What is running pace. Tempos in music: slow, moderate and fast

Traveling one unit of distance (usually a kilometer or a mile). Most often used in running long distances, race walking and cross-country skiing.

Usage

According to the physical meaning, the pace of running is the reciprocal of speed. For smaller numerical values of the tempo, the expressions “higher tempo” or “faster tempo” are usually used. In practice, the pace is measured in minutes per kilometer (min / km) or minutes-seconds per kilometer; in English and translated literature, the unit “minutes per mile” is common. Formulas are used for conversion:

T (min/ml) = 1.6093 T (min/km) ≈ 8/5 T (min/km)
T (min/km) = 0.621 T (min/ml) ≈ 5/8 T (min/ml)

The pace of running is usually more convenient than the speed for practical use: it is more simply calculated from the current indicators of the passage of the distance and makes it easy to approximate the result while maintaining the current pace (speed). For example, if an athlete ran the first 3 kilometers of a 10-kilometer distance in 9 minutes, then the running pace is 3 minutes / km, and if the current average pace is maintained, the result for the distance will be 30 minutes.

Depending on the distance and training of the athlete, sports running is characterized by a pace of 3-5 min/km, walking 4-7 min/km, jogging - 6-9 min/km, skiing 3-8 min/km, walking - 9 -15 min/km. Under walking pace the number of steps per minute can also be implied:

T(shg/min) = 100,000 / LT(min/km), where L- average stride length in centimeters

Running pace and speed

The pace is related to the speed ratios:

T(min/km) = 60 / V(km/h) = 50 / 3 V(m/s)

Pace (min/km)	Temp (min/ml)	Speed (km/h)	Speed (m/s)
3	4,8	20	5,6
4	6,4	15	4,2
5	8,0	12	3,3
6	9,7	10	2,8
8	12,9	7,5	2,1
10	16,1	6	1,7
12	19,3	5	1,4
15	24,1	4	1,1

1. What is the tempo of music and where did this concept come from

The word "Temp" comes from the Italian word Tempo, which in turn comes from the Latin word "Tempns" - time.

Tempo in music is the speed of the musical process; speed of movement (change) of metric units. Tempo determines the absolute speed at which a piece of music is played.

Basic tempos in classical music (in ascending order):
Grave, largo, adagio, lento (slow tempos); andante, moderato (moderate pace); animato, allegro, vivo, presto (fast pace). Some genres (waltz, march) are characterized by a certain tempo. For accurate measurement tempo serves as a metronome.

2. Tempos and tempo designations in classical music

The main musical tempos (in ascending order) are:

largo (very slow and wide);
adagio (slowly, calmly);
andante (at the pace of a calm step);
moderato (moderately, restrainedly);
allegretto (rather lively);
allegro (fast);
vivache (fast, lively);
presto (very fast).

Italian	German	French	English	Russian	Metronome by Malter
grave	schwer, ernst and langsam	gravement	heavy, seriously	gravave - very slowly, significantly, solemnly, heavily	40-48
largo	breit	large	broadly	largo - wide, very slow	44-52
largamente	weit, in weiten Abständen	largement	broadly	largamEnte - drawn out	46-54
adagio	gemachlich	à l "aise	("at ease") easily, unhurried	adagio - slowly, calmly	48-56
lento	langsam	lent	slowly	lento - slowly, weakly, quietly, rather than largo	50-58
lentamente	langsam	lent	slowly	lentemEnte - slowly, weakly, quietly, rather than lento	52-60
larghetto	mässig langsam	unpeu lent	somewhat faster than largo	largEtto - quite wide	54-63
andante assai	sehr gehend	unpeu lent	somewhat slowerthan andante	andAnte assai - with a very calm step	56-66
adagietto	mässig gemächlich	un peu à l "aise	somewhat fasterthan adagio	adagioEtto - rather slow, but more mobile than adagio	58-72
andante	gehend, fließend	allant	("walking")	andAnte - moderate pace, in the nature of the step (lit. "walking")	58-72
andante maestoso	gehend, fließend erhaben	allant	in a majesticand stately manner	andAnte maestOso - solemn step	60-69
andante mosso	gehend, fließend bewegt	allant	with motion or animation	andAnte mosso - with a lively step	63-76
comodo, commodamente	bequem, gemählich, gemütlich	commode	convenient (pace)	komOdo komodamEnte - comfortable, relaxed, unhurried	63-80
andante non troppo	bequem, gemählich, gemütlich	pa trop d'allant	andante, but not too much	andante non troppo - with a slow step	66-80
andante con moto	bequem, gemählich, gemütlich	allant movement	andante, but with motion	andAnte con moto - comfortable, relaxed, unhurried	69-84
andantino	etwas gehend, etwas fließend	un peu allant	somewhat close to andante (somewhat faster or slower)	andantino - faster than andante, but slower than allegretto	72-88
moderato assai	sehr mässig	un peu modere	somewhat slower than moderato	moderAto assAi - very moderately	76-92
moderato	mässig	modere	moderately, neither slow nor fast	moderato - moderately, restrained, medium pace between andante and allegro	80-96
con moto	bewegnung	movement	with motion	con moto - with movement	84-100
allegretto moderato	mäßig bewegt, mäßig lustig	un peu anime	somewhat slower than allegretto	allegrEtto moderAto - moderately lively	88-104
allegretto	mäßig bewegt, mäßig lustig	un peu anime	somewhat slower than allegro	allegroEtto - slower than allegro, but faster than andante	92-108
allegretto mosso	mäßig bewegt, mäßig lustig	un peu anime	somewhat faster than allegretto	allegretto mosso - faster than allegretto	96-112
animato	bewegt, lustig	anime	animated, lively	animAto - lively	100-116
anime assai	bewegt, lustig	anime	very much animated, quite lively	animAto assAi - very lively	104-120
allegro moderato	bewegt, lustig	anime	quite lively, cheerful and quickly	allEgro moderAto - moderately fast	108-126
tempo di marcia	marschieren	marcher au pas	marching	tempo di marcha - at the pace of the march	112-126
allegro non troppo	bewegt, lustig	pa trop d "anime	lively, cheerful and quickly, but not too much	allegro non troppo - fast, but not too fast	116-132
allegro tranquillo	bewegt, lustig	anime tranquille	lively, cheerful and quickly, but calm	allEgro trunkIllo - fast but calm	116-132
allegro	bewegt, lustig	anime	lively, cheerful and quickly	allEgro - fast pace (literally: "fun")	120-144
allegro molto	sehr bewegt, sehr lustig	tres anime	lively, cheerful and quickly	allegro molto - very fast	138-160
allegro assai	sehr bewegt, sehr lustig	tres anime	lively, cheerful and quickly	allegro assai - very quickly	144-168
allegro agitato, allegro animato	sehr bewegt, sehr lustig	tres anime	lively, cheerful and quickly	allEgro ajiAto - very quickly, excitedly	152-176
allegro vivace	sehr bewegt, sehr lustig	tres anime	lively, cheerful and quickly	allegro vivache - much faster	160-184
vivo, vivace	lebhaft	vif	lively and fast	vivo vivace - fast, lively, faster than allegro, slower than presto	168-192
presto	Schnell	vite	fast	presto - quickly	184-200
prestissimo	ganz-schnell	tres vite	very fast	prestIssimo - extremely fast	192-200

Partially based on the book: L. Malter, Instrumentation Tables. - M., 1964.

3. The effects of music on the cardiovascular and respiratory system depend on its tempo

Dr. Luciano Bernardi and his colleagues (University of Pavia, Italy) studied the response of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems (CVS, MS) to changes in music in 12 practicing musicians and 12 people of other professions comparable in age (control group). After 20 minutes of quiet rest, the parameters of CCC and PC were assessed. Then 6 musical fragments of 2 and 4 minutes different in style were listened to, following in random order. Each fragment had a randomly located pause of 2 minutes.

It turned out that the frequency of respiratory movements (RRP), arterial pressure(BP), heart rate (HR) and the ratio of low and high frequencies of variability heart rate(LF/HF, indicator of sympathetic activation) increased with faster tempo of music and with simpler rhythms compared to baseline values. At the same time, the blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery and the baroreflex parameters decreased. Compared to non-musicians, musicians breathed more frequently at faster tempos of music and had a lower baseline respiratory rate. The style of music and the personal preferences of the participants did not have the same effect as the tempo or rhythm of the music. The decrease in blood pressure, respiratory rate, heart rate and LF/HF after a 2-minute pause in the musical fragment was more pronounced than after 5 minutes of initial relaxation.

According to the authors, specially selected music, in which fast, slow tempo and pauses alternate, can cause relaxation, reduce sympathetic activity and, thus, act as a component of complex therapy for cardiovascular diseases. In an editorial in the same issue of Heart, Dr Peter Larsen and Dr D Galletly (Wellington School of Medicine, New Zealand) suggest that musicians, due to professional training, are more susceptible to changes in the tempo of music, and therefore the correlation between musical tempo and NPV is stronger.

4. The pace of electronic music

In our time, classical music has faded into the background a bit. Therefore, your attention is provided with the pace of electronic music in directions.

Trance is a style of electronic dance music that developed in the 90s. Distinctive features styles are: tempo from 130 to 150 beats per minute (bpm). In trance, a straight beat is usually used.

Trance substyles:
Full on- 140-150 beats per minute (bpm)
Psy- 146-155 (bpm)
Dark- 160 or more beats per minute.

Drum and bass (Drum and bass) is a genre of electronic music. Originally an offshoot of the British breakbeat and rave scene, Drum and bass originated when musicians mixed reggae bass with up-tempo hip-hop breakbeats. In general, there is no significant difference between the terms "drum and bass" and "jungle". Some call jungle the old recordings of the first half of the 90s, while drum and bass is considered to be a significantly evolved jungle with new post-tech elements. For many people, it is initially difficult to understand the pace of this direction. Because of the broken rhythms, it can be very difficult to determine the tempo of this style. The spread of rates in this direction is probably one of the largest. Drum and bass sounds starting from 140 beats per minute (usually old school) and can reach as much as 200. The tempo in this style can be easily determined by the snare drum.

House is a genre of electronic music originated by dance DJs in the early 1980s in Chicago. House is heavily infused with some elements of the 1970s soul genre and Disco style of dance music. House is created by mixing the embossed percussion basses of the Disco genre and a new kind of "heavy" (bass, beats, various sound effects, etc.). Until now, disputes about the origin of the name of this style have not subsided. But on this moment the central version is that the name came from the Warehouse club in Chicago, where DJ Frankie Knuckles mixed classic disco with European synth-pop, adding to this his own own rhythms using a Roland 909 drum machine. The tempo of this music is quite static. It usually hovers around 130 beats.

Techno is a genre of electronic music that originated in and around Detroit in the mid-1980s and was subsequently picked up by European producers. It is characterized by the artificiality of sound, the emphasis on mechanical rhythms, the repeated repetition of the structural elements of a musical work. Techno is characterized by a tempo of 135 beats to 145 beats per minute. “Techno is music that sounds like technology,” says Juan Atkins, one of the founders of the genre. In fact, in the US, techno music was only an underground phenomenon, but in the UK, it broke into the main musical arena of the country in the late 1980s. Also this style of music was very popular in other countries.

About 20 years ago, a style appeared in electronic music culture that became an offshoot of techno music. The name of this style is Hardcore.

Hardcore. Everyone who was fond of electronic music in the 90s should remember the well-known Thunderdome rave, which gathered a huge number of people in Holland who came to hardcore raves. But this style of music was very popular not only in this country, but also in Germany and other European countries.

Breakcore (Breakcore)- This is a fairly recent genre. Probably the youngest among all genres that use a broken rhythm. Tempos in this style are striking both in their bpm spread and in principle with their tempo. The lowest tempo in breakcore is as much as 220 beats per minute, which is much more than any other style of electronic music and can reach quite cosmic values. Some compositions in this style are known to have a value of 666 bpm.

Electro (Electro) Short for Electro funk (also known as robot hip hop), this is a style of electronic music that has its roots in hip hop. Kraftwerk and funk had a very big influence on the style. Music in this style sounds very electronic (“computer-like”), the creators of such music try not to use the sounds of wildlife, even the vocals are usually distorted to give a more “darker” and “mechanical” tone. Therefore, the works of the performers are saturated with the ideas of robots, nuclear physics, computers, future technologies, and science fiction contributes to the development of this style in many ways. Electro has a tempo that is about the same as house music. From 125 strokes and a little more - this is electro.

The last style of electronic music that I would like to pay attention to is the Breaks.

Breaks- Very interesting, in my opinion, style, but I will be brief. The whole breaks culture, including this trend, arose as a result of a historical event. If I'm not mistaken, in 1969 the Winstons came up with the song "Amen brother", which first appeared on the broken drum loop, now known to everyone as part of break-beat music. Now it is called amen break. It is very often used in drum'n'bass. In breaks, she no longer looks like herself, and this is no longer her, but the basis of this style is precisely the broken rhythms that originate so long ago. Their pace has become slower and more pumping. The pace has become lower than that of the predecessor directions. Break music is played at approximately 120-130 bpm. If it was bigger, then she would lose all her drive.

I think to end here, because other styles of electronic music are, in my opinion, more experimental or less relevant.

The terms “threshold running” and “tempo running” are familiar to many runners, but not everyone can explain the difference between them. Many runners have also heard the term "lactate" or "lactic acid".

In this article, we will use these terms to describe the by-product of anaerobic metabolism that often comes into play during intense training and running.

Threshold running pace and its basics

The concept of threshold running pace is pretty simple. This is simply running at a pace at which lactate does not accumulate in the blood at a significant concentration during training, but remains at a constant level.

One way to find out how much lactic acid your body produces is by testing in a physiological laboratory. There, you will be asked to run at a faster and faster pace, while having blood samples taken to establish your "lactate curve." There will be an inflection point on this curve, reflecting the moment when the concentration of lactic acid in the blood rises sharply.

So, shortly before this moment, you will be running at your threshold pace. Increase your running speed and your body will switch to using anaerobic metabolism to fuel your physical efforts. It's fine if you're running the last kilometer of a 5K, but if you're looking to do a threshold workout, then running that fast isn't practical.

What's really cool about threshold running is that the rhythm of your breathing changes as you reach your desired speed (in the book " Best Training for long-distance runners" by Martin and Coe has a graph showing the ventilation rate and the level of lactate accumulation at various running speeds). This is great news as it means you can "feel" your threshold running pace. This is a pace that is faster/harder than a regular easy run, but slower than a 5-10k pace. While maintaining that pace is definitely not the easiest task, it's not so difficult that you can't run at that speed for 20 or 30 minutes if you're in good physical shape.

How do you determine your threshold running pace?

Exist various ways to help you calculate your threshold pace, but we suggest that you use an individual approach to each threshold workout and recommend the following. The pace should be more difficult than with an easy run, but as soon as you feel that your breathing takes on the rhythm of a 5k run, you should slow down.

Threshold running is a great way to train your aerobic energy system, which is why it's the cornerstone of training for anything from a 5K to a marathon.

Tempo run

What about tempo running? Tempo running workouts are longer than threshold running workouts. You have the opportunity to catch a good rhythm and maintain it for several kilometers.

For example, a marathon runner can warm up for 4K, run 12K tempo style, and finish 4K easy. This is a great way to run 20K (although the distance can be 10K) of which 12K will be aerobic training.

The reason why the terms threshold pace running and pace running are not interchangeable is because the former means running at a pace that is just a little short of reaching your anaerobic threshold, while the second describes a run where you pick up a pace that allows you to run a longer distance.

In most cases, instead of tempo running, we would suggest that you use a half marathon or marathon pace. But this is a topic for a separate article.

The classic definition is that tempo in music is the speed of movement. But what is meant by this? The fact is that music has its own unit of measurement of time. These are not seconds, as in physics, and not hours and minutes, which we are used to in life.

Musical time most of all resembles the beating of a human heart, measured pulse beats. These beats measure the time. And just how fast or slow they are depends on the pace, that is, the overall speed of movement.

When we listen to music, we do not hear this pulsation, unless, of course, it is specifically indicated by percussion instruments. But every musician secretly, inside himself, necessarily feels these pulses, they help to play or sing rhythmically, without deviating from the main tempo.

Here's an example for you. Everyone knows the melody of the New Year's song "A Christmas tree was born in the forest." In this melody, the movement is mainly in eighth notes (sometimes there are others). At the same time, the pulse beats, it’s just that you can’t hear it, but we will specially voice it with the help of a percussion instrument. Listen to this example and you will begin to feel the pulse in this song:

What are the tempos in music?

All the tempos that exist in music can be divided into three main groups: slow, moderate (that is, medium) and fast. In musical notation, tempo is usually denoted by special terms, most of which are words of Italian origin.

So slow tempos include Largo and Lento, as well as Adagio and Grave.

Moderate tempos include Andante and its derivative Andantino, as well as Moderato, Sostenuto and Allegretto.

Finally, let's list the fast paces, these are: the cheerful Allegro, the "live" Vivo and Vivace, as well as the fast Presto and the fastest Prestissimo.

How to set the exact tempo?

Is it possible to measure musical tempo in seconds? It turns out you can. For this, a special device is used - a metronome. The inventor of the mechanical metronome is the German physicist and musician Johann Mölzel. Today, musicians in their daily rehearsals use both mechanical metronomes and electronic analogues - in the form of a separate device or an application on the phone.

What is the principle of the metronome? This device, after special settings (move the weight on the scale), beats the pulse at a certain speed (for example, 80 beats per minute or 120 beats per minute, etc.).

The clicks of a metronome are like the loud ticking of a clock. This or that beat frequency of these beats corresponds to one of the musical tempos. For example, for a fast Allegro tempo, the frequency will be about 120-132 beats per minute, and for a slow Adagio tempo, about 60 beats per minute.

These are the main points regarding the musical tempo, we wanted to convey to you. If you still have questions, please write them in the comments. See you again.