Rectus head muscles (anterior and lateral). B

From the anterior arch of the atlas to the basilar part of the occipital bone.

Function: tilts his head forward.

4. Lateral rectus muscle of the head (m. Rectus capitis lateralis)

From the transverse process of the atlas to the lateral part of the occipital bone.

Function: tilts his head to the side.

Fascia of the neck according to V.N. Shevkunenko:

1. The first fascia is the superficial fascia of the neck (fascia colli superficialis)- thin, loose, located under the skin, forms a vagina on the neck subcutaneous muscle neck. Fuses with the skin with connective tissue cords; from the neck area passes to the face and chest.

2. The second fascia is the superficial plate of the own fascia of the neck (lamina superficialis fasciae colli propriae).

It starts from the spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae and from the upper nuchal line, splitting into two plates, the fascia covers the trapezius muscle on both sides, forming a vagina for it, at the anterior edge of the plate muscles merge and then the fascia goes as a single sheet. At the posterior edge of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, it bifurcates again, covers the muscle on both sides (the sheath for the sternocleidomastoid muscle) and again goes from its front edge as a single leaf, along the midline of the neck fuses with the fascia of the same name on the opposite side and deep plate of the own fascia of the neck (third fascia), from below it is attached to the anterior surface of the handle of the sternum and the upper surface of the clavicle, from above - to the mastoid process and the lower edge of the body mandible. In the place where the second fascia passes over the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae, a fascial spur extends deep from it and is attached to the transverse processes, in the form of a frontally located plate that separates the anterior neck from the posterior. This plate separates the tissue of the anterior and posterior sections of the neck, so some pathological processes in them proceed independently of each other. On the face, the second fascia passes into the fascia parotideomasseterica, which forms a capsule of the parotid salivary gland and covers the chewing muscle from the outside.

3. The third fascia, or deep plate of the own fascia of the neck (lamina profunda fasciae colli propriae), otherwise aponeurosis omoclavicularis.

It has the shape of a trapezoid and is stretched between the hyoid bone at the top and the back surface of the clavicle and sternum. From the sides it is limited by the scapular-hyoid muscles, for which it forms a vagina. In the middle third, it takes the form of an aponeurosis, strong annular bundles appear in it, covering the intermediate tendon of the scapular-hyoid muscle and serving as a fixation point for it, allowing the muscle to contract in separate portions. The third fascia forms the sheaths for the muscles of the neck: the sternohyoid, sternothyroid, and thyrohyoid muscles. Also, through the spurs, the third fascia is connected with the transverse processes of the lower cervical vertebrae. The second and third fascia along the midline fuse with each other, forming white line neck. It is 2-3 cm wide and does not reach the notch of the sternum by about 3 cm, because in the lower part of the neck the second and third fascia diverge and because the second fascia is attached to the anterior surface of the sternum and collarbone, and the third to their back surface, then a cellular space is formed between these fascia.

4. Fourth fascia, or visceral fascia of the neck (fascia endocervicalis).

It distinguishes two sheets: parietal and visceral. Visceral covers the pharynx, esophagus, larynx, trachea, thyroid gland. The parietal is located in front and on the sides of the listed organs of the neck, is adjacent to the back wall of the muscle sheath (sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyroid, scapular-hyoid) and forms a sheath for the neurovascular bundle of the internal cervical triangle (common carotid artery, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve). Inside this sheath, separate cases are formed for the artery, vein and nerve.

Lateral rectus muscle of the head, t. rectus capitis lateralis. H: transverse process of the atlas. P: jugular process of the occipital bone. F: Tilts head to the side. Inn.: anterior branches of the spinal nerves C1 - 2. Fig. A, B. Fig. D.
Superior oblique muscle of the head, t. obliquus capitis superior. H: transverse process of the atlas. F: unbends the head and tilts it to the side. Inn.: posterior branches of the spinal nerves O - 2. Fig. A.
The lower oblique muscle of the head, t. obliquus capitis inferior. H: spinous process of the axial vertebra. P: transverse process of the atlas. F: rotates the atlas and face in the direction of contraction. Inn: posterior branches of the spinal nerves C1 - 2. Fig. A.
Long muscle of the head, t. longus capitis. N: anterior tubercle of the transverse process C3 - 6. P: basilar part of the occipital bone. F: tilts his head and cervical region spine forward and to the side. Inn.: anterior branches of the spinal nerves C1 - 2. Fig. B.
Muscles of the face and chewing muscles, vols. faciales et masticatorii.
Epicranial muscle, t.epicranius. Consists of muscles attached to the tendon helmet. Inn.: facial nerve. Rice. IN.
Occipital-frontal muscle, t. occipitofrontalis. Attached to the tendon helmet at the back and front. Rice. IN.
Frontal abdomen, venter frontalis. Anterior part of the occipital-frontal muscle. Goes from the skin of the eyebrows to the tendon helmet. F: moves the scalp forward, raises the eyebrows and wrinkles the skin of the forehead. Rice. IN.
Occipital abdomen, venter occipitalis. The back of the occipital-frontal muscle. Starts from the upper line and goes to tendon helmet. F: pulls the tendon helmet back. Rice. IN.
Temporoparietal muscle, t. temporoparietalis. H: inner side auricle P: tendon helmet. Rice. IN.
Tendon helmet (supracranial aponeurosis), galea aponeurotica (Aponeurosis epicranialis). Tendon of the supracranial muscle. It is attached in the region of the highest line and the external occipital protrusion. It is connected to the periosteum of the skull by loose fiber, and to the skin by dense connective tissue bundles. Rice. IN.
Muscle of the proud, niprocerus. H: bridge of the nose. P: skin above the root of the nose. F: lowers forehead skin. Inn.: facial nerve. Rice. IN.
Nasal muscle, mnasalis. Consists of two parts. Inn.: facial nerve. Rice. G.
Transverse part [[muscle that compresses the nostril]], pars transversa []. H: upper jaw, above the canine root. P: aponeurosis of the back of the nose. Rice. G.
Alar part [[muscle that dilates the nostril]], pars alaris [[i.e. dilatator naris)]. H: upper jaw (at the level of the lateral incisor). P: the edges of the opening of the nose. Rice. G.
The muscle that lowers the nasal septum, t. depressor septi nasi. H: Maxilla (above the medial incisor). P: cartilaginous septum of the nose. F: lowers the tip of the nose. Inn.: facial nerve. Rice. G.
Circular muscle of the eye, t. orbicularis oculi. It is formed by circular fibers and consists of three parts. F: closes the eyelids and regulates the outflow of lacrimal fluid into the lacrimal sac and further into the nasolacrimal duct. Inn.: facial nerve. Rice. V, G.
Century part, pars palpebralis. Directed from lig.palpebrale mediate and adjacent areas of the medial wall of the orbit to lig. palpebrale laterale. Rice. IN.
Orbital part, pars orbitalis. It starts from the medial ligament of the eyelid and adjacent bones. Surrounds the entrance to the eye socket. Rice. IN.
Lacrimal part, pars lacrimalis. It starts from the posterior lacrimal crest. Surrounds the lacrimal canaliculus, located behind the lacrimal sac. Down from the medial ligament of the eyelid passes into the secular part. Rice. G.
Eyebrow wrinkling muscle, t. gator supercilii. H: the nasal part of the frontal bone. R: skin above the middle of the eyebrow. Lies under the circular muscle of the pelvis. Inn.: facial nerve. Rice. G.
The muscle that lowers the eyebrow, t. depressor supercilii. It is located medially to the muscle that wrinkles the eyebrow, goes radially with respect to the circular muscle of the eye and ends in the skin of the medial part of the eyebrow. Inn.: facial nerve. Rice. G.
Front ear muscle, t. auricularis anterior. H: temporal fascia. P: awn of the curl. Inn.: facial nerve. Rice. IN.
Upper ear muscle, m. auricularis superior. H: tendon helmet. P: skin of the auricle. Inn.: facial nerve.
Back ear muscle, m.auricnlaris posterior. H: mastoid process. P: skin of the auricle. Inn.: facial nerve. Rice. IN.
The circular muscle of the mouth, t. orbicularis oris. Surrounds the mouth. Closes the lips and helps to empty the vestibule of the mouth. Inn.: facial nerve.
Marginal part, pars marginalis. Peripheral department circular muscle mouth. Continues in the coming facial muscles. Rice. G.
Lip part, pars labialis. The main part of the circular muscle of the mouth. Lies inside the upper and lower lips, includes curved fibers located in the red border of the lips. Rice. B, G, D.

Posted by the author - - January 2, 2011

These three muscles are located in the upper part of the cervical spine (Fig. 72). They almost completely cover upper part three bundles: d,a,l long neck muscles.

The long muscle of the head.
The longus capitis (lt) muscle is the most medial of the three muscles in contact with the homologous muscle on the opposite side. It is attached to the lower surface of the base of the occipital bone in front of the foramen magnum and lies on a long stalk (d). It ends with tendons on the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the third, fourth, fifth and sixth cervical vertebrae. It affects the suboccipital part of the cervical spine and the upper part of the lower cervical region. Bilateral contraction causes flexion of the head relative to the cervical region and flattening of the lordosis in the upper part of the neck. A unilateral contraction causes the head to tilt forward and to the side of the contraction.

Anterior rectus capitis.
The anterior rectus muscle of the head (da) lies behind and laterally from the previous one and stretches from the base of the occipital bone and the anterior surface of the lateral mass of the atlas to the anterior tubercle of its transverse process. It goes obliquely down and slightly laterally. Bilateral contraction of these muscles produces a tilt of the head relative to the cervical region at the level of the atlantooccipital joint. A unilateral contraction produces a triple movement of forward tilt, rotation, and lean toward the contraction, occurring at the atlantooccipital joint.

Straight lateral muscle heads.
The rectus lateral muscle of the head (dl) is the uppermost of the transverse muscles. It is attached above to the jugular processes of the occipital bone and below to the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the atlas. It lies laterally from the anterior rectus muscle and on the anterior surface of the atlantooccipital joint.

Its bilateral contraction produces a forward tilt of the head relative to the cervical region, unilateral contraction - a slight tilt of the head in the direction of contraction. Both of these movements occur at the atlantooccipital joint.

A. Long muscles of the head and neck.

Scalene muscles (anterior, middle and posterior).

deep layer neck muscles.

Geniohyoid muscle.

Beginning: mental spine of the lower jaw.

Attachment: anterior surface of the body of the hyoid bone.

Function: pulls up and forward the hyoid bone. With a fixed hyoid bone, it lowers the lower jaw.

b) Hyoid muscles There are four of these muscles.

1. Sternohyoid muscle- thin, flat shape.

Start: rear surface clavicle, manubrium of the sternum.

Attachment: the lower edge of the body of the hyoid bone.

Function: pulls the hyoid bone down.

2. Scapular-hyoid muscle- long, thin It has two abdomens (upper and lower), connected by an intermediate tendon.

Beginning: the upper abdomen is the lower edge of the body of the hyoid bone, the lower abdomen is the upper edge of the scapula.

Attachment: both bellies are connected to each other by a tendon bridge.

Function: pulls the hyoid bone down, expands the lumen of the deep veins of the neck.

3. Sternothyroid muscle- flat, located behind the sternohyoid muscle.

Origin: posterior surface of the manubrium of the sternum, cartilage of the 1st rib.

Attachment: to the thyroid cartilage of the larynx.

Function: pulls the larynx down.

4. Thyrohyoid muscle is a continuation of the previous muscle.

Beginning: from the oblique line of the thyroid cartilage.

Insertion: to the body of the hyoid bone.

Function: with a fixed hyoid bone - raises the larynx; brings together the hyoid bone and the larynx.

The infrahyoid muscles are of great importance in fixing the hyoid bone, without which it is impossible to lower the lower jaw.

Origin: from the transverse processes of the II-VII cervical vertebrae.

Attachment: to the ribs; front and middle - to the 1st rib, and the back - to the 2nd rib.

Function: raise the I and II ribs, expand the chest, i.e. participate in respiratory movements chest; tilt the cervical spine forward and to the sides.

2. Prevertebral muscles: longus muscle head and neck, rectus muscles of the head (anterior and lateral).

Beginning: from the body of the cervical lower and upper thoracic vertebrae.

Attachment: the long muscle of the neck - to the cervical vertebrae; long muscle of the head - to the main part of the occipital bone.

Function: tilt the cervical spine forward, turn the head.

Beginning: from the first cervical vertebra.

Attachment: to an occipital bone.

Function: tilt their head to their side; with bilateral contraction, tilt the head forward.

4. Fascia of the neck.

They are combined into a common fascia of the neck, which is divided into 3 sheets (plates).

1. Surface- located under the platysma and forms a sheath for the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.

2. Pretracheal- stretched between both scapular-hyoid muscles, covers the salivary glands and forms sheaths for the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles, as well as for other neck structures located in front of the trachea (larynx, pharynx, esophagus).

3. Prevertebral- covers the prevertebral and scalene muscles, forming a sheath for them.

anterior et lateralis.Beginning of the muscle: from the lateral mass of the atlas (anterior) and

pepper process (lateral). Muscle Attachment: to the occipital bone.

Function: m. rectus capitis anterior et lateralis m. longus capitis bend the head

anterior; when the muscles of one side contract, the head tilts

right or left.

Fascia of the neck.

Cervical fascia, fascia cervicalis. This term is used to designate

of the connective tissue membranes of the neck.

There are three plates of the cervical fascia: superficial, pretracheal

nuyu and prevertebral.

Superficial plate, lamina superficialis. Covers the entire surface

neck and lies behind the subcutaneous muscle of the neck. Covers the chest

clavicular mastoid and trapezius muscles. Attached to the front

mu edge of the handle of the sternum, collarbone and lower jaw.

Pretracheal plate, lamina pretrachealis. Expressed in the bottom

neck section. Stretched between two scapular-hyoid muscles and pre-

attached to the posterior edge of the handle of the sternum and collarbone. Covers the instep

tongue muscles.

Prevertebral plate, lamina prevertebralis. Located between

du spinal column column on one side, pharynx and esophagus, - with

another. Covers stair, sympathetic trunks and diaphragmatic nerves

Neck areas

The upper border of the neck is drawn from the chin along the base and back

edge of the lower jaw branch to the temporomandibular joint,

should go down and backwards (through the top of the mastoid process of the temporal bone)

along the upper nuchal line to the external protrusion of the occipital bone.

The lower border of the neck runs from the jugular notch of the sternum along the upper

foot vertebra.

There are the following areas of the neck: anterior, sternocleidomastoid

visible right and left, lateral right and left and back.

Anterior region of the neck, regio cervicalis anterior, has the shape of a triangle

the base of which is turned upwards. The area is bounded from above by the base

lower jaw, from below - by the jugular notch of the sternum, on the sides - by the anterior

edges of the right and left sternocleidomastoid muscles. Front middle

a long line divides this region of the neck into the right and left medial triangular

neck neck (trigonum cervicale mediale, dexter et sinister).

grudino- clavicular- mastoidregion, regio sternocleido-mastoidea

(steam room), corresponds to the location of the muscle of the same name and extends into

the form of a strip from the mastoid process.

Lateral region of the neck, regio cervicalis lateralis(steam room), has the form

triangle, the sharpest corner of which is directed upwards; area

lies between the posterior edge of the sternocleidomastoid muscle in front and

lateral edge of the trapezius muscle behind. The key is limited from below

The back of the neck (nuchal region), regio cervicalis posterior (regio

nuchae), on the sides (right and left) delimited by the lateral edges of the trapezoid

cius muscles, from above - by the upper nuchal line, from below - by the transverse line,

connecting the right and left acromions and carried through the spinous from-

sprout of the VII cervical vertebra. The posterior midline divides this region of the neck

on the right and left sides.

Within the anterior and lateral regions of the neck, a series of triangular

nikov, knowledge of which is of great practical importance, especially when operating

reactive interventions. In the anterior region of the neck on each side there are different

There are three triangles: carotid, scapular-tracheal and submandibular

Sleepy triangle, trigonum caroticum (fossa carotica), rear limit-

chen front edge of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, front and bottom -

upper belly of the scapular-hyoid muscle, from above - the posterior belly

digastric muscle.

scapular-tracheal triangle, trigonum omotracheale, located-

lies between the anterior edge of the sternocleidomastoid muscle behind and

from below, by the upper belly of the scapular-hyoid muscle above and laterally,

and anterior midline medially.

Submandibular triangle, trigonum submandibulare (fossa

submandibularis), bounded below by the anterior and posterior bellies of the digastric

muscles, from above - the body of the lower jaw. In the area of this triangle lies

salivary gland of the same name. Within the submandibular triangle

emit a small, but very important for surgery lingual triangle,

trigonum linguale (Pirogov's triangle). Front is limited to the back

the edge of the maxillohyoid muscle, behind and below - the posterior belly of the two

abdominal muscle, from above - the hypoglossal nerve. The entire area of the triangle

occupies the hyoid-lingual muscle, spreading the fibers of which, you can

expose the lingual artery.

In the lateral region of the neck, two triangles are distinguished: scapular-

trapezius and scapular-clavicular.

Scapular-trapezoid triangle, trigonum omotrapezoideum,

limited by the posterior edge of the sternocleidomastoid muscle in front, la-

lateral edge of the trapezius muscle behind and the lower belly of the scapular

but-hyoid muscle from below.

scapular-clavicular triangle, trigonum omoclaviculare, signifi-

significantly smaller; located directly above the middle third

clavicle, bounded from below by the clavicle, from above - by the lower abdomen of the scapular

hyoid muscle, in front - the posterior edge of the sternocleidomastoid

Distinguish interstitial space, spatium interscalenum, between

middle and anterior scalene muscles: from below it is limited by the 1st rib.

Through this space pass the subclavian artery and trunks of the brachial

plexus.

Prescalene space, spatium antescalenum, limited special

along the edges of the sternothyroid and sternohyoid muscles, behind - pe-

scalenus mediaus muscle. Through this space passes the subclavian

MUSCLES OF THE HEAD

The muscles of the head are divided into mimic and chewing. mimic-

skeletal muscles differ from muscles in other areas of the human body in both

origin, and the nature of attachment.

CHECKING MUSCLES

Develop from the first branchial arch and attach to the lower jaw

sti, which is moved during contractions.

1. Actually chewing muscle, m. masseter.Beginning of the muscle: from

the lower edge of the zygomatic bone, muscle attachment: to chewing tuberosity

lower jaw.

2. Temporal muscle, m. temporalis. Occupies the entire space of the temporal

fossa, reaching at the top to the temporal line. Muscle bundles converge to form

a strong tendon, which, passing under the zygomatic arch, is attached to the eye

limbic process of the lower jaw.

3. Lateral pterygoid muscle, m. pterygoideus lateralis.Start

muscles: from lower surface of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone and pterygoid

prominent branch. Attached other muscles: to the neck of the su tavian process of the lower

jaw and mandibular joint capsule.

4. Medial pterygoid muscle, m. pterygoideus medialis.Start

muscles: from the pterygoid fossa of the pterygoid process. Muscle Attachment:

on the medial surface of the angle of the lower jaw to the tuberosity of the same name.

Function chewing muscles: m. masseter, m. temporalis and m.

pterygoideus medialis close the lower jaw with the upper (close the mouth).

With the simultaneous reduction of both mm. pterygoideus laterales occurs

protrusion of the lower jaw forward. The reverse movement is produced by the most

posterior fibers m. temporalis. If m. pterygoideus lateralis is reduced only

on one side, then the lower jaw moves sideways - to the side, pro-

opposite to the contracting muscle.

MIMIC MUSCLES

They are thin and small muscle bundles, most of them

which are grouped around natural openings: mouth, nose, palpebral fissure and

ear, taking part in their closure or expansion. Closers (sphincte-

ry) are located around the holes annularly, and dilators (dilato-

ry) - radially.

1. Muscles of the cranial vault.

Almost the entire skull roof is covered with thin supracranial muscle (m.

epicranius), having an extensive tendon part in the form of a tendon

helmet, supracranial aponeurosis, galea aponeurotica (aponeurosis epicranialis)

and a muscular part, which breaks up into three separate muscular bellies. Pe-

earlier, or frontal abdomen, venter frontalis , presented m. frontalis, start-

comes from the skin of the eyebrows; back, or occipital abdomen, venter occipitalis,

presented m. occipitalis;lateral abdomen, venter lateralis, suitable for

auricle and presented in front m. auricularis anterior, above - m.

auricularis superior and behind - m. auricularis posterior. All named muscles

are woven into the aponeurosis.

Muscles around the eyes.

2. Muscle of the proud, m. procerus.Beginning of the muscle: from the bone

back of the nose. ends in the skin of the glabellae region, connecting with the frontal

muscle. Function: when reduced, it forms a fold in the region of the root of the nose.

3. Circular muscle of the eye, m. orbicularis oculi. Lies all over

research of the bony edge of the orbit. Function: with a strong contraction produces

occlusion of the eye.

Muscles of the circumference of the mouth.

4. The muscle that raises the upper lip, m. levator labii superioris..On the-

muscle tip: from the infraorbital margin of the upper jaw. Converging with their

bundles, ends in the skin of the nasolabial fold. Function: while reducing

raises the upper lip.

5. Small zygoma muscle, m. zygomaticus minor.Beginning of the muscle:

from the zygomatic bone; woven into the nasolabial fold. Function: pulls back the corner

mouth upward and laterally.

6. Large zygomatic muscle, m. zygomaticus major. Beginning of the muscle: from

facies lateralis of the zygomatic bone, heading towards the corner of the mouth. Function: pull back

corner of the mouth upward and laterally.

7. Laughter muscle, m. risorius.Beginning of the muscle: from fascia parotidea et masseterica.

Goes to the corner of the mouth. Function: stretches the mouth when laughing.

8. Muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth, m. depressor anguli oris.Start

muscles: on the lower edge of the lower jaw. Muscle Attachment: to the skin of the corner

mouth. Function: pulls down the corner of the mouth.