Torture and corporal punishment, history and criminal law significance. Torture and corporal punishment, history and criminal law significance The whip cuts the skin story
Scene:
Collective farm "Forward" Novopokrovsky district
Krasnokamensk Territory
Today Lyudka - a woman of about thirty and five - was beaten to a pulp.
Just. Never.
It's just that Ritka Goja, nicknamed Treason, wanted a fierce spanking.
Lyudka was removed from work, released from the cart and, chained to a pole in the “frontal place”, for an infinitely long time, Treason beat her with a whip, taking out her bad mood on this beast - she beat the unfortunate woman on her back with a whip, breaking it into perfect tatters, each time extracting screams from her and splashes of blood - she didn’t know how many whips she received - she just flogged her, and when she fell into oblivion, she poured saline solution over her and continued to torture ...
When the hand got tired, there was a sure sign that this animal had received at least one hundred and twenty whips, but Treason did not want to stop - deciding to take a break, she tore the remains of the unfortunate slippers from the unfortunate feet and ordered her apprentices to try, sat down to rest, watching how they made the unfortunate suffer with wire whips her heels, turning each of them into a piece of bloody meat and then they stopped the blood with salt ... and then the torture continued until at least one hundred and thirty lashes landed on each foot ... then Treason ordered them to go out and continued torturing Lidka beating her on the pope with the same whip, periodically dousing again ...
It was three o'clock in the afternoon when Treason brought red-hot pitch... which poured into her deepest wounds under the incredible squeal of the tortured...
And then, after giving the unfortunate little rest, Treason returned in the evening and, hanging her on a rack on her twisted arms, continued torturing her all the same confidently and cruelly working with a whip - she beat her so cruelly as she had not flogged a single cattle for life, beat her planted with her power and her cries, beaten simply because she wanted to turn someone into a piece of bloody, bleeding screaming, even wheezing with pain, emanating screams and tears ...
Ludka was for her a beast for beatings, a beast for a flogging - they were all slaves for her as a beast...
Lyudka had long ceased screaming, she was only wheezing, and she was still playing with her - when they unhooked the unfortunate woman, they dragged her away, leaving a bloody trail in the punishment cell. Then Treason figured out for the sake of interest - she only received no less than three hundred blows from her, and also her guardsmen beat that heel that she couldn’t see for a long time ... stop! Can't walk? He can ... On the coals he can ... but if not, then let him blame himself!
Lydia ... the same unfortunate friend of Lidka’s, filled with suffering and torment - Lidka was ten years older according to the calendar, but ... they couldn’t even tell how many years before that the convicts looked terrible ... she didn’t look like yesterday the first month she worked "on a cart" - she was exiled to hard labor for six months for this backbreaking work - they were used instead of horses.
Of the fifteen slaves who then managed to fall out of favor with Treason on the farm for the crime of which they did not commit now in the ranks - that is, the unfortunate saw each other at least once a day or slept in the same barn - there were no more than ten people left.
Slaves were strictly forbidden to talk to each other - Treason, having learned about each such conversation, beat both of them, beat them with a whip, not sparing the unfortunate, as if it was the worst offense in their lives.
It was summer and after the beating, the unfortunate were left chained in the sun, they could be put in that stinking barrel or chained on a red-hot iron roof ...
Yesterday Lidka was personally beaten by Treason - she, as a senior warden, from early cheers until late in the evening dangled in her UAZ through the fields and construction sites, catching horror and fear on the slaves exhausted by work ...
Overseers watched the work - hefty guys armed with whips and clubs that never remained idle.
The only condition was not to be beaten to death every day - the slaves themselves gave up the ends from overwork, bullying, hunger and disease ...
Lyudka, Lidka managed to try a lot on themselves - for some reason the team of Treason hated them especially fiercely and the young daughter of Lyudka Lariska.
They were treated much worse than the most cruel owner treat his cattle.
Slaves were forced to work sixteen hours a day - at least. There was always a reason to leave them at work again and again - several times Lyudka simply met the next working day still harnessed to the cart.
Lidka was subjected to sophisticated punishments from Treason, turning into torture - for her, for any slightest offense, there was only one punishment of a hundred blows with a whip - it didn’t matter if she was beaten yesterday or in the morning - Treason never spared the unfortunate woman, enjoying every cry of being on the verge of insanity about suffering , pain and overwork of a woman.
Lydia walked almost naked - an old smelly rag smeared with mud dangled from her belt in which it was no longer possible to guess anything what it was before.
Lyudka was dressed a little better - the rotten remnants of a dressing gown dangled on her thin shoulders, which they did not even cover, but on the contrary only gave a more terrifying look to her appearance.
A couple of times they were even - rather entertainment of Treason - allowed to walk in old, completely broken, completely worn down and turned into a pile of dirt, scraps of leather, ropes and wire slippers
They fell off the feet of the unfortunate slaves as soon as they took a wider step or did not keep them on dirty legs with cracked heels - for each such violation there was a punishment.
Treason liked this entertainment and soon she was going to put all the slaves in the same trampled, completely broken, torn slippers.
Lidka... Lidka hasn't lost her slippers for the third day now - the decayed sole with several equally dilapidated straps that so desperately thrashed her overworked heels held tight... Treason ordered to sew the slippers to her feet so that they would not go anywhere...
Each step now additionally gave her pain in her legs, which were sewn with coarse stitches of an equally coarse thread.
It was a recent invention of Ritka Goji, nicknamed Treason - before that, Lidka tried her perverted imagination on herself - Lidka was beaten with a whip from morning to evening and there was not a single living place on her body - she was like one big constantly bleeding wound.
She liked to make the unfortunate woman walk on hot coals - just like that, she took her off work and chased her until she fell and started bouncing, gasping for screams and screams, and then, when Lidka crawled out, they burned her heels with those very coals;
She made Lidka stand just like that, holding two buckets of mortar in her hands, and whenever buckets fell from the hands of the unfortunate woman, she was beaten so that she fell to the ground, and then again they forced her to rise with a whip and everything started anew;
Lidka, clinging to the next nonsense, was chained next to the anthill there so that her heels would be in it, and after being tortured with a whip, they were left to lie doused with honey and watching the convulsions of the unfortunate woman;
She was harnessed to a cart which, even empty, was difficult to budge, and having loaded her beyond measure, they drove her with the same whip, and when she fell, they were forced to continue on her way and there was no end to this;
Having beaten Lidka once again, Treason chained her to an iron roof heated by the sun and left it like that for a day...
She was starving and falling from fatigue, falling asleep every second of rest that fell to her share.
And the bullying of Treason became more and more sophisticated and with more and more cruelty she took out her anger on the unfortunate woman.
Lidka was forced to work for twenty hours and was shackled in stocks at night, Lidka was starved and tormented by thirst, or vice versa they were fed with salted herring and doused with the same solution and left in the morning in the sun - she prepared the most terrible tortures for her for the winter when a barefoot naked woman could be spread rot and spread rot at some construction site, beating in the cold so that the snow will be red around, torturing her heels to see the bloody traces of her steps ...
Treason was already pounding from such dreams - she herself did not know why exactly she wanted to torment her for so long and sophisticatedly. And now it was important not to crush this slave to death, prolonging the agony of her life ..
But Lidka didn’t think... she didn’t have the strength or desire to think how life was still glimmering in her - her brain, dulled from work and constant beatings and humiliations, was not able to think and decide anything except for the simplest commands. She did not know how long it would last, but ... But every day was replaced by a new one and brought her more and more suffering.
Today she again mocked the unfortunate woman all day long, taking her off work and sending her to a construction site - she drove her into a trough with a solution, ordering her to work in it all day.
All this fit in a month since the flogging of Lariska and the torture of Lyudka on barbed wire.
Night was falling, but before returning to her hut fifteen kilometers from this place, Treason decided to look at the farm where only young - no older than sixteen - slave girls worked, and among them was that Lariska because of which her mother suffered so much.
Lariska was there - Treason even heard it from the bells that were on hooks attached to the breasts of that girl.
She wanted just as cruelly, but now differently to have fun with her daughter.
She opened the door loudly shouting “Cunts! Line up!"
To be continued.
Bamboo is one of the fastest growing plants on earth. Some of its Chinese varieties can grow as much as a meter in a day. Some historians believe that the deadly bamboo torture was used not only by the ancient Chinese, but also by the Japanese military during World War II.
How it works?
1) Live bamboo sprouts are sharpened with a knife to make sharp "spears";
2) The victim is suspended horizontally, back or belly over a bed of young pointed bamboo;
3) Bamboo grows rapidly in height, pierce into the skin of the martyr and sprout through his abdominal cavity, the person dies very long and painfully.
2. Iron Maiden
Like torture with bamboo, many researchers consider the "iron maiden" a terrible legend. Perhaps these metal sarcophagi with sharp spikes inside only frightened the defendants, after which they confessed to anything. The "iron maiden" was invented at the end of the 18th century, i.e. already at the end of the Catholic Inquisition.
How it works?
1) The victim is stuffed into the sarcophagus and the door is closed;
2) The spikes driven into the inner walls of the "iron maiden" are rather short and do not pierce the victim through, but only cause pain. The investigator, as a rule, in a matter of minutes receives a confession, which the arrested person only has to sign;
3) If the prisoner shows fortitude and continues to be silent, long nails, knives and rapiers are pushed through special holes in the sarcophagus. The pain becomes simply unbearable;
4) The victim never confesses to his deed, then she was locked in a sarcophagus for a long time, where she died from blood loss;
5) In some models of the “iron maiden”, spikes were provided at eye level in order to quickly poke them out.
3. Skafism
The name of this torture comes from the Greek "skafium", which means "trough". Skafism was popular in ancient Persia. During the torture, the victim, most often a prisoner of war, was devoured alive by various insects and their larvae that were not indifferent to human flesh and blood.
How it works?
1) The prisoner is placed in a shallow trough and wrapped in chains.
2) He is force-fed with large amounts of milk and honey, which causes the victim to develop copious diarrhea that attracts insects.
3) A prisoner, shabby, smeared with honey, is allowed to swim in a trough in a swamp, where there are many hungry creatures.
4) Insects immediately start the meal, as the main dish - the living flesh of the martyr.
4. Terrible pear 
“There is a pear - you can’t eat it,” it is said about the medieval European tool for “educating” blasphemers, liars, women who gave birth out of wedlock, and gay men. Depending on the crime, the tormentor put the pear into the sinner's mouth, anus or vagina.
How it works?
1) The tool, consisting of pointed pear-shaped leaf-shaped segments, is thrust into the client's desired hole in the body;
2) The executioner slowly turns the screw on the top of the pear, while the “leaves”-segments bloom inside the martyr, causing hellish pain;
3) After the pear is opened, the completely guilty person receives internal injuries incompatible with life and dies in terrible agony, if he has not already fallen into unconsciousness.
5. Copper bull 
The design of this death unit was developed by the ancient Greeks, or to be more precise, by the coppersmith Perill, who sold his terrible bull to the Sicilian tyrant Falaris, who simply adored torturing and killing people in unusual ways.
Inside the copper statue, through a special door, they pushed a living person.
So
Falaris first tested the unit on its creator, the greedy Perilla. Subsequently, Falaris himself was roasted in a bull.
How it works?
1) The victim is closed in a hollow copper statue of a bull;
2) A fire is kindled under the belly of the bull;
3) The victim is roasted alive, like a ham in a frying pan;
4) The structure of the bull is such that the cries of the martyr come from the mouth of the statue, like a bull's roar;
5) Jewelry and amulets were made from the bones of the executed, which were sold in the bazaars and were in great demand ..
6. Torture by rats 
Rat torture was very popular in ancient China. However, we will look at the rat punishment technique developed by the leader of the 16th century Dutch Revolution, Didrik Sonoy.
How it works?
1) The naked martyr is laid on a table and tied;
2) Large, heavy cages with hungry rats are placed on the prisoner's stomach and chest. The bottom of the cells is opened with a special valve;
3) Hot coals are placed on top of the cages to stir up the rats;
4) Trying to escape from the heat of hot coals, rats gnaw their way through the flesh of the victim.
7. Cradle of Judas 
The Cradle of Judas was one of the most painful torture machines in the arsenal of the Suprema - the Spanish Inquisition. The victims usually died from the infection, due to the fact that the peaked seat of the torture machine was never disinfected. The cradle of Judas, as an instrument of torture, was considered "loyal", because it did not break bones and did not tear ligaments.
How it works?
1) The victim, whose hands and feet are tied, is seated on the top of a pointed pyramid;
2) The top of the pyramid pierces the anus or vagina;
3) With the help of ropes, the victim is gradually lowered lower and lower;
4) Torture continues for several hours or even days, until the victim dies from powerlessness and pain, or from blood loss due to rupture of soft tissues.
8. Elephant trampling 
For several centuries, this execution was practiced in India and Indochina. The elephant is very easy to train and to teach him to trample the guilty victim with his huge feet is a matter of several days.
How it works?
1. The victim is tied to the floor;
2. A trained elephant is brought into the hall to crush the head of the martyr;
3. Sometimes before the "control in the head" animals squeeze the victims' arms and legs in order to amuse the audience.
9. Rack 
Probably the most famous, and unsurpassed in its kind, death machine called "rack". It was first experienced around 300 AD. on the Christian martyr Vincent of Zaragoza.
Anyone who survived the rack could no longer use their muscles and turned into a helpless vegetable.
How it works?
1. This instrument of torture is a special bed with rollers at both ends, on which ropes were wound, holding the wrists and ankles of the victim. When the rollers rotated, the ropes stretched in opposite directions, stretching the body;
2. Ligaments in the hands and feet of the victim are stretched and torn, bones pop out of the joints.
3. Another version of the rack was also used, called strappado: it consisted of 2 pillars dug into the ground and connected by a crossbar. The interrogated person was tied with his hands behind his back and lifted by the rope tied to his hands. Sometimes a log or other weights were attached to his bound legs. At the same time, the hands of a person raised on a rack twisted back and often came out of their joints, so that the convict had to hang on twisted arms. They were on the rack from several minutes to an hour or more. This type of rack was used most often in Western Europe.
4. In Russia, a suspect raised on a rack was beaten with a whip on the back, and “applied to the fire”, that is, they drove burning brooms over the body.
5. In some cases, the executioner broke the ribs of a person hanging on a rack with red-hot tongs.
10. Paraffin in the bladder
A savage form of torture, the actual use of which has not been established.
How it works?
1. Candle paraffin was rolled out by hand into a thin sausage, which was injected through the urethra;
2. Paraffin slipped into bladder, where the precipitation of solid salts and other nasty things began on it.
3. The victim soon developed kidney problems and died of acute kidney failure. On average, death occurred in 3-4 days.
11. Shiri (camel cap)
A monstrous fate awaited those whom the Zhuanzhuans (the union of nomadic Turkic-speaking peoples) took into their slavery. They destroyed the memory of the slave with a terrible torture - by putting Shiri on the head of the victim. Usually this fate befell young guys captured in battles.
How it works?
1. First, the slaves shaved their heads, carefully scraping out every hair under the root.
2. The executioners slaughtered the camel and skinned its carcass, first of all, separating its heaviest, densest part.
3. Having divided the neck into pieces, it was immediately pulled in pairs over the shaved heads of the prisoners. These pieces, like a plaster, stuck around the heads of slaves. This meant putting on wide.
4. After putting on the width, the neck of the doomed was shackled in a special wooden block so that the subject could not touch his head to the ground. In this form, they were taken away from crowded places so that no one would hear their heartbreaking cries, and they were thrown there in an open field, with hands and feet tied, in the sun, without water and without food.
5. The torture lasted 5 days.
6. Only a few remained alive, and the rest died not from hunger or even from thirst, but from unbearable, inhuman torments caused by drying out, shrinking rawhide camel skin on the head. Inexorably shrinking under the rays of the scorching sun, the width squeezed, squeezing the shaved head of a slave like an iron hoop. Already on the second day, the shaved hair of the martyrs began to sprout. Coarse and straight Asian hair sometimes grew into rawhide, in most cases, finding no way out, the hair bent and again went into the scalp with its ends, causing even greater suffering. A day later, the man lost his mind. Only on the fifth day did the Zhuanzhuans come to check whether any of the prisoners had survived. If at least one of the tortured was caught alive, it was believed that the goal was achieved. .
7. The one who was subjected to such a procedure either died, unable to withstand the torture, or lost his memory for life, turned into a mankurt - a slave who does not remember his past.
8. The skin of one camel was enough for five or six widths.
12. Implantation of metals
A very strange means of torture-execution was used in the Middle Ages.
How it works?
1. A deep incision was made on a person’s legs, where a piece of metal (iron, lead, etc.) was placed, after which the wound was sutured.
2. Over time, the metal oxidized, poisoning the body and causing terrible pain.
3. Most often, the poor fellows tore the skin in the place where the metal was sewn up and died from blood loss.
13. Dividing a person into two parts
This terrible execution originated in Thailand. The most hardened criminals were subjected to it - mostly murderers.
How it works?
1. The accused is placed in a hoodie woven from lianas, and he is stabbed with sharp objects;
2. After that, his body is quickly cut into two parts, the upper half is immediately placed on a red-hot copper grate; this operation stops the bleeding and prolongs the life of the upper part of the person.
A small addition: This torture is described in the book of the Marquis de Sade "Justine, or the successes of vice." This is a small excerpt from a large piece of text where de Sade allegedly describes the torture of the peoples of the world. But why supposedly? According to many critics, the Marquis was very fond of lying. He had an extraordinary imagination and a couple of manias, so this torture, like some others, could be a figment of his imagination. But the field of this is not worth referring to Donatien Alphonse as Baron Munchausen. This torture, in my opinion, if it did not exist before, is quite realistic. If, of course, a person is drugged with painkillers before this (opiates, alcohol, etc.), so that he does not die before his body touches the bars.
14. Inflation with air through the anus
A terrible torture in which a person is pumped with air through the anus.
There is evidence that in Rus' even Peter the Great himself sinned with this.
Most often, thieves were executed in this way.
How it works?
1. The victim was tied hand and foot.
2. Then they took cotton and stuffed the ears, nose and mouth of the poor fellow with it.
3. Bellows were inserted into his anus, with the help of which a huge amount of air was pumped into a person, as a result of which he became like a balloon.
3. After that, I plugged his anus with a piece of cotton.
4. Then they opened two veins above his eyebrows, from which all the blood flowed under great pressure.
5. Sometimes a bound person was placed naked on the roof of the palace and shot with arrows until he died.
6. Prior to 1970, this method was often used in Jordanian prisons.
15. Polledro
The Neapolitan executioners lovingly called this torture "polledro" - "colt" (polledro) and were proud that it was first used in their native city. Although history did not preserve the name of its inventor, they said that he was an expert in horse breeding and came up with an unusual device to pacify his horses.
Only a few decades later, lovers of mocking people turned the horse breeder's device into a real torture machine for people.
The machine was a wooden frame, similar to a ladder, the transverse rungs of which had very sharp corners so that when a person was placed on them with his back, they crashed into the body from the back of the head to the heels. The staircase ended with a huge wooden spoon, in which, like a cap, they put their heads.
How it works?
1. Holes were drilled on both sides of the frame and in the “bonnet”, ropes were threaded into each of them. The first of them was tightened on the forehead of the tortured, the last tied the big toes. As a rule, there were thirteen ropes, but for especially stubborn ones, the number was increased.
2. With special devices, the ropes were pulled tighter and tighter - it seemed to the victims that, having crushed the muscles, they dug into the bones.
16. Dead man's bed (modern China) 
The "dead man's bed" torture is used by the Chinese Communist Party mainly on those prisoners who try to protest their illegal imprisonment through a hunger strike. In most cases, these are prisoners of conscience who went to prison for their beliefs.
How it works?
1. The hands and feet of a naked prisoner are tied to the corners of the bed, on which, instead of a mattress, there is a wooden board with a hole cut out. A bucket for excrement is placed under the hole. Often, ropes are tightly tied to the bed and the body of a person so that he cannot move at all. In this position, a person is continuously from several days to weeks.
2. In some prisons, such as Shenyang City No. 2 Prison and Jilin City Prison, the police still place a hard object under the victim's back to increase the suffering.
3. It also happens that the bed is placed vertically and for 3-4 days a person hangs, stretched by the limbs.
4. Force-feeding is added to these torments, which is carried out with the help of a tube inserted through the nose into the esophagus, into which liquid food is poured.
5. This procedure is done mainly by prisoners on the orders of the guards, and not by health workers. They do it very rudely and not professionally, often causing more serious damage. internal organs person.
6. Those who have gone through this torture say that it causes displacement of the vertebrae, joints of the arms and legs, as well as numbness and blackening of the limbs, which often leads to disability.
17. Collar (Modern China) 
One of the medieval tortures used in modern Chinese prisons is the wearing of a wooden collar. It is put on a prisoner, which is why he cannot walk or stand normally.
The collar is a board from 50 to 80 cm long, from 30 to 50 cm wide and 10 - 15 cm thick. There are two holes for the legs in the middle of the collar.
The shackled victim is difficult to move, must crawl into the bed, and usually must sit or lie down, as the upright position causes pain and injury to the legs. Without assistance, a person with a collar cannot go to eat or go to the toilet. When a person gets out of bed, the collar not only presses on the legs and heels, causing pain, but its edge clings to the bed and prevents the person from returning to it. At night, the prisoner is not able to turn around, and in winter, a short blanket does not cover his legs.
An even worse form of this torture is called "crawling with a wooden collar." The guards put a collar on the man and order him to crawl on the concrete floor. If he stops, he is hit on the back with a police baton. An hour later, fingers, toenails and knees bleed profusely, while the back is covered with wounds from blows.
18. Impaling 
Terrible wild execution that came from the East.
The essence of this execution was that a person was placed on his stomach, one sat on him to prevent him from moving, the other held him by the neck. A person was inserted into the anus with a stake, which was then driven in with a mallet; then they drove a stake into the ground. The weight of the body forced the stake to go deeper and deeper, and finally it came out under the armpit or between the ribs.
19. Spanish water torture 
In order to the best way to perform the procedure of this torture, the accused was placed on one of the varieties of the rack or on a special large table with a rising middle part. After the victim's hands and feet were tied to the edges of the table, the executioner went to work in one of several ways. One of these methods was that the victim was forced to swallow a large amount of water with a funnel, then beaten on the inflated and arched stomach. Another form involved placing a rag tube down the victim's throat, through which water was slowly poured in, causing the victim to bloat and suffocate. If that wasn't enough, the tube was pulled out, causing internal damage, and then reinserted and the process repeated. Sometimes they used torture cold water. In this case, the accused lay naked on the table for hours under a jet of icy water. It is interesting to note that this kind of torture was regarded as light, and confessions obtained in this way were accepted by the court as voluntary and given to the defendants without the use of torture. Most often, these tortures were used by the Spanish Inquisition in order to knock out confessions from heretics and witches.
20. Chinese water torture
The person was seated in a very cold room, they tied him so that he could not move his head, and in complete darkness cold water was very slowly dripping on his forehead. After a few days, the person froze or went crazy.
21. Spanish chair 
This instrument of torture was widely used by the executioners of the Spanish Inquisition and was a chair made of iron, on which the prisoner was seated, and his legs were enclosed in stocks attached to the legs of the chair. When he was in such a completely helpless position, a brazier was placed under his feet; with hot coals, so that the legs began to slowly roast, and in order to prolong the suffering of the poor fellow, the legs were poured with oil from time to time.
Another version of the Spanish chair was often used, which was a metal throne, to which the victim was tied and a fire was made under the seat, roasting the buttocks. The well-known poisoner La Voisin was tortured on such an armchair during the famous Poisoning Case in France.
22. GRIDIRON (Grate for torture by fire) 
Torture of Saint Lawrence on the gridiron.
This type of torture is often mentioned in the lives of saints - real and fictional, but there is no evidence that the gridiron "survived" until the Middle Ages and had at least little circulation in Europe. It is usually described as a simple metal grate, 6 feet long and two and a half feet wide, set horizontally on legs to allow a fire to be built underneath.
Sometimes the gridiron was made in the form of a rack in order to be able to resort to combined torture.
Saint Lawrence was martyred on a similar grid.
This torture was rarely resorted to. Firstly, it was easy enough to kill the interrogated person, and secondly, there were a lot of simpler, but no less cruel tortures.
23. Pectoral 
Pectoral in ancient times was called a breast adornment for women in the form of a pair of carved gold or silver bowls, often strewn with precious stones. It was worn like a modern bra and fastened with chains.
By a mocking analogy with this decoration, the savage instrument of torture used by the Venetian Inquisition was named.
In 1885, the pectoral was red-hot and, taking it with tongs, put it on the chest of the tortured woman and held until she confessed. If the accused persisted, the executioners heated up the pectoral, cooled by the living body again, and continued the interrogation.
Very often, after this barbaric torture, charred, torn holes remained in place of the woman's breasts.
24. Tickle Torture 
This seemingly harmless influence was a terrible torture. With prolonged tickling, a person’s nerve conduction increased so much that even the lightest touch caused at first twitching, laughter, and then turned into terrible pain. If such torture was continued for a long time, then after a while spasms of the respiratory muscles arose and, in the end, the tortured person died from suffocation.
In the simplest version of torture, sensitive places were tickled by the interrogated either simply with hands or with hairbrushes and brushes. Rigid bird feathers were popular. Usually tickled under the armpits, heels, nipples, inguinal folds, genitals, women also under the breasts.
In addition, torture was often used with the use of animals that licked some tasty substance from the heels of the interrogated. A goat was often used, because its very hard tongue, adapted for eating herbs, caused very strong irritation.
There was also a form of beetle tickling, most common in India. With her, a small bug was planted on the head of the penis of a man or on the nipple of a woman and covered with half a nut shell. After some time, the tickling caused by the movement of the legs of an insect over a living body became so unbearable that the interrogated person confessed to anything.
25. Crocodile 
These tubular metal tongs "Crocodile" were red-hot and used to tear the penis of the tortured. At first, with a few caressing movements (often performed by women), or with a tight bandage, they achieved a stable hard erection and then the torture began.
26. Serrated crusher 
These serrated iron tongs slowly crushed the testicles of the interrogated.
Something similar was widely used in Stalinist and fascist prisons.
27. A terrible tradition. 
Actually, this is not torture, but an African rite, but, in my opinion, it is very cruel. Girls from 3-6 years old without anesthesia were simply scraped out the external genitalia.
Thus, the girl did not lose the ability to have children, but was forever deprived of the opportunity to experience sexual desire and pleasure. This rite is done “for the good” of women so that they will never be tempted to cheat on their husband
28. Blood Eagle 
One of the most ancient tortures, during which the victim was tied face down and his back was opened, the ribs were broken off at the spine and spread apart like wings. In Scandinavian legends, it is stated that during such an execution, salt was sprinkled on the wounds of the victim.
Many historians claim that this torture was used by pagans against Christians, others are sure that spouses convicted of treason were punished in this way, and still others claim that the bloody eagle is just a terrible legend. 
I hear the rattle of the key in the keyhole, well, that's all. Very soon I will be squealing in pain in the "room under the stairs". I suspect it used to be my parents' bedroom. This is a spacious square room with a beautiful view from the window, decorated with mahogany, it is very quiet in it and the sounds that are heard in this room are not heard anywhere else in our spacious house. It also has its own toilet room.
My father died many years ago, and I hardly remember him - I was only 5 years old when it happened. My mother and I live on the second floor, the servants occupy the left wing of the first floor. And I got acquainted with this room when I went to school, although, however, not quite right away.
It was like this: I received an entry in my diary - I didn’t learn the poem, I couldn’t even imagine what it threatened me with! Mom, of course, warned me that I should study only with "Excellent", that I have all the data and all the conditions for this, that she alone is engaged in business, works hard, does not suit her personal life And all this for me. All that is required of me is excellent study and obedience. The nanny looked after me, she also made me do my homework, although my mother said that I should be independent and scolded the nanny for forcing me, she believed that from childhood I should rely only on myself and learn to allocate my time. So I "distributed" - played too much and forgot! Mother came home from work and checked the diary (she did not forget to do this every day). Then, in a calm voice, she told me that I would be punished now, ordered me to lower my jeans and panties to my knees and lie on the bed with my booty up, and she herself went out somewhere. I am a naive child! And so it did! I thought that this was the punishment - to lie upside down!
But what was my surprise when a few minutes later, the mother came, and in her hands she had a brown strap! She said the first time I'll get 20 strokes! In general, she managed to hit only 1 time. From a terrible, unfamiliar pain, I howled, and quickly rolled to the other side and crawled under the bed. It happened instantly, I did not expect this from myself! And no matter how she screamed, did not threaten - I did not climb out of there until the morning. She slept there. From fear, she did not want to eat, drink, or go to the toilet.
In the mornings, my mother left early, and the nanny took care of me. The nanny fed me and took me to school. The whole day I was gloomier than a cloud, I was very afraid to go home, but I was ashamed to tell my friends about what had happened. Lessons are over, and oh horror! My mother came for me.
After talking to the teacher, she firmly took my hand and led me to the car. We drove in silence the whole way. Arriving home, as always, I changed into my favorite jeans, washed up and went to dinner, dined with my mother and nanny, and, thinking that everything had been forgotten, went to do my homework. About two hours later, when the lessons were over, my mother came into my room and in a calm voice told me about the system of my upbringing, that I would be punished for all the offenses, and the best and most correct punishment for children is spanking, since "Beating determines consciousness", and that my butt was created specifically for this purpose. If I resist it, I will still be punished, but the portion of punishment will be doubled or tripled! And if I piss her off, there'll be brainwashing too.
Then she told me to get on all fours, she herself stood over me, squeezed my head between her strong knees, unbuttoned my panties, pulled them together with my panties from my ass and called the nanny. The nanny came in, and I saw in her hands a stick from a cherry tree. Of course, I immediately understood everything! She began to cry and beg her mother not to do this, but all in vain. After a couple of seconds, the cherry rod began to burn my naked, defenseless ass with a terrible fire. Mother used to say - let's beat laziness, beat laziness. And I screamed and begged for mercy! Nobody heard me. But after a while the execution stopped. My butt was on fire, it was very, very painful and insulting, I cried and whined, but no one was going to let me go. Mom took a break, and said that I got 20 hits for laziness, and now there will be another 20 for yesterday's resistance. I just went cold with fear! And the cherry rod whistled again with a loud clapping, falling on my already sore ass. I no longer screamed, it could not be called a scream - it was a heart-rending screech, I squealed and squealed, my mind was clouded by this terrible, burning, unbearable pain. It felt like I was being skinned alive. That I can't take it anymore and I'm about to die!! But I didn't die...
The spanking ended, and I was crying, with my pants down, holding my ass with both hands, and they took me to the bathroom. The nanny told me to lie on my stomach on the couch, I lay down, I thought that she would give me a cold compress, I thought that she would take pity on me, but it didn’t happen.
She pulled off my dangling jeans and underpants and forced me to get on all fours, I begged and howled at the same time! I thought that I would be spanked again.
But, as it turned out, they decided to brainwash me! I got even more scared! I cannot express in words my horror from the unknown and fear of pain! At the same moment, a short thick stick stuck into the hole between the halves of my tormented ass and smoothly slipped inside, I screamed, more from fear than from pain, and my mother and nanny laughed. Warm water flowed into me, I almost did not feel it, it only burst in the pope and lower abdomen, and I cried from shame and resentment. After a while, I really wanted to go to the toilet. But I was not allowed to get up, and this nasty stick was still sticking out of my ass, and the nanny held it with her hand. Finally my mother allowed me to get up and go to the toilet.
I remembered this punishment for a very long time.
I always did my homework on time, memorized everything, learned everything. I sat for hours in class. I have always been tense and afraid. I didn't want to repeat the punishment. So three years passed. elementary school I graduated with a brilliant honors student with excellent behavior. Mom was happy!
Here I am in fifth grade. New teachers, new subjects. The first two English language…
At home, I honestly told my mother everything, and was ready for punishment. But that evening she did not punish me. I thought that she changed her tactics of my upbringing. I myself began to try very hard and soon got a four and two fives in English!
Unexpectedly, repairs began in our house, as it turned out, in a room that I did not suspect existed. It was located under the stairs and its door was upholstered in the same material as the walls, so it was not noticeable. A week later, the repair was completed. They brought some strange bed: narrow, convex, with some kind of slots and wide leather cuffs. Then I thought it was sports simulator- Mom always took care of her figure.
Three days later I managed to get a triple in mathematics and acquaintance with the "room under the stairs" took place!
In the evening, after my mother had supper and rested, she called me to the new room. The room was beautiful but gloomy. In the middle of the room stood a strange bed. Mom explained to me that now this room will serve for my upbringing, that is, punishment. That this bed is for me. I will lie down on it, my arms and legs will be fixed with leather cuffs so that I will not be able to move, and the butt will be located above the rest of the body. In general, a very convenient design, and even the fact that I will grow is provided. Here's what my mom bought! She was definitely proud of this acquisition, as it turned out, made to order! Then she showed me a wooden stand. He had a whole arsenal of instruments of punishment! A narrow black strap, a red braided belt, a soldier's belt, a brown belt with metal studs, a red wide patent leather belt with a lion-shaped buckle, a yellow thick braided belt, thin strips of leather gathered at one end into a handle (as I later found out - a whip), belt made of coarse, thick khaki fabric.
Then we went to the bathroom. Here mother showed a beautiful transparent trough in which cherry twigs from our garden got wet - these are rods, she said.
Hearing the familiar clang and creak, Natalya tried to brush it off. But this time, instead of food, the sentry brought clean clothes. "Get dressed," he ordered and left.
“That's all,” this guess at the first moment even made me happy - predatory claws will soon release them. But then it got scary. Terribly scary. Scary as hell. She jumped up, measured the prison rectangle with quick steps. She rushed to get dressed. The movements became sprawling, awkward. She convulsively wrapped her hair in a knot and hid it under her cap.
What painful moments. She tried in vain to control her feelings, to calm down. "Why aren't they following me? Rather. If only to see Sasha, ask ... ". But the major did not appear.
The scaffold was erected on the bank of the canal near the building of the twelve colleges. They covered the wooden boards with black cloth, spread a red carpet - the execution of noble persons should be carried out with gloss. Theater!
People rushed to see the show. From early morning on the square is not overcrowded. Resourceful daredevils have chosen excellent places on the roofs of nearby houses.
The owners of the scaffold are already in place, laid out whips and tongs. The audience is roaring with excitement. Interesting, ... and scary, ... and cold. But it attracts like a magnet.
They were led out of the fortress on a bright morning. The light hurt his eyes, accustomed to the dark. A large shaggy cloud, taking pity, covered the sun with its sleeve. Ivan swung to his parents.
“Mother,” his voice sounded soft and hoarse.
- Ah, chick! - menacingly snapped his guard. - Do not dare to talk!
Natasha blinked her son encouragingly with both eyes - Everything will be fine. - I tried to smile. The smile turned out to be pathetic, uncertain, and Lopukhina hastened to turn away from her son. Spiked questions: “What awaits us? What will happen to the children?”, Many other “what?”. She made eye contact with her husband. Now he did his best to calm her down with a glance. And with Bestuzheva - "Annushka, forgive me ..." - tears welled up in my eyes. Anya smiled affectionately, arching her eyebrows in sympathy. "It's not your fault..."
They put them on boats. The guards sat down on benches along the sides, the convicts were left to stand. With a long pole they pushed the boat away from the shore, the rowers leaned on the oars. Light ripples on the water, quiet splashes, fresh, cool morning air. And this wind, touching the thin veils of memory that keeps the delights of childhood and youth, seeks to fill the lungs, break into the soul and fan it with transparent, yellowish-green and greenish-blue. And another time I would sigh full chest, drunkenly, slightly drunk, my heart would beat ... But now it’s not like that: a clean and light stream hits muscle spasm and a tight screen of alarm and splashes back. And from that it is even sadder: now this natural grace is not for them. Treacherously pinches in the nose. “Don't panic, just don't give in to it. They failed to force us to incriminate ourselves, to confess to serious ... ”, - the hand involuntarily reached for the aching shoulder,“ they can’t just gossip ..., hopes ... But, after what has already happened ... ”, - teeth are clenched, - “We need to prepare for the worst… Elizabeth made a vow…. So the worst is a whip ... ”, - for the umpteenth time Natalya built the same logical chain, and for the umpteenth time - “For what ?! No!" - It ached and shrank inside. “If it is possible to call our conversations a crime, then it is insignificant. The verdict shouldn't be so cruel... The verdict! - For what? Unthinkable…. Silly…. Like a bad dream, but too long, impossible... It hurts! It doesn't hurt so much in a dream... I would have woken up long ago... No, everything is in reality - Why, Lord? Have mercy, ”- eyes to the top, - hold on. Why didn't they announce it earlier. After all, it would be easier if we knew in advance ... We have the right to this! Or maybe a pardon? - Airy, light thought! - "And they want to finally hold in fear!". But not for good, the guards closely examine them and look away, as soon as someone tries to intercept him. “No, no, you can’t hope for yourself, suddenly it’s not like that, then it’s too terrible ... Tune in, tune in for the worst ... What could be in the worst case? “The whip… But they didn’t use it even for Osterman, Munnich, Reingold… Reinhold, you can’t imagine…”, she closed her eyes, shaking her head negatively to herself. “So, what is it anyway?” - It's time to howl like a dog. “Okay, whatever! We'll survive! Even if the whip, ”she clenched her fists with all her strength,“ With mother ..., with mother it happened ... They say that a shell does not fall twice into one funnel, ”Lopukhina mentally laughed ironically. - “Not in Russia! Everything happens in Russia! Matushka was accused of taking bribes, but in fact, she did not interfere with the love of Uncle Willim (Poor Uncle!) and Empress Catherine. Like you can stop love! Catherine then returned mother from exile the very next year. Who would have thought that her daughter ... She got on me from childhood, and now she takes her soul away, swaggers! Lord, you see, you see everything!”
The sobs of her soul were interrupted by a jolt. The boat landed on the shore. Lopukhina looked around in fear. Very close, to the left and a little behind rises black, ominous ... Suddenly weakened and bent knees, and a lump to the throat.
- Come out one at a time, as I call, - the head of the convoy shouted menacingly, - Lopukhina Natalya ...
Climbing out, she caught on the side, swung. Stepan twitched towards her, but the escort stopped him with a blow from the butt, another grabbed Natalya by the arm, helped her to stand on her feet.
- Anna Bestuzheva ... - they grabbed her by the elbow in advance, there were no stumbling.
- Lopukhin Stepan (he looked calm, no outside help was required) ..., Lopukhin Ivan (stood as if rooted to the spot, wrapping his arms around himself, the guards impatiently led him under his elbows), Putyatin Ivan ..., Moshkov Ivan ...
Having built, a pale, pitiful line of people was led to the steps of the "theater". Views of the audience greedily dug into their faces, figures, clothes... Everyone struggled with the desire to cover his head with his hands, shirt, hide under his arm...
The secretary of the Senate, Zamyatnin, approached the barrier of the scaffold, strainingly, loudly began to announce the verdict, signed by Elizabeth:
“We hoped that the shown mercy (in the case of the overthrown ministers) would be accepted with the most sensitive pleasure not only by the convicted, but also by their names ...
Stepan Lopukhin with his wife Natalya and her son ..., forgetting the fear of God and not being afraid of his terrible judgment, in spite of any dangers, not paying attention to the fact that in the first case they were under suspicion and kept under arrest, despising the favors shown to them, they decided to deprive us of the throne...
Lopukhins Stepan, and Natalya, and Ivan, out of goodwill towards Princess Anna and out of friendship with the former Chief Marshal Levenwolde, made up a plan against us, and Countess Anna Bestuzheva was with them, out of kindness to the princes and out of malice for their brother Mikhail Golovkin, which he was exiled into exile, forgetting his villainous deeds and our many worthy favors to her. And all of them for several months often gathered at the house of Countess Bestuzheva, Stepan Lopukhin and the Marquis de Botta, consulting about their plan.
His wife Natalia and Anna Bestuzheva were the masterminds of the entire evil deed and attracted: Prince Ivan Putyatin, who was not only suspected but also wanted in the case of the princess; Sofia Lilienfeld, ...
Natalya Lopukhina, being a lady of state, did not come to court without permission, and although her relatives repeatedly spoke about this, she did not obey. ... "
The convicts listened and did not believe what they heard. So simple, so coherent, as if they really are villains, insidious conspirators. Natalya heard: “... to wheel ...”, - and, as if, she could not remember the meaning of this word. But I didn’t completely forget it, it stood somewhere nearby, heavy, but could not be used in relation to it. “... from that they are most merciful ...”, - yes, it should have been so. Pardon is understandable. But: "... with a whip, cut tongues ..." - and this is a pardon? This is mistake.
The secretary finished reading. The escort nudged Lopukhin on the shoulder. She stepped onto the step of the scaffold, where, with their hands behind their backs, the shoulder masters were waiting for their victim. Half asleep, a glass bubble with ice fell and broke, invisible fragments splashed. She walked without resisting, looking around with a confused look. It was necessary to quickly understand something and do something. But I couldn’t manage to grab the thread... As it happens in a dream: you need to quickly solve the problem, and time is running out, and you are still messing around, making mistakes...
One of the executioners approached the condemned woman and tore the mantilla from her shoulders.
A long, round-shouldered guy from the front row, chewing on a pie, shouted:
- Well, let's see what kind of lady of state!
WITH different parties there were more chuckles and similar cries.
- Lopukhina! Don't lie - damn good! - Loudly and juicy said someone's mocking voice.
Natalya Fedorovna turned sharply to the crowd: humiliation, pain, irrevocable .... Publicly! She pressed her hands to her chest, retreating from the executioner and turning pale, whispered hoarsely, - no need. Don't you dare... no!
Ignoring the pleas of his victim, the kat tore at the fabric of the shirt. Lopukhina began to cry and tried to push his hands away from her. Seeing a hitch, a second one came up. But sentenced to execution, not wanting to admit the inevitable, desperately thrashed in their hands: she cried, fought back, contrived, clung her teeth to the brush of one of the tormentors. He cursed, releasing his hand, hissed:
- Well, you will remember me, belle, - and, grabbing her by the hair, he sharply turned her face to his assistant, who took the former lady of state by both hands and, turning abruptly, threw him over his shoulders like a bag.
“Look how quick you are,” laughed the lover of pies.
“And you don’t feel sorry for her,” the woman standing behind him said quietly.
- And what, - answered her, a lively wench with shifty small eyes, - let her try and caress her with a whip. Not all of them are just gingerbread.
- Calm down, shameless, - a hefty bearded man measured her with a heavy look, - well, if you were in their place, would you have fun?
- And that's right. Why are they like that, babe? It’s not even an hour, they’ll be locked up to death ..., - a compassionate whisper swept through the air.
The sharp-eyed tradeswoman, akimbo, was about to answer them all, as expected, but at that moment a heart-rending cry hung over the square, and all other voices subsided.
All the attention of the crowd turned again to Natalya Lopukhina. The whip, falling heavily and bitingly, dug into the body, and, releasing the victim, emitted an invariable hoarse-chomping sob. His bloody painting on his back, arched in a futile effort, remained a deep furrow. Breathing stopped from each blow to break through with sanious foam with a heart-rending drawling cry until the next count - the next stone on the scales of the royal Themis. Wheezed in anguish vocal cords. Tears covered black, in one pupils, eyes. Before his eyes, blond hair and a thick neck of an executioner-apprentice. They have dirt and Natalya's pink saliva on them. From the pain piercing through, she jerked her head up - a deep blue sky and serene white clouds - a good addition to the picture of injustice and impossibility. The torn consciousness did not give rise to a single word that could be addressed to this bottomless height. Inarticulate, primordial plea, a message about an unreasonably cruel and senseless massacre went there.
There were no thoughts. I didn't think, I didn't wait. Tore, tore and tore. The futility of fighting with shapeless rags rose in the deafened mind, but the creature obeyed the animal frenzy of instinct. It seemed that there would be no end, or this is the end ....
Then she felt herself sinking down onto the wooden flooring of the platform. The executioner squeezes his throat. The execution is not over yet. I remembered what was yet to be... Clench my teeth, resist. To live…, air… A gray, shimmering mist swirls. I coughed. The coarse-woven trap seized and pulled out everything from the collarbones. A sharp, caustic pain slashed and spilled like molten lead. The last scream was choked with blood, and a sticky, heavy darkness fell.
Lopukhina lost consciousness and no longer heard how the executioner, shouting: “To whom I will sell my tongue cheaply,” he threw the still hot part of her flesh at the feet of the gathered people. She could not see how a skinny boy jumped aside, he looked like a student, his chalk-pale face and trembling hands. The talkative woman with small evil eyes froze like a stone statue. On the sleeve of the bearded man hung his little, plump wife. The guards shamefacedly pulled a clean, thin cotton shirt over her head, threaded her lifeless hands into the sleeves, stuffed a rag rolled up in a bundle into her mouth, tied the edges at the back of her head, and laid her belly down on the cart. Everyone was having a hard time breathing. And the next victim was already rising to the theater - Anna Bestuzheva.
People felt how their insides were shrinking, in anticipation of a repetition of the performance they had just seen, they looked with pity at the convict: fragile, fair-haired, as if transparent - can she stand it?
Anna Gavrilovna seemed calmly tired. There is sadness in the heart. "Push the guard, jump down the steps and run, run away from here without looking back!" - A childish thought flashed through my head, desperately seeking salvation. But Anna Bestuzheva, daughter of Vice-Chancellor Golovkin, widow of Peter I's favorite Pavel Yaguzhinsky, wife of Chief Marshal Mikhail Bestuzhev, was not a girl, but an adult, sensible woman, moreover, as self-possessed as she herself never expected from herself. Rising to the blood-stained scaffold to the executioner, she openly, with doomed calm, looked into his eyes. He was angry and had a distinct smell of sweat and alcohol. But, meeting the eyes of the victim with large, brown eyes, in which there was neither hatred, nor prayer, nor even obvious fear, but only the question: “Who are you? - After all, a man, not an animal? Shouldn't I be afraid of you?" He suddenly became embarrassed, turned away and again looked askance, frowningly, with an unusual feeling of uncertainty at Bestuzheva. She took off her golden cross sparkling with diamonds and handed it to the executioner. "This is for you," her voice was flat and sad, with a sigh, the kind you say when you give something of value to someone you trust. Her hand did not tremble, the hand of an experienced shoulder master trembled. Driven into distant niches of his soul, his feelings, which seemed long forgotten, constricted his chest. “Finish everything quickly, come home and fill it with wine, drive away from yourself everything that is impossible to live with ...”. For all the time of the execution, he no longer dared to look into those eyes. But the whip fell on her back gently, barely cutting through the skin. Grasping the edge of her tongue in forceps, the executioner mentally pleaded: “Just don’t twitch and don’t scream. For God's sake, don't scream!" Anna Gavrilovna did not cry.
Later on that day, the work of the shoulder master somehow did not go. Neither when punishing the restrained, patient Stepan Vasilyevich, nor his sobbing son in the voice, nor the others sentenced to execution, did the executioner show the usual zeal.
The execution was nearing completion. On the scaffold, Alexander Zybin received his share of whips. Among the crowded people, a pie merchant was briskly pushing his way.
- Pies, pies, with heat, with heat, - he shouted loudly, - with meat, with potatoes, with cabbage, with mushrooms. Who wishes? Pies…. - He was cheerful and agile. A clean apron and white armlets inspired confidence.
- Well, come here, - a well-dressed nobleman called him from an open carriage. - How much pies?
“Any dime, your honor,” the hawker bowed to him.
The nobleman bought a couple of pies, one handed it to his young companion, it seems, to his son. The young man took a bite of a pie and grimaced as he chewed the dough with fried onions.
"Meat pies," he chuckled. - Yes, there is as much meat in them as there is truth in this "Lopukhin case"!
- And you shut up! his father snapped rudely. - Otherwise, the hour is not even, - he pointed with a white finger, - you yourself will fall into such a pie.
When consciousness returned to Natalya and the ability, through the veil that covered her eyes, to distinguish the surroundings, she found herself lying on a cart, which, swaying with a creak, was slowly moving somewhere. A hand gently ran through her hair. What a strange and unexpected feeling. “Maybe it’s all a dream? Or have I already died, and this angel came for me and stroked me with his wing? But could the Lord accept me after everything that happened because of my stupidity? She turned her head - it was her husband. His face was pale grey, with black circles under his gentle brown eyes, gray damp hair stuck to his forehead and temples. She wanted to ask him where they were being taken, what happened to her son, something else, but she couldn’t: slipping, she could hardly stay on the edge of the cliff, from which heavy stones rumbled, trying to drag her down to where, like quicksand, swoon spread its soft, suffocating embrace. Clenching her teeth, with the help of Stepan, she sat down, pressed her forehead against his shoulder. “This is what they doomed us to: really, I will never be able to ask anything again, I will never be able to say anything again. Never - what a terrible word, ”she swallowed convulsively - no, she would not cry. Irritated by a soaking wet, useless bandage. Natasha pulled it out of her mouth with a groan, pulled it over her head, and threw it away, trying not to look.
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It would seem that the answer is obvious and unequivocal: the possessed Fuhrer and his newly-made wife Eva Braun committed suicide on April 30, 1945 at 15:30 in Berlin, in an underground bunker equipped in the courtyard of the Imperial Chancellery. This is confirmed by people from Hitler's inner circle, as well as the results of the identification and examination of his exhumed corpse. However, there is another version: Hitler did not commit suicide at all, but, together with Eva Braun and his associates, fled from besieged Berlin to South America and died there in 1964 at the age of 75. And this version is supported by a number of documents and evidence.
In many countries of the world there are churches in which the incorruptible remains of saints are displayed. Some of them have already begun to decompose, but there are those who, even centuries after death, continue to resist the destructive forces of nature. How do human remains become incorruptible?
Larisa Reisner is one of the brightest symbols of the October Revolution. A desperate beauty with a gun in runes traveled almost the entire country, killing people and signing death sentences. And she was driven by a truly terrible force - unrequited, reckless love for the great poet ...
To this day, historians argue about where the ancient state of Saba was located. Most scholars agree that it is somewhere in the region of present-day Yemen. Some believe: Saba also occupied part of the territory of Ethiopia and Eritrea. It was in this area that the legendary Queen of Sheba lived - a woman who was able to compete in wisdom with the Israeli King Solomon himself.
Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya would now be 87 years old. But she, a graduate of the Moscow 201st school, forever remained an 18-year-old fearless intelligence officer. As you know, in November 1941, the Nazis seized her for setting fire to a stable in the village of Petrishchevo near Moscow and, after terrible torture, they executed her in a demonstrative manner. It's like that. There was a village, and there was arson. And the gallows with the girl's farewell call to fight the invaders. Recently discovered facts, classified in Soviet times, prove that in any war there are people who deserve eternal memory. There are those whose names are covered with shame.
Olga Muravyova, senior researcher, deputy chairman of the Pushkin Commission of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and also the heiress of a famous noble family, writes in her book “How a Russian nobleman was brought up”: “Everything in the image of a nobleman corresponded to the cultural tradition of that time: demeanor, appearance and even Style life. By the way, the term "noble education" does not imply a strict and systematized pedagogical system or a rigid set of rules. It’s more of a cultural tradition that they tried to stick to.”
One of the founders of cinema, Georges Méliès, in a 10-minute film in 1905, depicted the monarch as a crazy driver of a car, knocking down and crushing pedestrians ...
“The Jesuits are confessors of monarchs and martyrs, military chaplains and fighters for peace. Jesuits - on the golf course and in the navy, in nightclubs and in prisons, in the chairs of the best universities and in the slums - in the whole field of human life. For what? Because everywhere man cries out to Christ” (From the site of the Jesuits of Russia).
