “silver goal” rule). At the moment, extra time is either not played at all or played in full (2 halves of 15 minutes each). If it is not possible to identify a winner during extra time, a series of post-match penalties are carried out, which are not part of the match: five shots are taken at the opponent’s goal from a distance of 11 meters by different players. If the number of penalties scored by both teams is equal, then one pair of penalties will be taken until a winner is identified.

4. Football in the world

According to a statement by FIFA in 2001, about 250 million people played football on the planet. Of these, more than 20 million are women. There are approximately 1.5 million registered teams and 300,000 professional clubs.

In the distribution by country, the United States is in first place (approximately 18 million, of which 40% are women), followed by Indonesia (10 million), Mexico (7.4 million), China (7.2 million), Brazil (7 million), Germany (6.2 million), Bangladesh (5.2 million), Italy (4 million), Russia (3.8 million).

5. Tactics

5.1 General provisions

Tactics should be understood as the organization of individual and collective actions of players aimed at achieving victory over an opponent, i.e. interaction between team players according to a specific plan that allows them to successfully fight the opponent. The ability to correctly solve problems of neutralizing opponents and successfully use one’s capabilities in attacks characterizes the tactical maturity of both the team as a whole and its individual players. A team can achieve success only with well-organized and necessarily active actions of all players in attack and defense. The tactics of the game are continuously improved as a result of the constant struggle between attack and defense. It is this struggle that is the main driving force in the development of football tactics. Classification There are two large sections of tactics: attack tactics (Fig. 38) and defensive tactics (Fig. 39). They, in turn, are divided into subsections: individual, group and team tactics. Within these subsections there are groups of tactical actions performed in various ways.

5.2 Player functions

Skillful organization of the team's attacking and defensive actions is achieved by a clear distribution of functions between individual players and groups of players. In modern football, players are divided according to their functional responsibilities into goalkeepers, defensive line players, mid-line players and attack line players. In modern football, despite their specialization, each player is required to skillfully perform all technical techniques and act competently in attack and defense, depending on the game situation.

5.3 Goalkeeper

The goalkeeper is the only player on the team who is allowed by the rules of the game to touch the ball with his hands in his own penalty area. Hence the goalkeeper’s main task is to directly protect his goal. Another important function of a goalkeeper is organizing the initial phase of his team’s attacking actions.

5.4 Defensive line players

Among the defensive players, individual football players also perform various functional duties. Full backs must combine solid defensive play with active attacking moves down the flanks. When defending themselves, football players of this role must have the skills of personal guarding the opponent, skillfully act with the zone method of defense, the “line” system of play. In attack, full backs are required to skillfully open up in cases where the goalkeeper or teammate has gained possession of the ball. Having received the ball, they must either move forward with it or pass it to their partners in a timely and accurate manner. The functions of full-backs include an unexpected connection to active offensive actions on the flank and interchangeability with other players. Central defenders are key players in the defensive line, as they operate in the central, most dangerous space for scoring goals. Players in this role must have tall and have excellent jumping ability for successful combat in the air. In the case of an appropriate formation, the front central defender must combine personal play on assignment with actions in the zone, and have good skills in insuring partners. Having gained possession of the ball, the forward central defender quickly moves forward, joining the attack, or passes to teammates. In some episodes, he supports the attack “on the second floor” and, when possible, uses a shot on goal. The back central defender must subtly understand the tactical situation, “read” the opponent’s possible tactical moves and take the correct defensive position to gain possession of the ball and secure his teammates. His main tasks are coordinating all the actions of the defenders and playing in the zone, interacting with the goalkeeper and partners, and organizing the offside position. When switching to an attack, the back central defender opens up to receive the ball from the goalkeeper or teammates, and then continues the development of the attack with accurate and varied passes. Occasionally, he himself joins the attack, trying to make maximum use of the relative freedom to create acute situations, and sometimes completes the attack with a strike from a distance or medium distance. The functions of defenders are developing towards universalization and bringing their actions closer to the actions of midline players.

5.5 Mid laners

football game tactics goalkeeper

The actions of midfielders are considered one of the main factors in the team's successful performance. Players of this specialization must have excellent functional training, ensuring high performance throughout the match, be active in attacking and defensive actions, create and maintain a high tempo of the game. Players of this line are subject to increased demands and tactical preparedness, since they coordinate the interaction of all partners both in attack and defense. The versatility of the functions of midfielders should be based on high performance skills. As a rule, high-class midline players have a strong, well-placed shot. The team's midline should be staffed with players who successfully operate in a variety of tactical terms. Wing midfielders, in addition to good skills in playing as full-backs, must also skillfully operate on the attacking flanks. Ideally, due to their versatility and high functional training, players in this role can completely cover the edge of the field, performing increased volumes of high-speed “shuttle” work per match. The defensive central midfielders are positioned directly in front of their team's defensive line; their task is to impose a fight on the opponent, not to let him directly to their goal, to counteract passes and shots to them. Defensive midfielders organize the transition from defense to attack and further develop the attack. Long ball transfers are often used. Playing central midfielders are positioned under their team's forwards. Their responsibilities include controlling the middle of the field and ensuring the team has long possession of the ball, and therefore the initiative. These are connecting players, creators of the team’s game, setting the direction of attacking actions and actively participating in their completion.

5.6 Offensive line players

In modern football, attackers do not have a specific position on the football field, positioning themselves and choosing the direction of their attacking actions in accordance with their capabilities, without violating team tactics. It is advisable to put a tall, powerful forward at the forefront of the attack with the task of trying to “push” the defense in the most dangerous central zone, completing high passes from partners, pulling several defenders towards himself, thereby freeing the hands of partners. Fast, agile forwards tend to play across the entire attacking front. They are able to carry out a high-speed individual maneuver on the flank with a subsequent pass or “cross” of the ball into the penalty area, receive a pass along the way from a partner into the free zone and, running away from the defenders, hit the opponent’s goal. When switching to defense after the breakdown of their attack, the attackers enter into single combat with the nearest opponent in possession of the ball, or block a certain zone.

5.7 Attack tactics

Attack tactics refers to the organization of actions by the team in possession of the ball to score the opponent's goal. Attack actions are divided into individual, group and team.

5.8 Individual tactics

Individual attack tactics are the purposeful actions of a football player, his ability to choose the most correct one from several possible solutions to a given game situation, the ability of a football player, if his team has the ball, to escape from the control of the opponent, to find and create playing space for himself and his partners, and if need to win the fight against the defenders. Action without the ball. These include opening up, distracting the opponent and creating a numerical advantage in a particular area of ​​the field. Opening is the movement of a football player in order to create favorable conditions for receiving the ball from a partner. Opening must be done unexpectedly for the opponent and at high speed. This allows you to break away from your opponent and create a certain amount of space to receive the ball. The opening must not interfere with other partners' actions without the ball. It is not recommended to get too close to the player in possession of the ball - this slows down the progress of the attack. You have to be careful not to end up in an offside position. Distracting an opponent is a complex movement into a certain area in order to lead a guard with him and thereby provide freedom of action to a teammate who has the ball or is in a more advantageous position to directly threaten the goal. When performing distracting actions, it is necessary to remember that movements must be convincing, i.e. really create a threat and thereby force defenders to follow the mover. Creating a numerical advantage in a separate area of ​​the field is the expedient movement of one or a group of players into the area where the partner with the ball is located. This creates a numerical advantage in a certain area of ​​the field, which can be used to beat an opponent in single combat or through a combination. Most often, this tactical action is used during an attack involving a significant number of players. Actions with the ball. The main options for the player in possession of the ball are: dribbling, dribbling, hitting, passing and stopping the ball, i.e. all technical methods. Dribbling as a tactical means is advisable to use in cases where the partners of the player in possession of the ball are covered by opponents and there is no opportunity for a pass. Then the player must begin moving with the ball along the length or width of the field in order to gain time for partners to open up or to get into a striking position himself. Dribbling is the action of a player with the ball in order to win a duel with an opponent. This the most important means individual overcoming of defense. The following types of dribbling are distinguished: with a change in the speed of movement, with a change in the direction of movement, deceptive movements (feints). Dribbling with changes in speed is most effective when dribbling the ball along the sideline of the field or when the player with the ball moves diagonally. Stroke with a change in direction of movement is used in two versions. In the case when the defender is in front of the player with the ball, having approached him at a distance of 5-6 m, the attacker moves to the side. If the defender does not react to this action, the attacker sharply increases speed and leaves the opponent behind. If the defender begins to move in a new direction, the attacker suddenly changes it again and picks up speed. The second option is used when the defender is behind or behind and to the side and moving in the same direction as the player with the ball. At the moment the defender approaches the attacker, the latter abruptly stops the ball and, turning 180°, continues to move past the defender. This type dribbling is especially beneficial for longitudinal and diagonal movements of the player with the ball. Dribbling with the help of deceptive movements (feints) is the most effective means of conducting martial arts in a relatively small playing space (actions in the opponents' penalty area, etc.). Shots on goal are the main means of completing all attacking actions. When performing them, it is necessary to take into account many tactical aspects: assessing the goalkeeper’s position, choosing the method of striking and its strength, the surprise and timeliness of its application. Passing is the interaction of two players when the ball is sent by one of them to the other. At the same time, transmission is a means of interaction between two or three athletes, i.e. group action. According to the purpose of the passes, they are divided into passes to the legs, to the exit, to the strike, to the “miss”, and “shooting”. By distance they are classified into short (5-10 m), medium (10-25 m) and long (more than 25 m). Depending on the direction, they are longitudinal, diagonal and transverse. According to the trajectory of execution, transmissions are distinguished between bottom, top and arc, and according to the method of execution, soft, cut and tilting. Each pass can be effective in certain situations (fast or slow opponent, whether he is active in interceptions or prefers to tackle the ball, good or bad header, etc.), which must be taken into account by the player performing it. Factors influencing the effectiveness of passes are the technical skill of the football player, the ability to see the field, tactical thinking, and the maneuverability of partners. The success of defensive actions depends not only on the coordinated actions of a group of players, but also on their ability to act individually against an opponent in possession of the ball and without it. An action against a player without a ball. These include covering and intercepting the ball. Closing is the movement of the defending team to get into the right position to make it difficult for the opposition to receive the ball. Closing occurs when the opponent threatens the goal with his immediate position or can create an advantageous position for scoring a goal through his actions. The closer the opponent is to the goal, the tighter you need to close it. An interception is a timely, proactive approach to the ball by a player of the defending team to disrupt the opponent’s attacking actions. When intercepting, the player must correctly assess the situation and choose the most appropriate technical means of intercepting the ball.

Acting against a player in possession of the ball, the player seeks to take the ball, prevent its transfer, enter an acute position with the ball, or strike. Selecting the ball, depending on the situation, is performed using one of the previously described techniques: kick, leg stop or shoulder push. Counter-passing is used when the opponent's teammate is in an advantageous position. The defender approaches the opponent with the ball 2-3 m and prevents him from making an accurate pass. Countering the dribble is used when the opponent moves with the ball towards the goal and aims to prevent him from getting into an advantageous position.

To do this, the defender, as a rule, aligns himself with the moving opponent on a parallel course and tries to push him to the side line or pass the ball across the field.

Countering a shot is used when the attacker will aim to hit the shot close to the penalty area. In this case, the defender needs to concentrate all his attention on the opponent’s legs, not missing the moment of the swing of the kicking leg, in order to have time to put his leg in the path of the intended flight of the ball.

5.9 Group tactics

Group tactics solves the interaction of two or more players on the football field, called combinations. The whole game consists of a chain of combinations and countering them. It is customary to distinguish between two main types of combinations: in “standard” positions and during a game episode. Combinations in “standard” positions. These include interactions during a throw-in, corner kick, free kick, free kick, and goal kick. Played combinations allow you to pre-position players in the most advantageous areas of the field. Each of them has options. They are carried out after the team has taken possession of the ball. Group actions in game episodes are divided into interactions in pairs, threes, etc. Interactions between two partners include combinations of “wall”, “crossing”, “one-touch pass”. The wall combination is one of the most effective ways to beat a defender with the help of a partner. The player with the ball, getting close to his partner, suddenly sends him the ball and rushes behind the defender at maximum speed. The partner returns the ball to the first player with one touch in such a way that he takes possession of it without reducing his running speed, and the defenders cannot interfere with him or intercept the ball. The “crossing” combination is most often used in the middle of the field or on the approaches to the penalty area. The player leaves the ball at a certain point and continues moving in the original direction. His partner, moving synchronously, picks up the ball and goes with it into the free zone. The “one-touch pass” combination provides for one of the partners to quickly move to a new position. At the same time, the use of such passes does not allow defenders to get close to one of the attackers to take the ball. The interactions of three partners include such types of combinations as “interchangeability”, “passing the ball”, “one-touch pass”. The “interchangeability” combination can be successfully used in any part of the field. A variant of this is to connect the full-back to the attack along the flank. After receiving the ball from a teammate, that defender moves forward along the sideline. A partner moves towards him, pursued by an opponent. Without getting close to him, the defender suddenly passes to the third player deep in the field and makes a high-speed dash along the flank behind the approaching opponent. A return pass immediately follows into the area vacated on the flank for the full-back to move, and his place in the defense is taken by a partner moving towards him. The “passing the ball” combination is successfully used when completing flank attacks directly in the opponent’s penalty area. After a strong cross (“shooting”) pass along the goal, the player actively goes to it, simulating a shot at the goal. However, instead of hitting, he unexpectedly passes the ball to his partner, who finds himself without the guardianship of a defender. The one-touch pass combination with three partners is performed in compliance with the same principles as with two. Most often this combination is carried out in a triangle. During the training process, you should learn the structure of the combination, its meaning, and the basic principles of execution. The entire football match consists of a combination of simple, high-level played and complex multi-move tactical combinations with a large number of players involved. But multi-move combinations essentially consist of a series of simple combinations following one after another.

5.10 Team tactics

Team tactics is the organization of collective actions of the entire team in solving problems that arise in a specific game situation. In any tactical formation, team tactics are carried out through two types of actions: quick and gradual attack. Fast attack is the most effective method organizing attack actions. Its essence is that through a minimum number of passes, an attack is organized at high speed with the player entering a position advantageous for scoring a goal. In this case, opponents do not have enough time to regroup their forces on defense. There are three phases of a fast attack. The initial phase is the transition from defense to attack through a quick first pass and the return of the players involved in the defense to their positions in the attack line. Developing an attack is breaking through the opponents’ defense before they have time to strengthen and organize actions to neutralize the attack. Completing the attack is creating a scoring situation and hitting the goal. The most common type of organizing a team's attacking actions is a gradual attack. It creates the possibility of long-term control over the ball, since combinations are carried out using short and medium passes. In contrast to a quick attack, the organization of an attack involves a significant number of players performing various tactical maneuvers in order to break through defensive formations in one of the opponent’s defense lines. With a gradual attack, the following phases are distinguished. The initial phase is the transition from defense to attack, returning the attacking players who participated in the defense to their places in the attack line and passing the ball to one of the open defenders. Development of an attack is a gradual advance towards the opponent’s goal, carried out through various combinations with the creation of a numerical advantage in certain areas of the field and individual actions of the attackers. Completing an attack is creating a scoring situation in order to bring one of the attackers into a striking position. Group tactics in defense involve the organized action of two or more players against any opponent threatening the goal, and are aimed at assisting partners. Methods of interaction between two players in defense include insurance, countering the “wall” and “crossing” combinations. Insurance is one of the ways of mutual assistance during the game, which is aimed at choosing a position and subsequent actions in order, if necessary, to correct a mistake made by a defensive partner. When countering a “wall” combination, the main point is the choice of position in relation to the opponent who received the first pass. You should take a place near him in such a way as to knock the ball out, make it difficult for him to complete a return pass, or force him to change his original decision. The counter to the “crossing” combination is that at the moment it is carried out, the defenders focus on the actions of the players they are guarding, especially on the opponent who ends up with the ball, in order to block his path to the goal. Methods of interaction between three or more players include specially organized counteractions: building a “wall” and creating an artificial offside position. In the case when the opponent, having seized the initiative, persistently attacks and strives forward, and his attackers strive to open up sharply in front of the goal, it is very effective method defense is to create an artificial offside position. The defenders are positioned in close proximity to the opponent’s attackers and, at the latter’s command, before making a pass towards the attackers, they synchronously move forward, leaving them behind them. The art of creating an offside position depends primarily on the coordination of the defensive line players. A good tactical means of playing defense is to organize and build a “wall”. The “wall” is used by the team into whose goal a free kick or penalty kick is awarded. Defenders line up a group of players with the goal of blocking the path of the ball when it is struck in the immediate vicinity of the goal. The installation of the “wall” is directed by the goalkeeper, who, as a rule, tries to block his partners from direct blow the near corner of the goal, and he defends the far one. The basis of team play in defense is the organized tactical actions of players against attacking opponents. Depending on the structure and nature of the attacking actions, team actions in defense include defense against a rapid attack and a gradual attack. Defense against a fast attack provides for, in the event of the loss of the ball during an attack by his team, the players closest to him to immediately enter the fight in order to regain possession of the ball or prevent him from making the first pass. By concentrating players in certain areas of the field, an attempt is made to prevent the opponents from quickly maneuvering and to close the main routes to the goal. It is very important to neutralize the players who, as a rule, are addressed with the first pass. When defending against a gradual attack, the defending team, at the moment of losing the ball, prefers to retreat back without actively fighting, organizing coordinated defensive actions in its half of the field. When an attack develops, defensive players concentrate in the direction of the attack or disperse along the front and actively participate in the struggle for space and the ball with the obligatory organization of insurance. As the opponent approaches the goal, defenders must create screens in dangerous areas to make it difficult for their players to enter a shooting position. In addition to the general principles of playing defense against a fast and gradual attack, a number of ways to organize team actions in defense can be identified.

Personal defense is an organization of defense with strict responsibility of each defending player for the opponent assigned to him.

Zone defense is a tactical way of playing defense, in which each player controls a certain area of ​​the field and enters into a fight for the ball with any opponent who appears within its boundaries. Combined defense is the most common in modern football. At the same time, some players may be assigned to guard their opponents exclusively, while others may play primarily in the zone.

5.11 Defense tactics

Defensive tactics involve organizing the actions of the team not in possession of the ball, aimed at neutralizing the attacking actions of the opponents. As in attack, defensive play consists of individual, group and team actions.

5.12 Goalkeeper tactics

Modern football requires the goalkeeper to not only skillfully defend the goal, but also active actions within the penalty area, as well as leadership of all defenders. Additionally, the goalkeeper starts a significant amount of his team's attacks. In tactics

5.13 Defensive actions of the goalkeeper

The goalkeeper's main task is to directly protect his goal. In this case, we can highlight the goalkeeper’s performance in the goal and at the exits. Actions at the goal include choosing the right position that allows the goalkeeper to ensure the desired reception of the opponent’s shots with the least amount of effort. In addition, experienced goalkeepers carefully study the actions of their opponents in order to determine the favorite directions of their attackers' shots. When choosing a course of action to save a shot, a goalkeeper must be able to assess the strengths and weaknesses of his game. Output actions are used by the goalkeeper if it is necessary to intercept the opponent’s serves or “crosses” or engage in single combat with him (for example, when the attackers go one-on-one with the goalkeeper). The goalkeeper must leave the goal in case of emergency, being confident that he will have time to intercept the ball, taking into account the location of other players in the penalty area.

5.14 Goalkeeper actions in attack

An important task of the goalkeeper is to organize the initial phase of his team’s attacking actions, after he has taken possession of the ball during a play episode or has received the right to take a goal kick. Organizing an attack during a goal kick involves performing an accurate and timely pass to one of the partners. One of the options is to use practiced combinations of playing the ball, another is to pass the ball to a partner who has opened in an advantageous position. The goalkeeper must remember the general principles of using passes of different lengths: the shorter the pass, the lower the percentage of losses; the longer the transmission, the sharper it is, the greater the amount of justified risk. The organization of a return attack is used when the goalkeeper, during a game episode, takes possession of the ball and begins a response attacking action by passing the ball with his hand or kicking it. It should be taken into account that with your hand you can direct the ball to your partner more accurately, and when you kick, the distance increases, but at the same time the accuracy of the pass decreases. When choosing a method for organizing a response attack, the goalkeeper is guided by the tactical plan of the team’s attacking actions, an assessment of the game situation on the field and the positions of his partners, the results of his partners’ combats with opponents on the ground and in the air, as well as the principle of maximum security for his goal.

5.15 Managing the actions of partners

When assessing the game situation, the goalkeeper is obliged to briefly and clearly give instructions to his partners about the direction of development of the enemy’s attack, about changes to guarding and insurance. All this must be done without losing control of the ball, even in moments when the goalkeeper himself is in a fight. The actions in defense, its stability and reliability largely depend on the mutual understanding of the goalkeeper and defenders. It should be added that the goalkeeper alone controls the construction of the “wall” during penalty kicks and free kicks in the immediate vicinity of the goal, as well as the actions of partners during corner kicks.

5.16 Evolution of game tactics

The tactical system is the organization of team game actions, in which the functions of each player and their placement on the football field are determined. Tactical systems for playing the game are designed to balance the balance between the forces of attack and defense, which is the main factor in the development of the football game. The progress of football is due to the fact that one tactical system is replaced by another, more progressive one. Such a change in tactical systems occurs over significant periods of time.

5.17 Five in a line system

The first clearly developed system was the “five in a line” system (Fig. 40), created by the English club Nottenham Forest in the 80s of the last century. Its name comes from the formation of the front line players. Under this system, the team had two defenders, three midfielders and five strikers. The key position was occupied by the central midfielder, who connected the attackers with the defenders and was the organizer of the team’s entire game. Under this system, one of the defenders constantly moved forward in order to create an artificial offside position, and this led to a sharp decrease in effectiveness. Radical measures were needed. And in 1925, the International Football Federation made changes to the interpretation of the offside clause. Now the attacking player, at the moment the ball was passed to him, only had to have not three opponents in front of him, but two. The first years after the rule change were marked by the complete superiority of attack over defense. Having gained freedom of maneuver along the length of the field, the attackers began to quite easily enter the penalty area and score a large number of goals. It was necessary to search effective means gate protection.

5.18 Double-ve system

In 1932, Arsenal manager Chapman pulled back the central midfielder to strengthen the defense of the most dangerous area in front of goal, turning him into a central defender. This naturally led to changes in the positioning of other players and served as the basis for the development of a new tactical system, which received recognition under the name “double-ve”, or the three-back system (Fig. 41). A “magic square” appeared in the middle of the field, including two welterweights and two midfielders. It was these four who organized both the attacking and defensive actions of the team. For a certain period of time, a balanced state of attack and defense forces was established. However, due to the fact that it is always easier to destroy than to create, after a while the advantage was on the side of the defense.

5.19 System 1-4-2-4

The 1958 Swedish World Cup ended with a convincing victory for the Brazilian national team and, as it were, summed up the evolution of football tactics in the 50s. XX century The Brazilians owed much of their success to the new tactical system (Fig. 42). The players were positioned in three lines: four defenders, four forwards and two midfielders. The main advantage of the system is the concentration of players in the defensive line, which allows the use of the zone principle of organizing team actions and reliable insurance in the most dangerous zone for scoring a goal. Having quickly realized the advantages of the new tactical scheme, all teams began tactical rearmament. At the 1962 World Championships in Chile, all participants played according to the Brazilian system. All except one team - Brazil.

5.20 System 1-4-3-3

Keeping the formation of the defensive line the same, the Brazilians regrouped the remaining two, moving one of the attackers to the middle of the field, thereby significantly strengthening the midfield link (Fig. 43). The presence of three players in the middle line allows you to actively involve at least two of them in the attack. The possibility of interchangeability and insurance of flank players has increased. With this system, one of the central defenders gets the opportunity to actively participate in the attack.

5.21 System 1-4-4-2

This system is known as a variation of the “four back” system. The players line up in three lines. Midfield players, as well as full-backs, fill the free attack zones, constantly changing the direction of its development and thereby complicating the organization of defense. At the slightest opportunity, one of the central defenders joins the attack.

5.22 Modern tactical systems

One of the main directions in the development of modern football is the tendency to strengthen the offensive power of the team by increasing the mobility of players, their versatility and a clearer organization of the game. At the X FIFA World Cup in 1974, new principles of playing the game of so-called “total” football were recognized. This means the organized actions of all players, their great activity in any offensive and defensive episodes. An essential feature of “total” football is the universalism of players. Playing within the framework of a certain tactical system, they are in constant motion, act improvisedly and are able to change the nature of the game in the direction desired by the team unexpectedly and quickly. Characteristic of modern football is that attack and defense are massive in nature and are well combined with individual methods of play. The clear interchangeability of players from different lines allows for the successful use of mid-line and flank players in the attack without compromising the defense. Currently, the improvement of modern tactical schemes continues, and many teams successfully use the following tactical modifications: 1-4-1-3-2; 1-4-3-1-2 and 1-3-5-2. With all these constructions, there is a tendency to create a universal system that can be modified during the game.

6. Football structures

6.1 Organizations

There are a number of organizations that control, manage and distribute football. The main one is FIFA, located in Zurich, Switzerland. It organizes international competitions on a global scale, in particular the World Championships. Next come continental organizations and organizations by country, region and city, etc. Each has responsibilities for organizing relevant football competitions, monitoring the activities of their member clubs, distributing and popularizing football in the region.

6.2 Football clubs

A football club is the basic unit of the entire football structure. He is the link between players, staff and organizations. Essentially, this is a team of football players, part of one of the organizations, which has a certain infrastructure and support staff.

7. Football hooligans

Football hooligans are the most aggressive representatives of the fan community, who, as their main hobby, choose to organize a kind of “fight club” with the same fans of the enemy football team’s camp. This caste of fans is the smallest and most closed. It is quite difficult to become one of them, but if you succeed, you should know that it will last for a long time. The Brimson brothers, English writers, compared football violence with smoking in their book: if after you tried it the first time and you didn’t like it, then you won’t do it the second time, but if you liked it, then getting rid of such a “hobby” will be very difficult.

Why do people do this? Without going into too much detail, this behavior can be explained by the fact that some people actually like to create football-related violence. This behavior should not be attributed to lack of education, poor upbringing, or another social theory about a difficult childhood. Everyone knows that anyone can be a football hooligan. Regardless of belonging to a social group, social position, personal well-being, or other similar factors.

From a poor student to a rich top manager, anyone can turn out to be a football hooligan. Work, money, career, none of this plays a special role in the life of a football hooligan. Perhaps this is what attracts people to the ranks of such ardent football fans. After all, football hooliganism provides an opportunity in the world of genetic engineering and digital technology to experience the long-lost sensations of male brotherhood. In any situation, this is all a matter of purely personal choice made by a particular person. Some people like to collect postage stamps or butterflies, others need to conquer Chomolungma or Mont Blanc, and others find pleasure in racing with fans of another (hostile) club. Of course, compared to other, even the most extreme hobbies, modern football violence stands out significantly high level own social danger. Whatever one may say, the country’s criminal code has several relevant articles (in particular, mass riots, causing harm to property and health, hooliganism). That is why the commission of actions provided for by the criminal code entails criminal liability. True, before sending people involved in football hooliganism to jail, you should still familiarize yourself with some comments regarding both the essence and nature of this phenomenon. After all, if you learn more about this phenomenon, you will be able to correctly form an adequate attitude towards football hooligans.

At first glance, the main complaint put forward by hooligans is quite clear - fights create a threat to harm the property and health of citizens. True, this public discontent, in fact, loses its practical meaning, because it conflicts with one of the main unspoken laws of this closed community - football hooligans cannot attack civilians. That's why they fight only with their own kind. It is for this reason that if someone tells you (or you may have read it somewhere) scary story that football hooligans they rob old women and beat up babies - don’t believe it! This is all untrue. “Firms” (and this is the name the hooligans themselves gave to their own groups) fight only with warring “firms.” As a matter of fact, this is precisely the purpose of creating such groups, because it is from defeating hooligans that they get their “high.” Let us note that football violence has long been transformed into an almost completely closed, one might even say, elite hobby. For example, if we now publish a list of the most significant and grandiose fights that have occurred in our country over the past two years, then most of them will be unknown to the general public. The fact is that such fights become known only for the reason that their participants, due to their own desire to boast of a new victory and, perhaps, ambition, decided to “take a steam bath” a little.

For this reason, all conversations about fascist thugs in stadiums, who with their own bloody fights scare away real football connoisseurs and put the health and lives of innocent people at great risk, can be considered the fruit of the imagination of journalists, as well as the fevered imagination of people who, most often, like since people don’t visit stadiums. That is why all those who go to stadiums know very well that there is no danger for fans now. This even applies to football matches such as CSKA - Spartak. The thing is that violence has long left the football stands and moved underground. And there the superficial glance of numerous ordinary people does not see him. Of course, it also happens that random passersby witness one of the fights between two warring clans. At the same time, the cases where random passers-by actually suffered in such a massacre can be counted on one hand (note that the fingers of one hand will be quite enough). In general, the fact of a fight between football hooligans does not pose any danger to people who are not involved in it. Nowadays, football-related violence is more like a “fight club” closed to outsiders, which people join on a voluntary basis in order to fight with others like themselves. In addition, these fights have recently (even taking into account their massive scale and organization) have become as safe as possible for their participants. The fact is that “firms” everywhere introduced unique principles of respect for opponents - “fair play” and completely abandoned the use of improvised means, etc.

In addition, football hooligans are not the only category of fans who are ready to use their own fists and represent carriers of aggressive energy.

8. Competition

Competitions in football, as in any other sport, are an important component of the game. The competition is organized by the federation; for each tournament, regulations are drawn up, which usually determine the composition of the participants, the tournament layout, the rules for determining the winner in case of equality of points, and any deviations from the rules, for example, the number of substitutions. Competitions are divided into domestic and international, which in turn are divided into club and national teams.

The most famous competitions are:

Hosted by CONMEBOL: National teams Copa America Club Copa Libertadores (CONMEBOL) Copa Sudamericana (CONMEBOL)

9. Varieties of football

There are many varieties of football, mostly with fewer players - including futsal (played with two balls), beach soccer (played on sand), futsal (AMF) and futsal (FIFA) (mini-football) (played indoors on a special surface), yard football (played on any surface on fields of any size by any number of people), swamp football (played in a swamp), freestyle football (consists of performing all kinds of feints and tricks).

Since the popularity of football is so high, there are many games that simulate football.

The goal of which is to score a leather ball directly into the opponent’s goal, using all parts of the body, excluding the hands. The team that scores more goals throughout the match wins.
For quite a long time, football has invariably been practically the most popular and widespread sport in the world. Before modern football, there was a game called harpastum, which was played in Egypt, Germany and Italy. But modern football was born only in 1863 in England, and since then it began to spread throughout the world.

Basic rules of football

A match is a football game that usually consists of two parts, so-called halves, each of which lasts 45 minutes. There is a break of 15 minutes between halves, after which the players change goals. The field on which players play football has grass and synthetic surfaces. A total of 22 players participate in the game, who are divided into 2 teams of 11 players. Only one player in one team has the right to touch the ball with his hands - the goalkeeper (but not throughout the entire field, but only in the penalty area). The following roles are also used in football: defenders, midfielders, forwards. The main task of the defenders is to put pressure on the opponents, to take the ball away from the opponent, preventing him from scoring a goal against his own team. Midfielders typically play in the center of the field and can either provide coverage for defenders or assist strikers, depending on the situation or the coach's instructions. The attackers, in turn, are mainly located in the opponent’s half of the field in order to be as close as possible to the opponent’s goal to score a goal.

If the main time of the match (90 minutes) does not determine the winner, then, depending on the regulations, either a draw is declared, or additional time is assigned - two small halves, each lasting 15 minutes. However, if between extra and main time the players are given time to rest, then between the halves of extra time, according to the rules, time is only given to change the goal. If the winner is not determined and two additional short periods are not determined, then penalties of 5 shots from each team are taken. If, based on the results of these kicks, the sum of goals scored is equal, then one kick is taken from each team until the winner is determined. It can also be noted that until recently there was a rule of “Golden Goal” (the team that scores first in extra periods) and “Silver Goal” (the team that wins at the end of one of the extra periods).

Football in the world

In 2001, FIFA (an abbreviation of the Federation of International Football Associations) announced a list of countries in the world that play football the most:

1). USA - 18 million (7.2 million women)

2). Indonesia - 10 million;

3). Mexico - 7.4 million;

4). China - 7.2 million;

5). Brazil - 7 million;

6). Germany - 6.2 million;

7). Bangladesh - 5.2 million;

8). Italy - 4 million;

9). Russia - 3.8 million;

Tactics

Well-executed tactics are the key to victory. The better the tactics, the better the mutual understanding between the players. In modern football, the most common tactic is 4-4-2 (four defenders, four midfielders and two strikers). But, of course, every coach can “design” his own tactics and the players must adapt to it (an example is Andrey Shevchenko, who after moving to Dynamo Kiev acts as a midfielder).

Types of football

Basically, there are the following types of football: the most exotic look football - the so-called “footdoubleball”, that is, playing with two balls at the same time, then swamp football (playing in a swamp), yard football, beach football (football on the sand), also futsal (mini-football), freestyle football (playing feints). Due to the fact that the popularity of modern football is very, very high, there are many different games similar to football in the world.

Report on the topic: “Football. Rules and tactics of the game.”

Football is a passionate confrontation between two teams, in which speed, strength, agility, and speed of reaction are manifested. As the best football player of our time, the Brazilian Pele, noted, “football is a difficult game, because it is played with your feet, but you have to think with your head.” Football is an art; perhaps no other sport can compare with it in popularity.

One of the first mentions of playing ball with feet dates back to 2000 BC. e. Chinese warriors used it to improve their physical fitness. During the period 1027-256 BC. e., during the reign of the Zhou Dynasty, kicking a leather ball stuffed with bird feathers and animal hair was a favorite folk pastime in ancient China. Subsequently, during the reign of the Han Dynasty, in the period 206 BC. e. - 220 n. e., this game became an indispensable attribute of the solemn ceremonies held in honor of the emperor's birthday, and was called "zu-chu" - "a ball punched by the foot." During the Qin Dynasty period 221-207 AD. e., there was a ball inflated with air, a gate and the first rules of the game, consisting of 25 points. Teams could have at least 10 players.

Start of international competitions

Following the election of Jules Rimet as President of FIFA in 1921, a proposal was ratified to consider subsequent Olympic football tournaments "amateur football championships of the world". These tournaments - 1924 and 1928 - were won by the Uruguay team . Thanks to these successes there were no competitors in the struggle to organize the first ever FIFA World Cup (better known in Russian simply asSoccer World Cup ), which took place in 1930. The Uruguayans became the winner of the home championship, three-time world football champions and the first holders of the FIFA World Cup. This was the beginning of a new era in the history of football . Until 1970, this trophy bore the name of Jules Rimet, was also known as the "Goddess Nike Cup", but after the third victory at the World Championships was given to her for eternal storage. Instead, the modern World Cup began to be played.

Rules of the game.

Each team consists of a maximum of eleven players (excluding substitutes), one of whom must be the goalkeeper. Unofficial competition rules may reduce the number of players to a maximum of 7. Goalkeepers are the only players allowed to play with their hands, provided they do so within the penalty area of ​​their own goal. Although there are various positions on the field, these positions are not mandatory.

A separate football game is called a match, which in turn consists of twohalves45 minutes each. The pause between the first and second halves is 15 minutes, during which the teams rest, and at the end of it they change goals.

The goal of the game is to score the ball into the opponent's goal, do this as many times as possible and try to prevent a goal from being scored into your own goal. The match is won by the team that scores the most goals.

If the teams score the same number of goals during two halves, then either a draw is recorded or the winner is determined in accordance with the established regulations of the match. In this case, additional time may be assigned - two more halves of 15 minutes each. As a rule, teams are given a break between the main and extra time of the match. Between extra periods, teams are given only time to change sides. At one time in football, there was a rule according to which the team that scored the first goal was declared the winner (rule ) or winning at the end of any of the extra periods (rule ). At the moment, extra time is either not played at all or played in full (2 halves of 15 minutes each). If no winner can be identified within extra time, a series is played. , which are not part of the match: at the opponent's goal from a distance of 11 meters, five shots are made by different players. If the number of penalties scored by both teams is equal, then one pair of penalties will be taken until a winner is identified.

Field.Matches can be played on both natural and artificial turf fields. According to the official rules of the game of football artificial turf should be green. The playing field has the shape . The side line must be longer than the goal line. It was decided that the field size should be 100-110 m (110-120 yards) long and a minimum of 64-75 m (70-80 yards) wide, but this requirement was then suspended.

Marking

Marking width

Field markings are made with lines no more than 12 cm (5 inches) wide; these lines are included in the areas they limit. All lines must be the same width.

Name of field lines

The two long lines that border the field of play are calledlateral lines ; two short lines -front lines orgoal lines , since the gates are located on them .

middle line

The field is divided into two halves usingmidline connecting the midpoints of the lateral lines. A mark is made in the middle of the center linecenter field - a solid circle with a diameter of 0.3 m (1 ft). A circle with a radius of 9.15 m (10 yds) is drawn around the center of the field. From the center field mark at the beginning of each half of regular and extra time, as well as after each goal scored , performed kickoff. When taking the kick-off, all players must be in their own half of the field, and the opponents of the team taking the kick must be outside the center circle.

Gate area

gate area - zone from which it is carried out .

From points within 5.5 m (6 yards) of inside each rack , at right angles to the goal line, two lines are drawn deep into the field. At a distance of 5.5 m (6 yards) these lines are connected by another line parallel to the goal line. Thus, the dimensions of the goal area are 18.32 m (20 yards) by 5.5 m (6 yards).

Penalty area

Each half of the field is markedpenalty area - the area in which may play with his hands, but against a team that has committed a punishable offense in its own penalty area , will be appointed .

From a point 16.5 m (18 yds) from the inside of each goal post, at right angles to the goal line, two lines are drawn deep into the field. At a distance of 16.5 m (18 yards) these lines are connected by another line parallel to the goal line. The dimensions of the penalty area are therefore 40.32 m (44 yards) by 16.5 m (18 yards). Within the penalty area, in the center of the goal line and at a distance of 11 m (12 yards) from it, a penaltypenalty mark - a solid circle with a diameter of 0.3 m (1 ft). Outside the penalty area, an arc of a circle with a radius of 9.15 m (10 yards) is drawn, the center of which is on the penalty mark. This arc is used to position team players when taking a penalty kick.

Corner sectors

In each of the four corners of the field, an arc with a radius of 1 m (or 1 yard) is drawn, centered in the corner of the field, limiting the sector for execution .

At a distance of 9.15 m (10 yards) from the boundaries of the corner sectors, marks may be placed on the touch lines and goal lines (with outside lines adjacent to them at right angles) used to determine the distance at which players are when a corner kick is taken.

Also, at each corner of the field, flags must be placed on flagpoles at least 1.5 meters (5 feet) high, which do not have points at the top.

Fouls (violations)

The most common violations are:

Kicking or attempting to kick an opponent

Tripping or attempting to trip an opponent

Jump on an opponent

Opponent's attack

Pushing your opponent with your hands

Hitting or attempting to hit an opponent

And others

Unruly behavior

Undisciplined behavior in football can be represented by the following phenomena:

And gestures

And so on.

Tactics

Playing football requires speed, strength and skill. . In England's first match against Scotland, both teams played hyper-attacking football. Scotland played 2-2-6 and England 1-1-8, but neither team managed to score . After that, schemes similar to these existed, but after amendments to the offside rule, the number of attackers was reduced to three or two . At the victorious 1958 World Cup, the Brazilian national team played in a 4-2-4 formation with two wingers who supplied the ball to two forward center forwards. At the 1966 World Cup, the England team played in a 4-4-2 formation, in which there are no wingers, but there are wing midfielders joining in the attacks or retreating to defense .

Many clubs around the world have schemes with the position of “libero” or “sweeper”. He sits behind the center backs and corrects their mistakes. This scheme was first tested during his work at " » .

During the work of Rinus Michels at Ajax, the concept of “ " This means that players can change positions on the field depending on the circumstances. Due to this, Ajax and the Dutch national team, which was later coached by Rinus, achieved great success .

The role of the judge

Before the match, the referees must check the goal net and markings football field and analyze weather conditions . After the game, the referees write a protocol in which they explain all their decisions . During the game, the referee must determine, for example, how much time will be added to the regulation or whether the ball has crossed the goal line or not. If a player, at the discretion of the referee, has violated a rule, he must award a penalty. The referee may issue a warning to the player or stop the match for any reason. On average, a referee runs 10 kilometers per match.

Assistant referees

In addition to the chief referee in football, there are also assistant referees (side referees). They help determine the offside position, as well as the ball going beyond the side and end lines of the field. They can also tell the head referee in a situation where he did not see a violation of the rules or a goal. In 2012, UEFA increased the number of assistant referees by adding referees behind each goal.

Pressure

Judges are often not forgiven for mistakes in decisive matches. Due to slow replays, it is easy for fans to see the referee's wrong decision. For example, in one of the 2002 World Cup matches, a player from the Turkish national team hit the Brazilian in the leg, and he started holding his face. Unsal was shown a red card, but after a post-match review, Rivaldo was fined £5,180 for simulation. At the 2006 World Championships, the referee forgot to delete the player after the second yellow card, and at the next World Cup the referee disallowed Frank Lampard's clear goal.

Use of technical means

Due to the high complexity of decision-making by judges and, as a consequence, frequent mistakes, the question of allowing them to use technical means has been repeatedly raised - as, for example, has long been done in .

Football(from English foot- sole, ball- ball) is the most popular team sport in the world, in which the goal is to score the ball into the opponent's goal more times than the opposing team can do in a set time. The ball can be kicked into the goal with your feet or any other parts of the body (except hands).

History of the emergence and development of football (briefly)

The exact date of the origin of football is not known, but it is safe to say that the history of football goes back more than one century and has affected many countries. Ball games were popular on all continents, as evidenced by widespread archaeological finds.

In ancient China, there was a game known as "Tsuju", references to which date back to the second century BC. According to FIFA in 2004, it is considered the most ancient of the predecessors of modern football.

In Japan, a similar game was called “Kemari” (in some sources “Kenatt”). The first mention of Kemari occurs in 644 AD. Kemari is still played today at Shinto shrines during festivals.

In Australia, balls were made from rat skins, bladder large animals, from twisted hair. Unfortunately, the rules of the game have not been preserved.

In North America there was also an ancestor of football, the game was called "pasuckuakohowog", which means "they gathered to play the ball with their feet." Usually the games took place on the beaches, they tried to kick the ball into a goal about half a mile wide, but the field itself was twice as long. The number of participants in the game reached 1000 people.

Who invented football?

Modern football was invented in England in the 1860s.

Basic rules of football (briefly)

The first rules of the game of football were introduced on December 7, 1863 by the Football Association of England. Today, the rules of football are set by the International Football Association Board (IFAB), which includes FIFA (4 votes), as well as representatives of the English, Scottish, Northern Irish and Welsh football associations. The latest edition of the official football rules is dated June 1, 2013 and consists of 17 rules, here is a summary:

• Rule 1: Judge
• Rule 2: Assistant referees
• Rule 3: Duration of the game
• Rule 4: Start and resumption of play
• Rule 5: Ball in and out of play
• Law 6: Definition of a goal
• Law 11: Offside
• Law 12: Fouls and misconduct by players
• Law 13: Free Kick and Free Kick
• Law 14: Penalty kick
• Law 15: Throwing out the ball
• Law 16: Goal kick
• Law 17: Corner kick

Each football team must consist of a maximum of eleven players (that is how many can be on the field at the same time), one of whom is the goalkeeper and he is also the only player who is allowed to play with his hands within the penalty area at his goal.

How many players are on the team?

The team consists of 11 players: ten field players and one goalkeeper.

A football match consists of two halves of 45 minutes each. Between halves there is a 15-minute rest break, after which the teams change goals. This is done to ensure that the teams are on an equal footing.

The football game is won by the team that scores the most goals against the opponent.

If the teams finish the match with the same goal score, then a draw is recorded, or two additional halves of 15 minutes are assigned. If extra time ends in a draw, a penalty shoot-out is awarded.

Penalty rules in football

A penalty kick or penalty kick is the most serious penalty in football and is taken from the appropriate mark. When performing a 11-meter kick, the goalkeeper must be in the goal.

Taking post-match penalties in football takes place according to the following rules: teams take 5 shots at the opponent’s goal from a distance of 11 meters, all shots must be carried out by different players. If after 5 kicks the score in penalties is equal, then the teams continue to take one pair of penalties until a winner is determined.

Offside in football

A player is considered to be in an offside or offside position if he is closer to the opponent's goal line than the ball and the second-to-last opponent player, including the goalkeeper.

To avoid being offside, players must adhere to the following rules:

• it is prohibited to interfere with the game (touching the ball that was passed to him or that touched a teammate);
• it is forbidden to interfere with the opponent;
• It is prohibited to gain an advantage due to one's position (touching a ball that bounces off a goal post or crossbar or from an opponent).

Handball in football

Football rules allow field players to touch the ball with any part of their body except their hands. For handball, the team is awarded a penalty kick or a penalty kick, which is taken by a player from the opposing team.

Two more very important points belong to the rules of handball in football:

• accidentally hitting the ball in the hand is not a violation of the rules;
• rebounding from the ball is not a foul.

Yellow and red cards

Yellow and red cards are signs that the referee shows to players for breaking the rules and unsportsmanlike behavior.

A yellow card is of a warning nature and is given to a player in the following cases:

• for deliberate handball;
• for delaying time;
• for disrupting the attack;
• for hitting before the whistle / going out of the wall (free kick);
• for a kick after the whistle;
• for rough play;
• for unsportsmanlike conduct;
• for disputes with the arbitrator;
• for simulation;
• for leaving or entering the game without the permission of the arbiter.

A red card in football is shown by the referee for particularly serious violations or unsportsmanlike behavior. The player who receives a red card must leave the field before the end of the match.

Football field size and marking lines

A standard field for big football is a rectangular area in which the goal lines (end lines) are necessarily shorter than the side lines. Next, we will consider the parameters of the football field.

The size of a football field in meters is not clearly regulated, but there are certain boundary indicators. For national-level matches, the standard length of a football field from goal to goal should be between 90-120 meters and a width of 45-90 meters. The area of ​​a football field ranges from 4050 m2 to 10800 m2. For comparison, 1 hectare = 10,000 m2. For international matches, the length of the side lines should not extend beyond the interval of 100-110 meters, and the goal lines beyond the range of 64-75 meters. There are FIFA recommended dimensions for a football field of 105 by 68 meters (area 7140 square meters).

How long is a football field?

The length of the football field from goal to goal should be between 90-120 meters.

The field markings are made with identical lines; the width of the markings should not exceed 12 centimeters (the lines are included in the areas that they limit). The side line or edge of the football field is usually called the “edge”.

Football field markings

• The middle line is the line that divides the field into two equal halves. In the middle of the center line is the center of the field with a diameter of 0.3 meters. The circumference around the center of the field is 9.15 meters. A kick or pass from the center of the field begins both halves of the match, as well as extra time. After each scored a goal, the ball is also placed in the center of the field.
• The goal line in football is drawn on the lawn parallel to the crossbar.
• Square football goal- a line that is drawn at a distance of 5.5 meters from the outside of the goal post. Two strips 5.5 meters long are drawn perpendicular to the goal line, directed deep into the field. Their end points are connected by a line parallel to the goal line.
• Penalty area - from points at a distance of 16.5 m from the inside of each goal post, at right angles to the goal line, two lines are drawn deep into the field. At a distance of 16.5 m these lines are connected by another line parallel to the goal line. A penalty mark is placed in the center of the goal line and at a distance of 11 meters from it; it is marked with a solid circle with a diameter of 0.3 meters. Within the penalty area, the goalkeeper can play with his hands.
• Corner sectors are arcs with a radius of 1 meter centered on the corners of a football field. This line forms a limited area for corner kicks. Flags with a height of at least 1.5 meters and a banner size of 35x45 centimeters are installed in the corners of the field.

The field is marked using lines, the width of which must be the same and not exceed 12 centimeters. The image below shows the layout of a football field.

Football goal

The goal is located exactly in the middle of the goal line. The standard goal size in football is as follows:

• length or width of gate in big football— distance between vertical posts (rods) — 7.73 meters;
• goal height - distance from the lawn to the crossbar - 2.44 meters.

The diameter of the posts and crossbars should not exceed 12 centimeters. The gates are made of wood or metal and painted white, and also have a cross-sectional shape of a rectangle, ellipse, square or circle.

A soccer goal net must fit the size of the goal and must be durable. Commonly used football nets next size 2.50 x 7.50 x 1.00 x 2.00 m.

Football field design

The design standard for a football field looks like this:

• Grass lawn.
• Substrate made of sand and crushed stone.
• Heating pipes.
• Drainage pipes.
• Aeration pipes.

The surface for a football field can be natural or artificial. Grass requires additional care, namely watering and fertilizing. The grass surface does not allow more than two games per week. Grass is brought to the field in special rolls of turf. Very often on a football field you can see grass of two colors (striped field), this happens due to the peculiarities of lawn care. When mowing a lawn, the machine first moves in one direction and then in the other, and the grass falls in different sides(multi-directional lawn mowing). This is done for the convenience of determining distances and offsides, as well as for beauty. The height of grass on a football field is usually 2.5 - 3.5 cm. Maximum speed the ball in football is currently 214 km/h.

Artificial turf for a football field is a carpet made of synthetic material. Each blade of grass is not just a strip of plastic, but a product of complex shape. In order for the artificial turf to be suitable for play, it is covered with a filler of sand and rubber crumbs.

Soccer ball

What kind of ball is used to play football? Professional soccer ball consists of three main components: chambers, linings and tires. The chamber is usually made of synthetic butyl or natural latex. The lining is the inner layer between the tire and the chamber. The lining directly affects the quality of the ball. The thicker it is, the better the quality of the ball. Typically the lining is made of polyester or compressed cotton. The tire consists of 32 synthetic waterproof pieces, 12 of which are pentagonal in shape, 20 are hexagonal.

Soccer ball size:

• circumference - 68-70 cm;
• weight - no more than 450 g.

The speed of a ball in football reaches 200 km/h.

Football uniform

Mandatory elements of a player's sports football kit are:

• Shirt or T-shirt with sleeves.
• Underpants. If underpants are used, they should be the same color.
• Gaiters.
• Shields. Must be completely covered with gaiters and provide the proper level of protection.
• Boots.

Why do football players need socks?

Gaiters perform a protective function, supporting the leg and protecting against minor injuries. Thanks to them, the shields hold on.

The goalkeeper's football uniform must be different in color from the uniform of other players and referees.

Players may not wear any equipment that could be dangerous to themselves or other players, such as jewelry and wristwatches.

What do football players wear under their shorts?

Underpants are tight-fitting compression panties. The color and length of underpants should not differ from the color and length of panties.

Set pieces in football

• Kickoff kick. The ball is played in football in three cases: at the beginning of the match, at the beginning of the second half and after a goal is scored. All players of the team taking the kick-off must be in their own half of the field, and their opponents must be at least nine meters away from the ball. The player taking the kick-off does not have the right to touch the ball again before other players do so.
• A goal kick and the ball being put into play by the goalkeeper. Putting the ball into play after it has gone beyond the goal line (on the side of the post or over the crossbar), due to the fault of a player of the attacking team.
• Throwing the ball in from the sideline. Made by a field player after the ball has crossed the side line and left the field. The ball must be thrown in from the place where it was “out”. The player making the catch must face the field on or behind the sideline. At the moment of the throw, both feet of the player must touch the ground. The ball is put into play without a signal from the referee.
• Corner kick. Putting the ball into play from the corner sector. This is a penalty for players on the defending team who kick the ball over the goal line.
• Free kick and free kick. Penalty for deliberately touching the ball with your hand or using rough handling against players of the opposing team.
• Eleven meter kick (penalty kick).
• Offside position.

Football refereeing

Referees monitor compliance with the established rules on the football field. For each match, a main referee and two assistants are appointed.

The duties of a judge include:

• Timing of the match.
• Recording match events.
• Ensuring the ball meets the requirements.
• Ensuring that players are equipped as required.
• Ensuring that there are no unauthorized persons on the field.
• Ensuring that injured players are cared for/carried off the field.
• Providing the relevant authorities with a match report, including information on all disciplinary action taken against players and/or team officials, as well as all other incidents that occurred before, during or after the match.

Judge's rights:

• Stop, temporarily interrupt or terminate the match in case of any violation of the rules, outside interference, or injury to players;
• Take action against team officials who behave inappropriately;
• Continue play until the ball is out of play if the player, in his opinion, has received only a minor injury;
• Continue play when the offended team benefits from the advantage (remains in possession of the ball), and penalize the original offense if the intended advantage is not taken advantage of by the team;
• Punish a player for a more serious violation of the Rules in the event that he simultaneously commits more than one violation;
• Act based on the recommendations of your assistants and the reserve judge.

Competitions

Competitions are organized by the federation; each tournament draws up its own regulations, which usually prescribe the composition of participants, the tournament layout, and the rules for determining the winners.

FIFA

National teams

• The World Championship is the main thing international competition on football. The championship is held once every four years; men's national teams of FIFA member countries from all continents can take part in the tournament.
• The Confederations Cup is a football competition among national teams, which is held a year before the World Cup. It is held in the host country of the World Championship. 8 teams take part in the championship: the winners of the continental championships, the winner of the World Championships and the team of the organizing country.
• Olympic Games

• The FIFA Club World Cup is an annual competition between the strongest representatives of the six continental confederations.

UEFA

National teams

• The European Championship is the main competition of national teams under the leadership of UEFA. The championship is held every four years.

• The UEFA Champions League is the most prestigious annual European club football tournament.
• The UEFA Europa League is the second most important tournament for European football clubs belonging to UEFA.
• The UEFA Super Cup is a one-match championship in which the winners of the UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League of the previous season meet.

CONMEBOL

National teams

• The America's Cup is a championship held under the auspices of CONMEBOL among national teams of countries in the region.

• Copa Libertadores - The cup is named after the historical leaders of the War of Independence of the Spanish colonies in America. Held among best clubs countries of the region.
• The Copa Sudamericana is the second most important club tournament South America after the Copa Libertadores.
• The South American Recopa is the equivalent of the continental Super Cup. The tournament involves the winners of the two most important club tournaments - the Copa Libertadores and the Copa Sudamericana of the previous season.

CONCACAF

National teams

• The CONCACAF Gold Cup is a football tournament for the countries of North, Central America and the Caribbean.

• The CONCACAF Champions League is an annual football championship among the best clubs in North and Central America and the Caribbean.

Football structures

Basic football structure is FIFA (Fédération internationale de football association), located in Zurich, Switzerland. She is organizing international tournaments on a global scale.

Continental organizations:

• CONCACAF (Сonfederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football) - football confederation of North and Central America and the Caribbean countries,
• CONMEFBOL (CONfederacion sudaMEricana de FutBOL) - South American Football Confederation,
• UEFA (Union of European Football Associations) is a union of European football associations,